Waste management
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The document discusses various aspects of waste management, including definitions of waste and waste management. It describes different types of waste such as solid waste and liquid waste. For solid waste, it covers classification, collection methods, and disposal methods such as composting, recycling, and landfilling. For liquid waste, it discusses sources and types, and technological options for disposal at the household level including kitchen gardens with and without piped root zone systems.
Waste management
- 2. What is Waste? Waste, or rubbish, trash, junk, garbage, depending on the type of material or the regional terminology, is an unwanted or undesired material or substance. It may consist of the unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process (industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural operations,) or from community and household activities. The discarded or accumulated, stored, or treated material (physically, chemically, or biologically), prior to being discarded or recycled. It is also used to describe something we use inefficiently or inappropriately.
- 3. ‘Waste management’ shall mean “the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites” However the newer concepts of ‘Waste management’ talk about ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste’ over and above waste disposal What is Waste Management?
- 5. Types of waste Solid type: Solid waste predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or rubbish that we make in our homes and other places. These include old car tires, old newspapers, broken furniture and even food waste. They may include any waste that is non-liquid.
- 6. Classification of Solid Waste Biodegradable and recyclable Non-biodegradable Recyclable Non-recyclable Kitchen waste Plastics – carry bags, milk covers PVC pipes etc. Syringes, Glucose bottles etc. Cotton and nylon cloth Tires & Tubes Nitrogen sealed packing for chips Food Shampoo Tetrapacks Cow dung/animal waste Bottles Thermo cal Agricultural Glass Carbon paper Leaves Books/notebook Plastic coated visiting cards Egg cells Wires Sachets Henna paste Caps of mineral water bottles Modern packing materials (plastic) for food packing Vegetable Plastic PET mineral water bottles Peels, meat, bones Tin can Dead animals Metal Paper Ash/dirt Wood
- 7. Classification of Solid Waste
- 8. Solid Waste Collection 1. House-to-House: Waste collectors visit each individual house to collect garbage. The user generally pays a fee for this service. 2. Community Bins: Users bring their garbage to community bins that are placed at fixed points in a neighborhood or locality. MSW is picked up by the municipality, or its designate, according to a set schedule. 3. Curbside Pick-Up: Users leave their garbage directly outside their homes according to a garbage pick-up schedule set with the local authorities (secondary house-to house collectors not typical). 4. Self Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites or transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality). 5. Contracted or Delegated Service: Businesses hire firms or municipality with municipal facilities) who arrange collection schedules and charges with customers. Municipalities often license private operators and may designate collection areas to encourage collection efficiencies.
- 9. Solid Waste Disposal There are various methods to Dispose off the Solid Waste 1. Waste Reduction 2. Aerobic Composting and Anaerobic Digestion 3. Biogas Technology 4. Reuse and Recycling of Non-Biodegradable Solid Waste 5. Landfill 1. Waste Reduction: Waste or source reduction initiatives (including prevention, minimization, and reuse) seek to reduce the quantity of waste at generation points by redesigning products or changing patterns of production and consumption. A reduction in waste generation has a two-fold benefit in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions. First, the emissions associated with material and product manufacture are avoided. The second benefit is eliminating the emissions associated with the avoided waste management activities. WasteReduction
- 10. Solid Waste Disposal 2. Aerobic Composting and Anaerobic Digestion: Composting is one of the options for treatment of solid waste. In composting process the organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in the formation of humus like material called compost. The value of compost as manure depends on the quantity and quality of feed materials poured into the compost pit. Composting is carried out in two ways: a. Aerobically (in presence of oxygen) and b. Anaerobically (in absence of oxygen). The composting can be carried out by, 1. Manure Pit 2. Vermicomposting Composting
- 11. Solid Waste Disposal 3. Biogas Technology: When biodegradable organic solid waste is subjected to anaerobic decomposition, a gaseous mixture of Methene (CH4) and Carbon- dioxide (C02) known as Biogas could be produced under favorable conditions. The decomposition of the waste materials are mainly done by the fermentation process which is carried out by different group of microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes etc. The group of microorganisms involved for biogas generation is mainly the bacteria. The process involves a series of reactions by several kinds of anaerobic bacteria feeding on the raw organic matter. “In anaerobic conditions, anaerobic bacteria disintegrate the biodegradable solids by a biochemical process shown below. Bio-Gas
- 12. Bio-Gas
- 13. Solid Waste Disposal 4. Reuse and Recycling of Non-Biodegradable Solid Waste Recycling of Papers It is possible to convert waste paper into useful recyclable product. Making pulp from waste paper is an old art. The process has now been refined. Various articles including showpieces may be made using the pulp. The articles are so sturdy that they can be an alternative to wood to some extent. Hence it is also called Pepwood. Applicability Women/SHG members/Unemployed youths/after receiving thorough training can undertake this activity. It is also necessary to attain a certain level of skill. Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
