Veterinary Anatomy of Male and female genital system lectures together and specie difference between different species
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This lecture covers the anatomy and function of the male and female genital systems, including the structure and components of the male genital organs such as scrotum, testes, and accessory sex glands, as well as the anatomy of female reproductive organs like ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus. Key learning outcomes include identifying parts of these systems, understanding their development and differences among species, and recognizing the attachment structures and ligaments involved. The document provides detailed descriptions of species-specific anatomical features and developmental processes involved in the reproductive systems of various animals.
Veterinary Anatomy of Male and female genital system lectures together and specie difference between different species
- 2. Learning outcomes By the end of this lecture you will be able to • Name the parts of male genital system • Describe the structure of various parts • Describe the differences among species (Penis and urethra will be skipped from this presentation for self study) • Describe the events in descent of testicles • Describe the layers of scrotum and scrotal septum. • Describe inguinal canal and its contents.
- 3. MALE GENITAL ORGANS: SCROTUM: Envelopes testicals, epididymis and distal part of spermatic cord PREPUCE: Envelopes glans of penis Scrotum: 2/3 of the distance from preputial opening to anus, b/w the thighs
- 4. MALE GENITAL ORGANS – PAIRED TESTES – EPIDIDYMIDES – DEFERENT DUCTS – URETHRA – PENIS – ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS • Prostate glands? • Ampullae of ductus deferens? • Seminal Vesicles? • Bulbourethral glands?
- 5. Bull – SCROTUM – TESTES – EPIDIDYMIS – DEFERENT DUCTS – URETHRA – PENIS – PREPUCE – ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
- 6. Dog
- 7. Till now… • What does prepuce envelopes? • What does scrotum holds? • What are different parts of genital tract? • Name the sex glands. • Which sex glands are absent in dog? • Where was each of these glands located?
- 8. Testicle – External Structure • Visceral vaginal tunic • Shape, poles, surfaces, borders and orientation (specie specific) – Internal Structure (as discussed in histology) • Coverings Tunica albuginea and testicular capsule • Seminiferous tubules (contorted and straight) • Cord like CT in mid = mediastinum Testicular network and rete testis • Efferent ducts
- 10. • Epididymis: – Head (Caput epididymis) – Body (corpus epididymis) – Tail (cauda epididymis) – Testicular bursa (aka sinus epididymalis) - b/w lateral border of epididymis & testical 1. Proper ligament 2. Ligament of tail of epididymis - connects caudal pole of testes to vaginal tunic & spermatic fascia 3. Scrotal ligament - continuation of lig. Of tail of epididymis into scrotum
- 11. Dog • TESTIS: oval (L=3cm, W= 2cm if dog 25 lb) Placed obliquely (dorso caudally) • Surfaces = 4 (dorsal, ventral, lateral & medial) • Poles =2 (cranial & caudal) • Epididymis • L= 5-10 m
- 12. Testes Stallion o Oval o Poles: cranial & caudal o Attached border dorsal o Tunica albuginea thick & musculoelastic o No rete testis, no distinct mediastinum testis Bull o Elongated ovoid o Poles: dorsal and ventral o Attached border caudal o Tunica albuginea thin, elastic but lack muscles o Distinct rete testis and mediastinum testis
- 13. Epididymis Stallion o Epididymis attaches laterally on dorsal border of testis o L =72-81m Bull o Epididymis attaches laterally on caudal border of testis o L= 40-50m
- 14. Recall • External layers of testicals? • Poles? Borders? Surfaces? • Orientation of testicals? • Difference of tunica albuginea? Mediastinum? Rete testes? • Parts of epididymis? • Location of epididymis? • Testicular bursa • Location of ductus deferens • Ligaments?
