Veterinary Pathology of cardiovascular system
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This document summarizes various cardiovascular pathologies in veterinary medicine. It describes congenital defects like ectopia cordis where the heart is located outside the chest. Common defects include patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular and atrial septal defects. It also discusses acquired conditions like endocarditis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, pericarditis, atherosclerosis, and arteriosclerosis. Various causes are provided for each condition along with brief descriptions of pathological findings.
Veterinary Pathology of cardiovascular system
- 3. Ectopia cordis : is a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thorax. The ectopic heart can be found along a spectrum of anatomical locations, including the neck, chest, or abdomen.
- 4. Developmental Anomalies of Heart Patent Ductus Arteriosus Dense layer of smooth muscle fibers
- 5. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening, called the ductus arteriosus, is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system before birth that usually closes shortly after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that allows blood to go around the baby's lungs before birth. Soon after the infant is born and the lungs fill with air, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed. It usually closes in a couple of days after birth. If the vessel doesn't close, it is referred to as a PDA.
- 6. Ventricular Septal DefectAtrial Septal Defect Septum primum Endocardial cushions Ostium secundum Septum secundum Foramen ovale
- 7. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heartdefect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart. Normally, the atria are separated by a dividing wall, the interatrial septum.
- 8. Tetralogy of Fallot 1. Ventricular septal defects 2. Pulmonic stenosis 3. Over riding aorta 4. Compansatory hypertrophy Ventricular Septal Defect
- 9. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect. This means that your baby is born with it. A VSD is an opening or hole in the dividing wall (septum) between the 2 lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles). VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect.
- 11. Pulmonary stenosis: A condition in which the pulmonary valve is too tight, so that the flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart into the pulmonary artery is impeded. This means that the right ventricle must pump harder than normal to overcome the obstruction. Subvalvular aortic stenosis (AS) is a rare congenital heart defect in which the left ventricle is narrowed below the level of the aortic valve resulting in obstruction to blood flow out of the heart. The condition is also known as subaortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve in theheart. This restricts blood flow through the valve. Theheart then needs to squeeze (contract) harder to pump blood into the aorta
- 12. Aortic and Subaortic Stenosis Subaortic Stenosis
- 13. Complete Transposition Persistent Right Aortic Arch
- 14. Transposition of the great vessels. ... Transposition of the great vessels is a heartdefect that occurs from birth (congenital). The 2 major vessels that carry blood away from the heart -- the aorta and the pulmonary artery -- are switched (transposed) PERSISTENT RIGHT AORTIC ARCH : vessels in the chest cavity, called the aortic arches, will fail to disappear. The right aortic arch passes near the esophagus. If this blood vessel persists in the newborn, the esophagus is trapped between it and the heart. This inhibits the growth and function of the esophagus,
- 15. Pericardium Hydropericardium: The noninflammatory accumulation of watery fluid in the pericardial cavity. Part of general anasarca Congestive heart failure Neoplastic-- Viral diseases-- Serofibrinous ( chracterized by serum and fibrin) – clostridial diseases( any of several infectious conditions in animals and humans resulting from Clostridium species, bacteria that are found in soil and that enter the body via puncture wounds or contaminated food.) Diseases of pleura Hemopericardium Uremic dogs – ulcerative endocarditis(ulceration of the valves) Hemangio-sarcoma( It is a sarcoma arising from the lining of blood vessels; that is, blood-filled channels and spaces are commonly observed microscopically.) Rupture of coronary artery or myocardium
- 16. Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium Fibrinous Bovine encephalomyelitis(inflammation of the brain) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Pasteurellosis(a bacterial infection commonly affecting animals and sometimes transferred to humans through bites and scratche) Blackleg(an acute infectious bacterial disease of cattle and sheep, causing necrosis in one or more legs.) Clostridial hemoglobinuria(excretion of free haemoglobin in the urine.) Neonatal coliform(rod shaped bacteria) infection Horses and sheep streptococcal infection Purulent-----Pus forming bacteria
- 18. Fibrinous pericarditis is an exudative inflammation. The visceral pericardium (epicardium) is infiltrated by the fibrinous exudate. This consists in fibrin strands and leukocytes. Fibrin describes an eosinophilic (pink) network, amorphous. Purulent: Pertaining to pus. Containing or composed of pus. The term "purulent" is often used in regard to drainage. For example, gonorrhea in men usually causes apurulent discharge from the penis.