- 14. Solid Waste Disposal Description of the process • Soak the waste paper in water for 3 to 4 days • Take out the paper and macerate it on rough surface like stone or any rough surface • Squeeze out excess water • Add natural adhesive like flour of fenugreek seeds/tamarind seeds • Make a pulp out of the macerated paper like dough • Make article of choice with the help of moulds of different shapes and sizes • Dry the articles in sun. • Paint the articles artistically as per choice. Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
- 15. Solid Waste Disposal Materials required • Waste paper • Flour of fenugreek or tamarind seed as adhesive • Water • Rough flat stones for macerating paper • Colors • Moulds of different shapes and sizes • Well ventilated cupboard for storing the articles. Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
- 16. Solid Waste Disposal Advantages • Reduction of garbage by recycling of waste paper in a decentralized manner • Generation of income out of waste • Prevention of burning of waste paper and clean environment Saving on wood articles since some of the pulp articles can be used in place of wood e.g. teepoy, serving trays, fruit baskets etc • Some articles can be best alternatives to plastic articles. Limitations • Like plywood, pepwood articles should be kept away from direct contact with water • In rainy season it becomes little difficult to make pulp articles. Reuse&RecyclingofPaper
- 17. Solid Waste Disposal Recycling of Plastics In all types of solid waste in rural areas, plastics have become a major cause of concern due to: • Non-biodegradability and • Nuisance value in waste stream and blockage of drainage channels • Pollution of surface water • Random burning here and there causing air pollution problem • There is no proper collection or disposal system of plastic waste. Applicability Community level. Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
- 18. Solid Waste Disposal Some of the products which can be made at village level using shredding, cutting, weaving etc of plastics are; • Plastic rope • Plastic bag • Pillows and mats • Showpieces • Shredding of plastic and its use in rural road making in limited quantity for mixing in coal-taar • Few more innovations are being attempted for converting plastic waste into petrol which may also be explored. Action by self help groups • Collect requisite quantity of plastic waste for taking up above activities • Purchase appropriate machines easily available in the market for making the required products. Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
- 19. Solid Waste Disposal Materials required • Waste plastic • Appropriate machine with accessories • A well lighted and ventilated Room to install and operate the machine. Advantages • Pleasant and clean surroundings • Prevents drainage blocking • Prevents vector breeding • Prevents surface water pollution • Prevents burning of plastics • Full utilization of plastic wastes • Generation of wealth from plastic waste. Reuse&RecyclingofPlastic
- 20. Solid Waste Disposal 5. Landfill In spite of composting, re-use and recycling, some waste remains untreated/unmanaged which requires final disposal, either by incineration or by land filling. Incineration is a technology where waste is burnt in a specially engineered machine called Incinerator. Incineration is not simply burning, but complete combustion. Incinerators are considered to be causes of air pollution. This is not a viable option for waste management. A landfill is a properly designated area and used for the disposal of non- biodegradable and non-recyclable inorganic solid waste. Landfill is considered to be a viable option. Landfill
- 21. Solid Waste Disposal Advantage Takes care of the problem of disposal of non recyclable solid waste. Applicability Community level with the cooperation of individual household. Action Gram Panchayat to organize themselves to construct and maintain landfill. Gram Panchayat may make use of Youth Club members/Women Self Help Groups. Materials required The system is labor intensive and primarily requires earthwork job for disposal of non recyclable solid waste. The size of the landfill will depend upon the quantity of non recyclable solid waste to be disposed off into the pit daily. Limitations • Entry of cattle and grazing on the landfill site in an unfenced landfill would be hazardous. Landfill
- 22. Solid Waste Disposal Description • Selection of Landfil Site: Gram Panchayat in consultation with Zilla Parishad/Block Panchayat (as the case may be) should select the landfill site which should be: • Located at the outskirts of the village • Accessible • On vacant/uncultivated land • Located in the natural depressions with slight slopes • Waste from landfills leaches into the aquifer below site should be such as to avoid surface water and groundwater pollution • Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and kept as a record for future reference. • Procedures to be followed for landfill construction • Wastes should be compacted to achieve high density Landfill
- 23. Solid Waste Disposal • Wastes should be immediately covered with a minimum 10cm of soil/debris/ • Before the monsoon season, an intermediate cover of soil approximately 40- 65cm thick should be placed on the landfill to prevent infiltration • Proper drainage system should be constructed to divert run-off water • After the completion of landfill a final cover should be provided to prevent infiltration and erosion. This should be according to the given diagram • Landfill site should be properly fenced with a provision of a gate with locking arrangements by the gram panchayat/community • Plantation at landfill site should be encouraged to combat pollution. It should be in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion • The plants should be locally adapted, non-edible, drought and extreme temperature resistant, short rooted and of low nutrient demanding variety Landfill
- 24. Landfill
- 25. Types of waste Liquid type: Waste can come in non-solid form. Some solid waste can also be converted to a liquid waste form for disposal. It includes point source and non-point source discharges such as storm water and wastewater. Examples of liquid waste include wash water from homes, liquids used for cleaning in industries and waste detergents.
