Vegetable as Medicine: watercress. Nasturtium Officinale

Vegetable as Medicine: watercress. Nasturtium Officinale

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  VEGETABLE AS MEDICINE: WATERCRESS, NASTURTIUMOFFICINALE By Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD. Former Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology University of Miami, Miami, FL., USA Email: [email protected] A slide presentation for HealthCare Provider Seminar Jan 2020
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  Outline of lecture ▪What is watercress? ▪ Origin of watercress. ▪ Classification ▪ Composition ▪ Pharmacology ▪ Bioavailability ▪ Health Benefits ▪ Commercial uses ▪ Summary
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  What is watercress? ▪Watercress is an aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial herb with bright white flowers that resemble the shape of a cross; hence, an old name (Cruciferae) for the mustard family, to which watercress belongs. ▪ Watercress is commonly found in cold, alkaline waters of springs and spring runs, throughout the North American continent.
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  ORIGIN
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  Origin of watercress. ▪Watercress is native to Western Asia. It can be traced back to the Greeks, Romans, and Persians who used it for medical purposes. ▪ Soldiers and sailors ate it to treat scurvy. ▪ Watercress belongs to the cabbage family, along with mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. ▪ Watercress was brought by European immigrants to the United States in mid-1800s, it has become a popular garnish and vegetable for North Americans.
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  CLASSIFICATION
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  Scientific classification ofwatercress (Nasturtium officinale) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress
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  PRODUCTION
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  Habitats of watercress(Nasturtium officinale R. Brown) in North America https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=14217
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  NUTRIENTS
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  Nutrient and Phytochemicalcomposition of watercress Adapted from https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ajpcr/article/view/29422/16313
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  Nutrients and vitaminsof watercress (2018) https://www.ijcmas.com/7-2-2018/Yamuna%20Pandey2,%20et%20al.pdf
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  Mineral composition ofraw watercress (2018) https://www.ijcmas.com/7-2-2018/Yamuna%20Pandey2,%20et%20al.pdf
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  Major Phytochemicals inWatercress
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  Quantitative phytochemical contentof watercress https://www.thewatercresscompany.com/phytochemical-antioxidants Flavonoid Phenolic acid Isothiocyanate Phytochemical HCA=hydroxycinnamic acid
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  Total phenolic contents(TPC) of methanolic and aqueous extracts of watercress roots, stem and leaves. Different letters in same extract represent significant at p < 0.05 (2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4656250/
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  Glucosinolates identified byLC-ESI/MS in N. officinale (2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442658/
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  Glucosinolates content ofin vitro N. officinale at different stages of harvest (2018) ASM Science Journal, Volume 11, Special Issue 2, 2018 for SANREM • phenyl ethyl glucosinolate (PEGSL) • benzyl glucosinolate (BGSL) i.e. the precursors of phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC),
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  SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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  Number of publicationson “watercress” and “phenethyl isothiocyanate” from 1895 to 2020 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=glucosinolate
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  Scientific studies onproperties of watercress
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  FUNCTIONS
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  Nutrient and phytochemicalcomposition of watercress
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  Biological activities ofmajor phytochemicals in watercress
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  Functions of carotenoidsin human ▪ Carotenoids are beneficial antioxidants that can protect one from disease and enhance your immune system. ▪ Provitamin A carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, which is essential for growth, immune system function, and eye health https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661807000357
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  Functions of polyphenols(phenolics and flavonoids) in watercress Sdspted from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Berry-phenolics-and-flavonoids-and-their-biological-activities_fig2_256468072
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  Functions of flavonoidsin watercress
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  Mechanisms of actionof bioactive compounds in watercress https://www.iris.unina.it/retrieve/handle/11588/696754/156335/Raiola%20et%20al%202018.pdf
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  GLUCOSINOLATES
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  What is glucosinolate? • • • • • • • •R: Aliphatic, Aromatic, Indole glucosinolate
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  Classification of glucosinolates morethan 130 glucosinolates have been identified gluconasturtiin
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  Action of myrosinase(enzyme) on gluconasturtiin to yield an unstable intermediate product https://www.scribd.com/document/401191182/Munish-Puri-eds-Food-Bioactives- Extraction-and-Biotechnology-Applications-2017-Springer-International-Publishing-pdf
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  Action of myrosinase(enzyme) on glucosinolate to yield an unstable intermediate product thence to PEITC https://www.scribd.com/document/401191182/Munish-Puri-eds-Food-Bioactives- Extraction-and-Biotechnology-Applications-2017-Springer-International-Publishing-pdf
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  Fate of glucosinolatesand their breakdown products in the human gut. (2016) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4985713/
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  Summary of activitiesof major phytochemicals in watercress
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  PHARMACOLOGY
