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OECD Studies on Water
Water and Cities
Ensuring Sustainable Futures

OECD Studies on Water
Water and Cities
ENSURING SUSTAINABLE FUTURES

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of OECD member countries.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or
sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries
and to the name of any territory, city or area.
ISBN 978-92-64-23010-1 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-23014-9 (PDF)
Series: OECD Studies on Water
ISSN 2224-5073 (print)
ISSN 2224-5081 (online)
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use
of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli
settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Photo credits: Cover © Taro Yamada/Corbis, © Natakuzmina | Dreamstime.com.
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm.
© OECD 2015
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Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2015), Water and Cities: Ensuring Sustainable Futures, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing,
Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230149-en

WATER AND CITIES: ENSURING SUSTAINABLE FUTURES – © OECD 2015
Preface – 3
Preface
Cities are major contributors to national economies and play a key role as nodes in global
markets. But cities can only develop sustainably when they provide reliable water supply and
sanitation services to city dwellers and manage risks of too much, too little or too polluted
water.
In OECD countries, cities have achieved high levels of protection against droughts,
floods, or water pollution, and a vast majority of city dwellers enjoy reliable water services.
This remarkable performance derives from distinctive combinations of infrastructures,
business models and institutional arrangements. However, whether and how such
combinations are fit for future challenges is unclear. The economic, social and environmental
costs of water security are increasing, driven by urban growth, competition among water
users, urban and agricultural pollution, and climate change. Existing infrastructures are also
ageing and need to adapt to new contexts. In addition, city dwellers have rising expectations
as regards the quality of water services and water security.
Can these challenges be addressed with the current business models and financial
resources? What are the opportunities that derive from innovative technologies and
practices? How can we tap into the potential benefits of co-operation between cities and
their rural environment? What governance arrangements are required? This report provides
answers to all these questions. Water and Cities: Ensuring Sustainable Futures argues
that cities in OECD countries face significant revisions of financial, technological and
governance arrangements. While some cities have already gained experience with managing
this transition, more needs to be done to scale up and expedite change. Both local and
central governments have a role to play in order to use to the best advantage the initiatives
of a variety of stakeholders, including the private sector, households and rural communities.
Urban water management is a domain where a dialogue between developed and developing
countries is most promising. Fast-growing cities in developing countries can experiment
innovative urban planning and water management practices, leapfrogging arrangements that
have locked-in OECD cities in inflexible practices. At the same time, OECD cities can learn
from these developments and explore how they can be inserted in existing infrastructures and
institutional arrangements.
This report builds on a wide range of expertise across the OECD. It is a good illustration
of how cross-sector co-operation can help identify emerging issues, generate new
knowledge and pave the way to innovative policy responses. I am confident that Water and
Cities: Ensuring Sustainable Futures will inspire more innovative urban water management
practices, at different scales and in a variety of contexts.
Angel Gurría
Secretary-General, OECD

Foreword – 5
Foreword
OECD cities usually benefit from high levels of protection against water risks and most
city dwellers have access to reliable water services. At the same time, OECD cities face
significant challenges to protect inhabitants from risks of floods, droughts or deteriorating
water quality resulting mainly from urban growth, competition among water users, urban
and agricultural pollution and climate change. They also face particular challenges due
to ageing infrastructures and the need to adapt existing assets: most OECD cities need to
transition from an era of exploiting existing infrastructures to one of building new assets
and inserting such assets in existing environments.
This report focuses on the challenges confronting OECD cities in terms of water
management and explores policy responses at both the central and local government
levels. The analyses focus on four mutually dependent dimensions: finance, innovation,
co-operation with the rural environment and governance.
The report builds on OECD’s work on water, particularly on financing water
management and water services; the diffusion of technical and non-technical innovation
in water management; the management of droughts, floods and groundwater; allocation of
freshwater; urban and multi-level governance; stakeholder engagement; and the governance
of water regulators.
The report was drafted by a core team comprising Xavier Leflaive, Aziza Akhmouch,
Filippo Civitelli, Tatiana Efimova, Guillaume Gruère, Julien Hardelin, Celine Kauffmann,
KunWook Kim, Hannah Leckie, Kazuki Motohashi and Oriana Romano. Simon Buckle,
Anthony Cox, Jane Ellis, Robert Youngman, William Tompson, and Karishma Gupte
provided comments at various stages. Romy de Courtay edited an earlier draft and Peter
Vogelpoel formatted it. Sama Al Taher Cucci seamlessly managed the administrative
process.
The report builds on case studies prepared by selected OECD cities: Auckland (New
Zealand), Fukuoka (Japan), Hamburg (Germany), San Francisco (United States), Suwon
(Korea), Tokyo (Japan), Tucson (United States) and four local authorities in South West
Gyeongnam Province (Korea).
It also builds on new information collected through a survey on the governance of
water regulators and a survey on water governance in cities. The outcomes of each survey
will be published in separate companion reports.