- 26. Liquid waste Introduction Disposal of waste water is a major public health problem. Stagnant waste water smells bad and also acts as breeding place for mosquitoes resulting in spread of diseases like dengue, malaria, filaria etc. Proper disposal and also reuse of waste waster wherever possible will help in combating diseases as well as meeting water scarcity. Sources of Waste Water • From domestic use e.g from toilet, bathroom, washing of clothes and from kitchen • Community e.g from industry, commercial and business activities, institutions, healthcare establishments, market places, farming activities etc.
- 27. Types of Liquid waste There are two types of waste water generated. These are: • Grey water is waste water from bathroom, washing of clothes and kitchen. Depending on its use, water can require less treatment than black water and generally contains fewer pathogens. Treated water can be reused for garden watering, fodder raising and kitchen gardening • Black water is water that has been mixed with waste from the toilet. Black water requires biological or chemical treatment and disinfection before re-use.
- 28. Classification of Liquid waste No. Source of waste water Types of waste water Quantity/ day /person 1 Toilets Black water 3 liters 2 Bathing Greywater 20-30 liters 3 Kitchen Greywater 5-10 liters 4 Washing cloth Greywater 15-20 liters 5 Animals Greywater 10-15 liters
- 29. Liquid waste Disposal Technological Options at Household Level Management. It will always be better to manage and treat domestic grey water generated in the house in the area/courtyard/land surrounding the house. The following technological options will be suitable for this purpose: • Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system • Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system • Leach pit • Soakage pit.
- 30. Liquid waste Disposal 1. Kitchen Garden with Piped Root Zone System With this methodology, treated grey water can be utilized to grow vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house. Applicability Houses with adequate court-yard. Action House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of trained person.
- 31. Liquid waste Disposal Description The system has following components: • A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm) • Perforated non pressure PVC pipe (50mm diameter and length as per requirement) • Digging of trench (150mm to 200mm depth and 200mm width) • Filling of trench with gravel of size (20 to 25mm size) • Laying of perforated pipe • Covering the trench with polythene sheet • Putting the soil layer (50mm thickness over the polythene sheet) • Construct a leach pit (900mm diameter with honey comb masonry and water tight cover) • Put a layer of earth over (25mm thickness) over the pit cover • Plant suitable vegetables or flowers on both sides of the trench. KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
- 32. Liquid waste Disposal Operation and maintenance (O&M) • Periodical cleaning of the grease trap (every week) • Cleaning of perforated pipes (once in a year). Materials required • Bricks (150 bricks) • Fine Sand (15 gamlas) • Cement (1/3 bag) • 50mm non-pressure PVC pipe and length as per requirement • Pit cover (1000mm diameter and 50mm thickness 3 to 4kg in height) • Polythene sheet. KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
- 33. Liquid waste Disposal Advantages • Simple and cost effective technology • Cent percent utilization of water to produce vegetables and fruits • Prevents water stagnation • Prevents vector breeding. Limitations Use of strong detergent may be harmful to the plants grown in the kitchen garden. KitchenGardenwithPipedRootZoneSystem
- 34. Liquid waste Disposal 2. Kitchen Garden without Piped Root Zone System With this methodology also, grey water can be utilized to grow vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house. Applicability Houses with adequate court-yard. Action House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of trained mason. Description The system has following component: • A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm) • A simple bed of appropriate size to absorb the available water • Let the greywater flow into the bed • Plant suitable vegetable or flowers at both the side of the trench.