- 15. Ductus Deference L = 17 to 18cm in Dog From cauda epididymis to the seminal hillock/ seminal colliculus after passing through the mass of prostate gland. Course of Ductus Deferens – From the tail of epididymis, ductus deferens runs along the dorsomedial border of testis – Ascends in the spermatic cord – Enters abdominal cavity through inguinal canal – Runs in the fold of peritoneum and crosses ventral to ureter at the level of lateral ligament of u.bladder – Ampulla of the ductus deferens – Penetrates the prostate to open into prostetic urethra lateral to colliculus seminalis
- 18. Ductus Deferens Stallion o Ductus deferens attaches medially on dorsal border of testes o common duct of seminal vesicles and ductus deference--- ejaculatory duct opens through ejaculatory orifices bilaterally on seminal hillock (--Robert Getty) Bull o Ductus deferens attaches medially on caudal border of testes o Ductus deferens has separate opening bilaterally on seminal hillock medial to the opening of excretory duct of seminal vesicles (--Robert Getty)
- 21. What did you learn? • Course of ductus deferens? • Terminal opening of ductus deferens? • What is ejaculatory duct/orifice? • Accessory sex glands of dog? Bull? Stallion? • Difference in seminal vesicles? • Parts of prostate gland? In dog? Bull? Stallion? • Bulbourethral/cowper’s glands?
- 22. Uro-genital system • Embryologically and anatomically, the two systems are intimately connected. • Both develop from a common mesodermal ridge along the dorsal wall of abdominal cavity (from and around mesonephros in sublumber region). • In higher animals the two apparatus are independent except at terminal part • female = Vestibule and vulva • Male= greater part of urethra
- 23. Descent of Testes dog: begins at about the time of birth ruminants and pig: before birth horse: 10-14 days before or after birth • Testical lying inside peritoneal cavity • one pole of testical attached to gubernaculum and scrotum
- 24. Descent…. Shortening of gubernaculum (now becomes ligament of tail of epididymis) Testical descends into scrotum after passing through inguinal canal Taking along it the peritoneal covering now called vaginal tunic, epididymis and ductus deferens, vessels and nerves.
- 33. What did you notice? • Original location of testicals? • What is gubernaculum? Where does it attach? • Sequence of changes? • What does gubernaculum become later? • What is pulled down along with testical?
- 34. SCROTUM: – Pouch of skin (+ 5 connective tissue layers) – Divided into two cavities by median septum – Having a testicle, epididymis, distal part of spermatic cord – Skin, subcut tissue, tunica dartos, – external spermatic fascia, – internal spermatic fascia, – parietal tunica vaginalis – Scrotal septum: (all layers of scrotum except skin) tunica dartos in middle and external and internal spermatic fascia and parietal tunica vaginalis on both sides.
- 35. ………
- 39. Things you know by now • Layers of scrotum? • Which structure turned into visceral vaginal tunic? • What turned into parietal vaginal tunic? • What communicates with peritoneal cavity? • Mesorchium? • How does cremester muscle form? • Where did external and internal spermatic fascia come from? • What is median scrotal groove? • What is median scrotal septum? • Which part of scrotum is not part of septum? • Which parts of scrotal layers get doubled in septum? • Which is the middle layer of septum? • What are the contents scrotum holds? • Proper lig? lig of tail of epi? Scrotal lig?
- 40. Scrotum Horse • Non pendulous, Long axis horizontal • Usually hairless, smooth, oily and pigmented in stallion • Scrotal ligament well developed. Ox • Long pendulous scrotum in bull (as long axis of testes vertical) • Covered with fine hair. • Tunica dortos well developed (10mm thick)
- 41. Inguinal canal and inguinal rings
- 42. Spermatic cord
- 44. Answer now • What is inguinal canal? • What is superficial inguinal ring? • What is deep inguinal ring? • Boundaries of inguinal canal? • Contents of spermatic cord? • Mesorchium? Mesoductus deferens? • Inguinal structures in female?