TABLE OF CONTENTS – 7
Table of contents
Abbreviations ��11
Executive summary�� 13
Chapter 1.
A framework for city-level water management��17
Introduction�� 19
Water-related risks to cities in OECD countries�� 19
Ageing infrastructure�� 26
Institutional changes affecting urban water governance ��31
A framework for urban water management�� 34
Clustering cities and policy responses to water management�� 40
Annex 1.A1.
Two city typologies relevant to water management�� 48
References�� 50
Chapter 2.
Financing urban water management�� 55
Financing constraints in cities in OECD countries�� 57
Options to minimise costs�� 64
Water tariffs contribute to water resource management�� 69
Diversified revenue streams�� 73
A role for private investors�� 78
Annex 2.A1.
Financing urban water management in Korea�� 85
References�� 89
Chapter 3.
Supporting the diffusion of innovative pathways for urban water management�� 93
Opportunities for disruptive technical innovations �� 95
The benefits of non-technical innovations�� 104
Barriers to the diffusion of innovation for urban water management �� 109
Overcoming barriers to innovative urban water management��113
References��115
Chapter 4.
Urban-rural co-operation for water management ��119
Introduction��121
Managing competition between urban and rural areas to access water�� 123
Mitigating flood risks in urban areas�� 134
Water quality standards and PES�� 136
Implementation issues��141
References�� 146
Chapter 5.
Governance for urban water management ��151
Preliminary remark��153
Governance challenges to urban water management��153

8 – TABLE OF CONTENTS
Governance arrangements for urban water management��162
Annex 5.A1.
Characterisation of respondents to the OECD Survey on urban water governance��172
Annex 5.A2.
Regulators who responded to the OECD survey on the Governance of Water Regulators��174
Annex 5.A3.
Typology of regulatory functions for WSS��175
References��176
Glossary��177
Figures
Figure 1.1 Projected future water demand�� 21
Figure 1.2 Nutrient effluents from wastewater �� 24
Figure 1.3 OECD population connected to wastewater treatment plants �� 26
Figure 1.4 Investment needs in WSS in Japan�� 30
Figure 1.5 Key drivers affecting urban water governance�� 32
Figure 1.6 A framework for city-level water management�� 35
Figure 1.7 Criteria to cluster cities as regards water management�� 41
Figure 2.1 Policy objectives and trade-offs affecting price structures for water services�� 58
Figure 2.2 Water consumption in selected cities�� 59
Figure 2.3 Domestic water consumption in Japan�� 60
Figure 2.4 Water supply and sanitation bills as a share of disposable income of
the lowest decile of the population�� 61
Figure 2.5 Direct costs of alternative water supply options�� 66
Figure 2.A1.1 Household water demand in Korea�� 85
Figure 2.A1.2 Per capita water use in Korean metropolises �� 85
Figure 2.A1.3 Water supply expenditure�� 86
Figure 2.A1.4 Breakdown of water supply capital expenditure�� 86
Figure 2.A1.5 Wastewater collection and treatment expenditures in Korea�� 87
Figure 2.A1.6 Revenues from tariffs for water supply services�� 87
Figure 2.A1.7 Revenues from wastewater collection and treatment�� 87
Figure 4.1 Issues generating interdependencies between cities and surrounding areas ��121
Figure 4.2 Agricultural groundwater management and cities: Water and financial transfers�� 134
Figure 4.3 Cost and effectiveness of water quality gains based on watershed conservation��139
Figure 5.1 OECD multi-level governance framework: Mind the gaps, bridge the gaps��153
Figure 5.2 Scalar dimensions of water governance in cities �� 154
Figure 5.3 Perceived challenges to long-term urban water management��155
Figure 5.4 Policy areas influencing water governance in cities�� 156
Figure 5.5 Perceived challenges to the financial sustainability of urban water management��158
Figure 5.6 Use of economic instruments for urban water management in OECD countries��159
Figure 5.7 Capacity challenges�� 160
Figure 5.8 Information challenges�� 160
Figure 5.9 Perceived challenges to transparency and accountability for urban water management ��161
Figure 5.10 Established mechanisms for assessing the performance of urban water management��161
Figure 5.11 Mechanisms for co-ordinating water policy across government levels��165
Figure 5.12 Water competencies of metropolitan bodies��165
Figure 5.13 Year of operational establishment of water regulators�� 166
Figure 5.14 Main justifications for establishing a water regulator ��167
Figure 5.15 Frequent interactions between cities and stakeholders��169
Figure 5.16 Obstacles to effective stakeholder engagement in urban water management��170
Tables
Table 1.1 A menu of options tailored to specific water risks�� 44
Table 1.2 Initiatives by other tiers of government to promote urban water management�� 44
Table 2.1 Selected large private equity investments in water�� 79
Table 3.1 Green Infrastructure solutions for water resource management �� 107