- 35. Liquid waste Disposal 2. Kitchen Garden without Piped Root Zone System With this methodology also, grey water can be utilized to grow vegetables, flowers or fruits in the court-yard of the house. Applicability Houses with adequate court-yard. Action House owner will do the installation of the system with the help of trained mason. Description The system has following component: • A grease trap to collect silt (450mm x 350mm x 300mm) • A simple bed of appropriate size to absorb the available water • Let the greywater flow into the bed • Plant suitable vegetable or flowers at both the side of the trench. KitchenGardenwithoutPipedRootZoneSystem
- 36. Liquid waste Disposal Operation and maintenance (O&M) Periodical cleaning of the grease trap (every week). Materials required • Bricks (50 bricks) • Fine sand (5 gamlas) • Cement (1/2 gamlas). Advantages • Simple and cost effective technology • Cent percent utilization of water to produce vegetables and fruits • Prevents water stagnation • Prevents vector breeding. Limitations Use of strong detergent may be harmful to the plant grown in the kitchen garden. KitchenGardenwithoutPipedRootZoneSystem
- 37. Liquid waste Disposal 3. Leach Pit Leach Pit is a brick lined pit constructed in honeycomb masonry having a volume of about 0.75 cubic meters. Advantages • It can handle large volume of water during peak period of water generation and is better suited than soak pits • Prevents stagnation of greywater • Prevents vector breeding. Applicability Houses without adequate space for kitchen garden where waste water discharge is relatively more and pit structure is such that it enhances the leaching effect. Action House owner will do the installation of the leach pit with the help of trained mason.
- 38. Liquid waste Disposal Description • Selection of site-the leach pit can be located at any convenient space near the house, keeping a safe distance between the wall and the pit as 1m • Digging of the pit-dig the pit (a diameter of 1.75m and a depth of 1m) • Construct the pit in circular fashion with honey combing in alternate layers. The pit can be constructed with single brick (100mm) with a mortar in the ratio of 1:6 • Connect the drain pipe coming from the house to the leach pit via a grease trap • A P-trap is necessary between the pit and the outlet from the house to avoid vectors entering the leach pit • The pit should be covered with RCC cover or flag stone slab. The diameter of the cover should be 100mm more than that of the pit. LeachPit
- 39. Liquid waste Disposal Operation and maintenance (O&M) • Periodical cleaning of the P-trap • Periodical removal of the sludge from the pit. Materials required (approximate) • Bricks (150 bricks) • Fine sand (10 gamlas) • Cement (1/3 bag). Limitations Not suitable for rocky terrain. LeachPit
- 40. Liquid waste Disposal 4. Soak Pit Soak pit is a dug out pit filled with stones or preferably over burnt bricks. The large numbers of stones or bricks increase the surface area over which biological and chemical action takes place. The water seeps into the ground and reduces danger of polluting the ground water sources. Advantages • This is the cheapest technology for management of water at household level • Prevents greywater stagnation • Prevents vector breading. Applicability Houses without adequate space for kitchen garden. Action House owner can construct the pit himself by getting the information of the design.
- 42. Liquid waste Disposal 5. Grey water Treatment and Reuse System Treatment and Reuse System In water scarce areas, with specific treatment the grey water can be cleaned and reused not only for gardening but for other use also. Technological process Grey water treatment process at the household level mainly involves screening (grease and silt removal), soap froth removal, equalization and filtration. Flow diagram of household based grey water treatment system is shown below:
- 43. Liquid waste Disposal Grey water treatment for reuse in household 1. Advantages • Reduces fresh water requirement • Prevents grey water stagnation • Prevents vector breeding • Use in flushing toilets to make toilets functional • Use of grey water in gardening • Minimal risk to users of grey water as it incorporates principles of water safety. 2. Applicability household. 3. Action Individual households may construct and operate this system. Greywatertreatmentforreuseinhousehold
- 44. Liquid waste Disposal 4. Description A three-stage grey water filtration system at household level having following components may be constructed. The operation and maintenance is not a skilled job in the system, as it requires washing of the sponge kept in the inlet chamber on regular basis and the washing and changing/refilling of gravel & fine sand time to time in the treatment chamber 1 and 2. Members of the beneficiary family are doing this and the system is functioning satisfactorily. 5. O&M • Periodical cleaning of grease trap, filters and sponge • Gravels and sand from the filtration unit need to be washed periodically • Sedimentation tanks require de-sludging every month. 6. Limitations Very frequent cleaning and user attention is required. Greywatertreatmentforreuseinhousehold
- 45. Liquid waste Disposal Technological Options for Community Level Management at Public Places-On Site The grey water generated at public places is usually a cleaner water. This grey water can be preferably managed on site by adopting the following technological options. These options can also be adopted for managing institutional grey water which is from bathing, clothes washing etc. • Plantation with intercepting chamber • Community leach pit • Soak away channel • Simple process of reuse of grey water • System of waste water treatment such as root zone system.
