Vasiliy Litvinov - Python Profiling

Tuning Python Applications Can
Dramatically Increase Performance
Vasilij Litvinov
Software Engineer, Intel

Copyright © 2016, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Optimization Notice
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Notice revision #20110804
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Why do we need Python optimization?
How one finds the code to tune?
Overview of existing tools
An example
Intel® VTune™ Amplifier capabilities and comparison
Q & A
Agenda
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• Python is used to power wide range of software, including
those where application performance matters
• Some Python code may not scale well, but you won’t know it
unless you give it enough workload to chew on
• Sometimes you are just not happy with the speed of your code
All in all, there are times when you want to make your code run
faster, be more responsive, (insert your favorite buzzword here).
So, you need to optimize (or tune) your code.
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Why do we need Python optimization?

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• Hard stare = Often wrong
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How one finds the code to tune –
measuring vs guessing
• Profile = Accurate, Easy
• Logging = Analysis is tedious

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There are different profiling techniques, for example:
• Event-based
• Example: built-in Python cProfile profiler
• Instrumentation-based
• Usually requires modifying the target application
(source code, compiler support, etc.)
• Example: line_profiler
• Statistical
• Accurate enough & less intrusive
• Example: vmstat, statprof
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Not All Profilers Are Equal

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Tool Description Platforms Profile
level
Avg. overhead
cProfile
(built-in)
• Text interactive
mode: “pstats” (built-
in)
• GUI viewer:
RunSnakeRun
• Open Source
Any Function 1.3x-5x
Python
Tools
• Visual Studio (2010+)
• Open Source
Windows Function ~2x
PyCharm • Not free
• cProfile/yappi based
Any Function 1.3x-5x (same
as cProfile)
line_profiler • Pure Python
• Open Source
• Text-only viewer
Any Line Up to
10x or more
Most Profilers – High Overhead, No Line Info
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Example performance hogs
Task Slow way Faster way
Concatenate
a list
s = ''
for ch in some_lst:
s += ch
s = ''.join(some_lst)
Reason: concatenating requires re-allocating and copying memory as strings
are immutable
Remove
some value
from a list
while some_value in lst:
lst.remove(some_value)
while True:
try:
lst.remove(some_value)
except ValueError:
break
Reason: both in and .remove() have complexity O(n), and slower version
searches the list twice for each removal, so it’s about twice as slow
reason
reason

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class Encoder:
CHAR_MAP = {'a': 'b', 'b': 'c'}
def __init__(self, input):
self.input = input
def process_slow(self):
result = ''
for ch in self.input:
result += self.CHAR_MAP.get(ch, ch)
return result
def process_fast(self):
result = []
for ch in self.input:
result.append(self.CHAR_MAP.get(ch, ch))
return ''.join(result)
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Python example to profile: demo.py

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import demo
import time
def slow_encode(input):
return demo.Encoder(input).process_slow()
def fast_encode(input):
return demo.Encoder(input).process_fast()
if __name__ == '__main__':
input = 'a' * 10000000 # 10 millions of 'a'
start = time.time()
s1 = slow_encode(input)
slow_stop = time.time()
print 'slow: %.2f sec' % (slow_stop - start)
s2 = fast_encode(input)
print 'fast: %.2f sec' % (time.time() - slow_stop)
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Python sample to profile: run.py
No profiling overhead - a
baseline for tools’ overhead
comparison
slow: 9.15 sec = 1.00x
fast: 3.16 sec = 1.00x

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> python -m cProfile -o run.prof run.py
> python -m pstats run.prof
run.prof% sort time
run.prof% stats
Tue Jun 30 18:43:53 2015 run.prof
30000014 function calls in 15.617 seconds
Ordered by: internal time
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)
1 9.597 9.597 10.268 10.268 demo.py:6(process_slow)
1 3.850 3.850 5.302 5.302 demo.py:12(process_fast)
20000000 1.267 0.000 1.267 0.000 {method 'get' of 'dict' objects}
10000000 0.790 0.000 0.790 0.000 {method 'append' of 'list' objects}
1 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 {method 'join' of 'str' objects}
1 0.038 0.038 5.340 5.340 run.py:7(fast_encode)
1 0.009 0.009 15.617 15.617 run.py:1(<module>)
1 0.000 0.000 10.268 10.268 run.py:4(slow_encode)
cProfile + pstats UI example
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slow: 10.27 sec = 1.12x
fast: 5.34 sec = 1.69x