- 19. Subendocardial Fibrosis layer of loose connective tissue beneath the endocarium. Diffuse or focal Ventricle or atrium is dilated for a log period – diffuse Abnormal jets of blood due to turbulence
- 20. Subendocardial mineralization Plaques or grains Ulcerative endocarditis of renal insufficiency Nutritional myopathy of lambs Chronic debilitating diseases High blood Ca and P content
- 22. Endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium. (mural / valvular) Usually valves are affected Bacteria Actinomyces pyogenes, Erysipilothrix rhusiopathiae, Actinibacillus equuli, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, srteptococci, clostridial infections Parasitic larvae (Strongylus vulgaris) Renal failure in dogs
- 24. Myocardial Necrosis Focal( most imp. Part) or massive Highly fatal FMD of young ones. In old ones myocarditis Vit. E or selenium def., equine rhabdomylysis the destruction of striated muscle cells; (especially in horses) , capture myopathy, and other exertional myopathies Thiamine-def. of carnivores, prolonged Cu def. Ruminants of early age are affected by gossypol(a toxic crystalline compound present in cotton-seed oil.) poisining, monencin (transport of cations), thallium (rodenticide) Fluoroacetate as rodenticide and plants Plant glycoside poisoning (Na / K-ATPase) – Oleander and many others Thrombi, embolism, arteriosclerosis
- 25. Myocarditis Variety of systemic diseases e.g., C. chauvoei, tuberculosis Listeria monocytogenes, Actinobacillus equuli – focal abscesses Interstitial and perivascular CT, edema, and leukocytic infiltration, myocardial degeneration
- 26. Parasitic Myocarditis Sarcosporidia(sporozoans that comprises imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates) Cysticerci of T. ovis, saginata, T. solium Trichenella spiralis (larvae) Interstitial myocarditis, with basophilic degeneration and necrosis of fibers
- 27. Heart Failure Congestive heart failure – venous congestion and edema Left sided failure – lesions develop in the lungs Right sided failure – lesion in the body Acute heart failure (shock) Cardiac syncope Hyper-reaction or sensitivity Acute pleural and tracheal irritation
- 29. Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Lymphangitis Inflammatory cells within and around blood vessels with concomitant vessel wall damage (fibrin deposition, degeneration of collagen, and necrosis of endothelium and smooth muscle cells) – thrombosis can supervene Hypersensitivity III (deposition of antigen-antibody complexes) or Arthus reaction necrotizing vasculitis Hypersensitivity IV (delayed)
- 33. Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis(a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls) Medial sclerosis or calcification( is a form of arteriosclerosis or vessel hardening, where calcium deposits are found in the muscular middle layer of the walls of arteries (the tunica media).) Arteriosclerosis(the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries)
- 34. Atherosclerosis Large arteries intimal – atheroma or fibrofatty plaque (core of lipid covered by fibrous tissue) Prone to mineralization, ulceration, superimposed thrombosis, intraplaque hemorrhage, and aneurysm Myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease Deposition of lipids, begin in middle and outer layers of the media and occur more extensively in small muscular arteries The veins are normal(The two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to and from cells are low- density lipoprotein, or LDL, and high-density lipoprotein, or HDL) LDL HDL Hypothyroidism in dogs
- 38. Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Coronary Artery
- 40. Medial sclerosis with calcification Medium-sized arteries Hyaline and fatty changes occur in muscular tissue necrosis calcification Advancing age Over stimulation of sympathetic system (nicotine, adrenaline) Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D toxicity
- 41. Arteriosclerosis (hypertensive vascular disease) Essential or idiopathic Secondary Renal Endocrine Cardiovascular neurogenic