- 46. Liquid waste Disposal Technological Options for Community Level Management at Public Places-On Site 1. Plantation with Intercepting Chamber The greywater at public places in rural areas as stated earlier, is usually spilled over water. As such it is cleaner water. Hence this water can be reused conveniently for plantation. Advantage • There will be no stagnation of spilled over water • Vector breeding will be avoided • Main water source will not be contaminated • There will be beneficial return from plantation e.g. fruits, vegetables, wood etc.
- 47. Liquid waste Disposal Applicability The technology will be useful for greywater generated in public places for reuse. Materials required As per requirements based on detailed estimate with the support of available technical personnel. Cost will accordingly vary. Limitations • Availability of public land for plantation • Topography of the area. PlantationwithInterceptingChamber
- 48. Liquid waste Disposal 2. Community Leach Pit If land is not available for plantation, the spilled water can be absorbed in the soil by constructing a larger size leach pit. Advantage • There will be stagnation of spilled over water • Prevents vector breeding • Main water source will not be contaminated. Applicability The application of the technology will help in preventing water stagnation around such public places. Materials required As per detailed estimate to be prepared with the support of available technical personnel. Cost will vary accordingly. Limitations Depending on the absorption capacity of the soil, the pit may over flow. In that case, additional leach pit will have to be constructed. CommunityLeachPit
- 49. Liquid waste Disposal 3 Soak away Channel Soak pits can be built in every house for wastewater disposal. But such small pits cannot be of much use near public wells where a large quantity of wastewater flows. In such places pits have to be built like big channels, which are called soakaway channels. Sludge tanks have to be made to clean and filter the water before entering such channels. In soak pits a pot with holes is used for filtration of water. As large quantity of water flows into soakaway channels, a sludge tank is provided instead of a pot. Such an arrangement is called soakaway channel with sludge tank. Advantage • Large quantities of community greywater can be absorbed without any open stagnation of greywater • Prevents vector breeding • Main water source will not be contaminated. Soakawaychannel
- 50. Liquid waste Disposal 3 Soak away Channel Soak pits can be built in every house for wastewater disposal. But such small pits cannot be of much use near public wells where a large quantity of wastewater flows. In such places pits have to be built like big channels, which are called soakaway channels. Sludge tanks have to be made to clean and filter the water before entering such channels. In soak pits a pot with holes is used for filtration of water. As large quantity of water flows into soakaway channels, a sludge tank is provided instead of a pot. Such an arrangement is called soakaway channel with sludge tank. Advantage • Large quantities of community greywater can be absorbed without any open stagnation of greywater • Prevents vector breeding • Main water source will not be contaminated. Soakawaychannel
- 51. Liquid waste Disposal The system has two major components: a. Sludge Tank b. Soak away Channel.
- 52. Liquid waste Disposal Function of a sullage tank is the same as that of the filter pot in household level soak pit on a big scale. The sullage tank intercepts ash, mud and oily substances in the water and allows the cleaned water to flow to the soakaway channel. Soakaway channel is built near the well and the water allowed to flow into it through the sullage tank.
- 53. Liquid waste Disposal 4 Reuse of Greywater Technological process Greywater treatment process at the community level mainly involves screening, soap froth removal, equalization, filtration and chlorination. Flow diagram of community/school based greywater treatment system is shown below: . ReuseofGreyWater
- 54. Liquid waste Disposal Soakawaychannel Advantages • Reduces fresh water requirement • Prevents greywater stagnation • Main water source will not be contaminated • Prevents vector breeding • Use in flushing toilets to make toilets functional • Use of greywater in gardening • Minimal risk to users of greywater as it incorporates principles of water safety. Applicability Community and schools.
- 55. Types of waste Hazardous type: Hazardous or harmful waste are those that potentially threaten public health or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily catch fire), reactive (can easily explode), corrosive (can easily eat through metal) or toxic (poisonous to human and animals). In many countries, it is required by law to involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste. Examples include fire extinguishers, old propane tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps (e.g. fluorescent bulbs) and batteries.
- 56. Types of waste Organic type: Organic waste comes from plants or animals sources. Commonly, they include food waste, fruit and vegetable peels, flower trimmings and even dog poop can be classified as organic waste. They are biodegradable (this means they are easily broken down by other organisms over time and turned into manure). Many people turn their organic waste into compost and use them in their gardens.
- 57. Types of waste Recyclable type: Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. Waste that can be potentially recycled is termed "Recyclable waste". Aluminium products (like soda, milk and tomato cans), Plastics (grocery shopping bags, plastic bottles), Glass products (like wine and beer bottles, broken glass), Paper products (used envelopes, newspapers and magazines, cardboard boxes) can be recycled and fall into this category.