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  Beta-phenylethyl and 8-methylsulphinyloctylisothiocyanates, constituents of watercress, suppress LPS induced production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages (2005) ▪ Beta-phenylethyl (PEITC) and 8-methylsulphinyloctyl isothiocyanates (MSO) represent two phytochemical constituents present in watercress Rorripa nasturtium aquaticum, with known chemopreventative properties. In the present investigation, we examined whether PEITC and MSO could modulate the inflammatory response of Raw 264.7 macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by assessment of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Overproduction of both nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGE) has been associated with numerous pathological conditions including chronic inflammation and cancer. Our results demonstrate that LPS (1 microg/ml approximately 24 h) induced nitrite and prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) synthesis in Raw 264.7 cells was attenuated by both isothiocyanates (ITCs) in a concentration-dependent manner. Both PEITC and MSO decreased (iNOS) and (COX-2) protein expression levels leading to reduced secretion of both pro-inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, the reduction in both iNOS and COX-2 expression were associated with the inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB and stabilization of IkappaBalpha. Taken together our data gives further insight into the possible chemopreventative properties of two dietary derived isothiocyanates from watercress. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15917216/
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  Effects of Watercress(Nasturtium officinale) Intake on Blood Pressure and Lipid Metabolism in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2014) ▪ The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of watercress intake on blood pressure and lipid metabolism in rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were divided into control and watercress groups, and the latter were fed a 2.5% watercress diet. After feeding for 11 weeks, the systolic blood pressure of the SHRs fed watercress was significantly lower than that of the control SHRs. The antihypertensive mechanism of watercress was then studied using the Magnus method. An aqueous extract of watercress inhibited angiotensin-I-converting enzyme in vascular smooth muscle, and showed weak antagonism towards the AT1 receptor. Ethanol and methanol extracts of watercress showed weak inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels and the α-adrenergic receptor. The SHRs fed watercress showed significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, and triglycerides, and the total cholesterol content of the liver showed a tendency to decrease. Although the watercress-fed SHRs showed significantly high liver triglyceride levels, their serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels remained unchanged. These results suggest that daily consumption of watercress efficiently improves lipid metabolism and lowers blood pressure. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273740788_Effects_of_Watercress_Nasturtium_officinale_Intake_on_Blood_Press ure_and_Lipid_Metabolism_in_Spontaneously_Hypertensive_Rats
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  Effects of HydroalcoholicExtract of Watercress (Nasturtium Officinale) Leaves on Serum Glucose in Diabetic Rats. (2015) https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7949/c2d7f04a1dd47ea212d9e29b2845b6925 0a0.pdf?_ga=2.218083798.1596162858.1577769498-1387320711.1577769498
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  Effect of hydroalcoholicextract of Nasturtum officinale on Lipids in STZ-induced diabetic rats (2015) Triglyceride Total Cholesterol LDL-cholesterol https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7949/c2d7f04a1dd47ea212d9e29b2845b69250a 0.pdf?_ga=2.218083798.1596162858.1577769498-1387320711.1577769498
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  Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibitsangiogenesis In vitro and Ex vivo. (2007) https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/5/2239.full#related-urls
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  HEALTH BENEFITS
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  Watercress tops listof ‘powerhouse fruits and vegetables. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/06/05/finally-a- list-of-powerhouse-fruits-and-vegetables-ranked-by-how-much-nutrition-they-contain/
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  CLINICAL STUDIES
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  A summary ofconditions for which clinical trials have been or are currently being carried out using broccoli or watercress preparations, SFN (sulforaphane) or PEITC (phenenthyl isothiocyanate.(2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6226005/
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  Clinical trials usingbroccoli/SFN and watercress/PEITC (2018) ▪ As per clinicaltrials.gov, there are a number of clinical trials in the pipeline that are using broccoli/SFN and watercress/PEITC and some of them are highlighted here- ▪ SFN against tobacco-related head and neck cancer (NCT03268993, 03182959); ▪ SFN against lung cancer in former smokers (NCT03232138); ▪ SFN against autism (NCT02677051, 02909959; 02879110, 02654743, 02561481); SFN against schizophrenia (NCT02810964, 02880462); ▪ SFN against cystic fibrosis (NCT01315665); ▪ Watercress juice against oral cancer (NCT01790204); ▪ PEITC jelly in head and neck cancer (safety and efficacy study; NCT03034603); ▪ Watercress diet against long-term effects secondary to cancer therapy in adults (NCT02468882). ▪ Results from these studies will likely further bolster the already known disease-preventive and therapeutic effects of these isothiocyanates and will reveal important aspects of how to best administer them to target populations. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6226005/
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  Isothiocyanates: translating thepower of plants to people (2018) ▪ Isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables have been studied extensively in cells and in animals for their disease preventive and therapeutic effects. However, translating their utility to human populations has been both limited and challenging. ▪ Herein, clinical trials employing two isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN; 1-Isothiocyanato-4- (methylsulfinyl) butane) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC; 2-isothiocyanatoethylbenzene) that are isolated principally from broccoli and watercress, respectively, are summarized and discussed. ▪ Both of these compounds have been used in small human clinical trials, either within food matrices or as single agents, against a variety of diseases ranging from cancer to autism. ▪ Results suggest an opportunity to incorporate them, or more likely preparations derived from their source plants, into larger human disease mitigation efforts. The context for the applications of these compounds and plants in evidence-based food and nutritional policy is also evaluated. ▪ Keywords: Broccoli, watercress, isothiocyanate, sulforaphane, phenethyl isothiocyanate, clinical trials https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6226005/
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  USE
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  Watercress recipe
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  Summary ▪ Watercress isan aquatic plant that thrives in many parts of the world. ▪ It belongs to the cabbage family same as mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. ▪ Watercress is rich in vitamins, minerals, fibers and phytochemicals. ▪ The phytochemicals include carotenoids, phenolics and glucosinolate. ▪ Studies on the bioactive compounds showed that their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties are beneficial for health. ▪ Watercress is now considered as a super-food.
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  ANY QUESTION? Please contact KevinKF Ng, MD, PhD Email: [email protected] 51