TABLE OF CONTENTS – 9
Boxes
Box 1.1 A brief history of prevailing urban water management models�� 20
Box 1.2 Cities’ reliance on infrastructure in OECD countries�� 22
Box 1.3 The costs of drinking unprotected water �� 24
Box 1.4 Projected investment needs for water infrastructure�� 29
Box 1.5 Consolidation of the water industry in Ireland�� 34
Box 1.6 A multifaceted approach to urban water management: Auckland, New Zealand �� 36
Box 1.7 Co-operation on water management between cities and other tiers of government�� 45
Box 2.1 Innovative public finance support in the United States�� 62
Box 2.2 Advanced asset management: Illustrations from selected OECD countries �� 65
Box 2.3 Amalgamated water services – Gyeongnam Province, Korea�� 68
Box 2.4 Innovative tariff structures – California’s water budget rate structure (WBRS)�� 70
Box 2.5 An innovative institutional arrangement to manage WSS services – the contract-
specific joint public-private company�� 74
Box 2.6 The financial contribution of land development taxes – Casablanca, Morocco�� 76
Box 2.7 Property owners finance sewer renovation – San Francisco Bay area�� 77
Box 2.8 Financing urban rainwater management in France�� 77
Box 2.9 Equity investment in water infrastructure – Bayonne, New Jersey, and Middletown,
Pennsylvania�� 79
Box 2.10 Innovation in a greenfield site – Brisbane, Australia�� 81
Box 2.11 Inset appointments in England�� 83
Box 3.1 Innovation in urban water management – Hamburg, Germany�� 96
Box 3.2 Smart water management – Fukuoka, Japan �� 98
Box 3.3 Rainwater Harvesting – Suwon, Korea��101
Box 3.4 Decentralised water management – San Francisco, California �� 102
Box 3.5 Promoting the use of non-potable water – Tokyo, Japan �� 105
Box 3.6 Water-sensitive urban design – Fukuoka, Japan�� 108
Box 3.7 Retrofitting a sustainable drainage system – Cromer catchment in the United Kingdom��110
Box 3.8 New York City’s Comprehensive Water Reuse Programme��114
Box 4.1 Water allocation policies�� 123
Box 4.2 Economics of rural-urban co-operation�� 125
Box 4.3 Mandatory rural-urban reallocations in the Zhang He Irrigation System, China �� 126
Box 4.4 Southern California’s Water Savings Incentive Program (WSIP) �� 127
Box 4.5 Full-supply cost recovery for surface water delivered on-farm across OECD countries,
2008�� 129
Box 4.6 Water trading in Reus, Spain, and the Siurana-Rudecanyes irrigation district �� 130
Box 4.7 Tucson’s groundwater recharge – SR approach��132
Box 4.8 Groundwater transfer arrangements – Wichita, Kansas, and Azumino, Japan��133
Box 4.9 Stimulating innovative stormwater management in Ontario, Canada��135
Box 4.10 Using agriculture fields for flood protection: Examples in the United Kingdom �� 136
Box 4.11 Payments for water quality services – Munich, Germany�� 138
Box 4.12 The Pennsylvania nutrient credit trading programme (PANCTP)�� 140
Box 4.13 Rural-urban partnership��143
Box 4.14 The New York City watershed programme: An example of a successful rural-urban
partnership�� 144
Box 4.15 Conditions for successful rural-urban partnerships��145
Box 5.1 Co-ordinating water and related policies ��157
Box 5.2 Metropolitan arrangements in the water sector ��163
Box 5.3 Principles for effective stakeholder engagement in water-related decision-making��170