- 46. Male Urethra – Internal opening of urethra -neck of bladder – External urethral opening -at free extremity of penis • Pelvic portion – Pre-prostatic portion, prostatic portion • Penile portion
- 47. DOG’s PENIS Topographically : Root, Body and Glans. – Root • 2 Crura of penis (with in each crus is blood filled corpus cavernosum) • Unpaired bulb of penis (blood filled sac that lies b/w crura at ischial arch and its continuous with corpus spongiosum surrounding urethra) – Body • 2 dorsal Cavernous bodies terminate into os penis • 1 ventral spongy body that modifies into tissue of glans – Glans penis • Bulbus glandis • Pars longa glandis (Os penis and spongy body) – Surfaces • Dorsal and ventral or urethral surface
- 51. PenisStallion Musculo-cavernous type • larger blood spaces, tunica albuginea and septa are thinner and muscular • Larger volume of blood is needed for errection (increase in diameter and length) Bull Fibro-elastic type in ruminants • Small blood vessels or caves or spaces --- cavernous tissue with thick tunica albuginea --- surrounding both corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum • Sigmoid flexure--- non errect penis in ruminants • Needs less blood to engorge/toughen. Elongates by straightening of flexture.
- 53. Glans Penis Stallion • Resembles mushroom with corona • Neck of glans (collum glandis) • Central fossa (fossa glandis) • Terminal part of urethra protrudes into the fossa glandis. Bull • The free extremity of penis is capped b y a small glans • Asymmetrical and slightly twisted. • Urethra ends in a low projection with a slit like opening at its tip. • In small ruminants the urethra extends 4 cm in ram, 2.5 cm in buck. And it has the erectile tissue.
- 55. What did you get? • Root of penis? • Body of penis? • Glans penis in dog? • Glans in horse Vs Glans in ox? • Bulb of penis vs bulbus glandis? • Type of penile tissue? Sigmoid flexure?
- 56. Dog’s Prepuce: •Internal and external lamina •Ostium preputiale •Prepucial cavity •Fornix
- 57. Prepuce/sheath Stallion • Horse has an additional fold that allows considerable lengthening of penis during errection. • Cranial preputial muscle for protraction of prepuce = absent in horse • Caudal preputial muscle for retraction of prepuce= absent in horse only Bull • External (skin)and internal lamina which are continuous at preputial opening • Cranial preputial muscle = present in ox only • Caudal preputial muscle = present in ox • Tuft of hair at preputial opening is present
- 59. •Prepuce proper internal •Sheath external •Preputial ring •Preputial cavity
- 60. • How many laminae of prepuce are there? • Preputial ring? • Preputial cavity?
- 62. Learning outcomes • By the end of this lecture you will be able to • Tell Names of organs with sequence • Location of ovaries • Describe and compare structures of various organs • Describe the attachments/ligaments of organs
- 63. Parts of system • Paired ovaries • Uterine tubes/fallopian tubes/salpinx/oviducts • Uterus/metra/hystera + Neck of uterus/cervix • Vagina +Vestibule • Vulva • ligaments
- 64. OVARIES---Position suspended by mesovarium and other ligaments Bitch & queen Dorsal part of abdomen (caudal to kidneys) MareHang 8-10cm ventral to the dorsal wall + lie cranial to oviduct and uterine horns RuminantsClose to abdominal floor + lie caudal to oviduct and uterine horns (..just cranial to pelvic inlet).
- 67. Form and Size of Ovaries MAREALL DOMESTIC SPECIES Kidney shapedEllipsoidal in shape Relatively regular surfaceLarge follicles and corpora lutea on surface Mare = 7or 8-12cm Long 3to 4 cm thick 70to 80 grams Small ruminant=1.5-2cm Long Cow = 3or4-6cm Long 2.5cm wide,1.5cm thick 15to 20grams 2surfaces =medial & lateral 2borders= attached & free (fossa( 2poles= tubal & uterine 2surfaces =medial & lateral 2 borders= attached & free 2poles= tubal &uterine
- 68. STRUCTURE Tunica albuginea with germinal epithelium, cortex/parenchyma & medulla Mare Cow
- 69. Lets recall • Organs? • Location of ovaries? • Shape of ovaries? • Borders, poles, surfaces. • Ovulation fossa • Cortex and medulla
- 70. Ovarian Attachments 1. Mesovarium (part of broad ligament) Mesovarium proximale – from body wall to mesosalpinx Mesovarium distale - from mesosalpinx to ovary Ovary is attached both to the body wall and the mesosalpinx by mesovarium (Wall of ovarian bursa is formed both by mesovarium and meso salpinx) 2. Suspensory ligament of ovary (cranial portion of free border of broad ligament) ….. Absent in cow and mare. Extends from 13th (& 12th) rib to the ventral surface of ovary & mesosalpinx (lies b/w opening of ovarian bursa and ascending oviduct) 3. Proper ligament of ovary Suspensory ligament is continued caudally by proper ligament of ovary. It extends from ovary to the cranial end of the uterine horn. (again part of broad lig/mesovarium) • Both proper and suspensory lig have C.T and smooth muscle fibers.