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cProfile + RunSnakeRun
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cProfile in PyCharm
slow: 10.07 sec = 1.10x
fast: 5.60 sec = 1.77x

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Total time: 18.095 s
File: demo_lp.py
Function: process_slow at line 6
Line # Hits Time Per Hit % Time Line Contents
==========================================================
6 @profile
7 def process_slow(self):
8 1 14 14.0 0.0 result = ''
9 10000001 10260548 1.0 23.3 for ch in self.input:
10 10000000 33814644 3.4 76.7 result += self.CHAR_MAP.get(...
11 1 4 4.0 0.0 return result
Total time: 16.8512 s
File: demo_lp.py
Function: process_fast at line 13
Line # Hits Time Per Hit % Time Line Contents
==========================================================
13 @profile
14 def process_fast(self):
15 1 7 7.0 0.0 result = []
16 10000001 13684785 1.4 33.3 for ch in self.input:
17 10000000 27048146 2.7 65.9 result.append(self.CHAR_MAP.get(...
18 1 312611 312611.0 0.8 return ''.join(result)
line_profiler results
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slow: 24.32 sec = 2.66x
fast: 25.37 sec = 8.03x

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Python Tools GUI example
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Note:
Wallclock time (not CPU)
slow: 17.40 sec = 1.90x
fast: 12.08 sec = 3.82x

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Intel® VTune™ Amplifier example
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slow: 10.85 sec = 1.19x
fast: 3.30 sec = 1.05x

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Intel® VTune™ Amplifier – source view
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Line-level profiling details:
 Uses sampling profiling technique
 Average overhead ~1.1x-1.6x (on certain benchmarks)
Cross-platform:
 Windows and Linux
 Python 32- and 64-bit; 2.7.x, 3.4.x, 3.5.0 versions
Rich Graphical UI
Supported workflows:
 Start application, wait for it to finish
 Attach to application, profile for a bit, detach
Intel® VTune™ Amplifier: Accurate &
Easy
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Low Overhead and Line-Level Info
Tool Description Platforms Profile
level
Avg. overhead
Intel®
VTune™
Amplifier
• Rich GUI viewer Windows
Linux
Line ~1.1-1.6x
cProfile
(built-in)
• Text interactive
mode: “pstats”
(built-in)
• GUI viewer:
RunSnakeRun
(Open Source)
• PyCharm
Any Function 1.3x-5x
Python Tools • Visual Studio
(2010+)
• Open Source
Windows Function ~2x
line_profiler • Pure Python
• Open Source
• Text-only viewer
Any Line Up to
10x or more
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• One widely-used web page in our internally set up Buildbot
service: 3x speed up (from 90 seconds to 28)
• Report generator – from 350 sec to <2 sec for 1MB log file
• Distilled version was the base for demo.py
• Internal SCons-based build system: several places sped up 2x
or more
• Loading all configs from scratch tuned from 6 minutes to 3 minutes
We’ve Had Success Tuning Our Python Code
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• Technical Preview & Beta Participation – email us at
scripting@intel.com
• We’re also working on Intel-accelerated Python (e.g. NumPy/SciPy, etc.),
which is currently in Tech Preview. Sign up!
• Check out Intel® Developer Zone – software.intel.com
• Check out Intel® Software Development tools
• Qualify for Free Intel® Software Development tools
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Sign Up with Us to Give the Profiler a
Try & Check out Intel® Software
Development Tools

22
Free Intel® Software Development Tools
Intel® Performance Libraries for academic research
Visit us at https://software.intel.com/en-us/qualify-for-free-software

… and again:
• For Tech Preview and Beta, drop us an email at
scripting@intel.com
• Check out free Intel® software – just google for
“free intel tools” to see if you’re qualified
23
Q & A

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Performance Starts Here!
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You are a: Products Available++ Support
Model
Price
Commercial
Developer or
Academic
Researcher
Intel® Parallel Studio XE
(Compilers, Performance Libraries &
Analyzers)
Intel® Premier
Support
$699** -
$2949**
Academic
Researcher+
Intel® Performance Libraries
Intel® Math Kernel Library
Intel® MPI Library
Intel® Threading Building Blocks
Intel® Integrated Performance Primitives
Forum only
support
Free!Student+
Intel® Parallel Studio XE Cluster Edition
Educator+
Open Source
Contributor+
Intel® Parallel Studio XE Professional
Edition
+Subject to qualification ++OS Support varies by product **Single Seat Pricing

Vasiliy Litvinov - Python Profiling

Vasiliy Litvinov - Python Profiling

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