- 77. Fallopian Tubes/ uterine tubes/ oviducts/ salpinx Ascending part (Runs craniolaterally along the free edge of suspensory ligament) Descending part (0.5 cm cranial to ovary it swings onto the dorsal surface of suspensory ligament and caudomedially towards ovary and then caudo laterally towards apex of uterine horn) • Infundibulum (Inside Ovarian bursa, has Fimbriae) abdominal ostium near opening of ovarian bursa • Ampulla (site of fertilization) • Isthmus (uterine ostium/utero-tubal junction) Attachment Mesosalpinx (part of broad ligament)
- 78. UTERINE TUBE/ FALLOPIAN TUBE/OVIDUCT/SALPINX • 20-30cm in mare • 20-25cm in cow • UT JUNCTION – Abrupt (mare and bitch) – Gradual (cow)
- 80. See what we know now? • Names of ligaments? • Attachments? • Parts of oviduct? • Difference of uterotubal junction?
- 81. UTERUS/ HYSTERA/ METRA & CERVIX or NECK • Uterus duplex • Uterus bicornis • Uterus simplex BICORNIS and BIPARTITE – Single median cervix – Single median body – Paired horns Horn length – 25cm (mare) – 35-40cm (cow) & Domestic ruminants
- 82. Uterus/ Histera/ Metra • Cervix • Body of uterus • Uterine Horns Attachments: • Mesometrium (part of broad ligament) • Round Lig. of uterus The proper ligament of ovary is continuous with the round ligament of uterus – it extends caudally toward the inguinal canal and passes through it wrapped by vaginal process
- 85. MARE UTERUS • Large body and 2 divergent horns usually raised towards the roof of abdomen. • Body larger compared to cow’s • Cervix is comparatively small • Folds in cervix are longitudinal • Length of cervix = 5 cm COW UTERUS • 2 horns,each horn coils ventrally on itself. • Very small body as the septum extends almost as far as the cervix (Most of the externally visible body is caudal part of horns) • Caruncles on mucosal side • Intercornual ligaments • Circular folds in cow’s cervix • Length of cervix = 10cm
- 90. • Vagina • (From the external os of uterus to entrance of urethra) • Shorter (mare), longer (cow) • Vestibule (Vestibular bulb, constrictor vestibuli) • From external urethral opening to external vulva – long (mare), short in cow – Suburethral diverticulum in cow – Urethra in bitch (urethral ostium) at urethral tubercle
- 94. VULVA • Dorsal commissure is rounded and ventral one pointed. (Reversed in mare) • Clitoris (homologus to male penis, fossa clitoridis)
- 97. What do you remember? • Types of uteri? • Attachments of uterus • Inter cornual lig? • Difference of horns? • Horns vs body? • Caruncles? • Cervical canal? Ostia? Folds? Length? • Vaginal fornix?
- 98. NERVES & VESSELS ARTERIES • Ovarian a • Uterine a (br of external iliac in mare, of internal iliac in others) • Vaginal a (br of internal iliac a) • Internal pudendal a NERVES • Ovaries (intermesenteric, caudal mesenteric plexus and vagus) • Remaining tract (pelvic plexus)
- 99. Blood supply
- 102. • References: – The Anatomy of Domestic Animals (Robert Getty) – Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals (Konig & Liebich) – Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog – Pasquini