Abbreviations – 11
Abbreviations
ATSE Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
AWS Assured water supply
BMA Barcelona Metropolitan Area
CAP Central Arizona Project
CBFR Consumption-based fixed-rate water rates
CER Commission for Energy Regulation
CGE Computable general equilibrium
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CWRS Comprehensive Water Reuse System
DEP Department of Environmental Protection
EASAC European Academies of Sciences Advisory Council
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
FOEN Federal Office for the Environment
GDP Gross domestic product
GIS Geographical information systems
GWI Global Water Intelligence
HW Hamburg Wasser
IBT Increasing block tariffs
ICT Information and communication technologies
IFM Integrated flood management
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IWNL Independent Water Networks Limited
MCBA Modified cost balancing accounts
MGSDP Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership
MHLW Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
MNB Marginal net benefits
MOU Memorandum of understanding

12 –
Abbreviations
NRC National Research Council
OM Operations and maintenance
OMR Operation, maintenance and rehabilitation
PES Payment for ecosystem services
PSP Private-sector participation
RISA Rain InfraStructure Adaptation
SR Storage and recovery
SFPUC San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
SuDS Sustainable drainage systems
SWI Showcasing Water Innovation
SWM Smart water management
TAD Trade and Agriculture Directorate
USACE US Army Corps of Engineers
USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency
WBRS Water budget rate structure
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPBWE Working Party on Biodiversity Water and Ecosystem
WRAM Water revenue adjustment mechanism
WSIP Water Savings Incentive Program
WSS Water supply and sanitation


Executive summary – 13
Executive summary
Cities in OECD countries have not solved water management. While they currently
enjoy relatively high levels of protection against water risks, they face disquieting challenges,
including the proven difficulty of upgrading and renewing existing infrastructures, and
heightened uncertainty about future water availability and quality. Cities in OECD countries
are entering a new era, characterised by the need to retrofit existing assets into more
adaptable infrastructure, by different combinations of financing tools and by new roles for
stakeholders in water management. The transition to this new era requires co-ordinated
action among central governments, local authorities and a variety of private actors.
Emerging challenges for water management in OECD countries
City dwellers in OECD countries currently have reliable access to safe water and
sanitation services. They are protected against risks pertaining to floods, droughts, water
pollution and reduced resilience of freshwater ecosystems. This remarkable achievement
builds on specific combinations of institutions, financing mechanisms and technologies.
Yet such combinations may not be fit for emerging challenges.
One of the main challenges is the increased uncertainty about future water availability.
First, cities compete with other water users (farmers, energy suppliers and the environment)
to access the water they need at fit-for-purpose quality. Second, climate change will
generate more extreme weather events, increased hydrological variability and higher
uncertainty about water availability.
Another challenge is the financing of the operation, maintenance and renewal of
extensive infrastructures that channel, store, treat or move water. Prevailing financing
mechanisms have generally been able to support the operation of existing infrastructure,
while keeping water tariffs relatively low. They have been less successful at financing the
upgrade or replacement of assets, nor have they provided incentives to adapt urban water
management to changes in water availability or consumption patterns.
A third challenge is water governance. Territorial reforms and the reallocation of
competences affect urban water management, in the same vein as emerging changes in
regulatory models for the water industry. Urban water management in OECD countries
suffers from several governance gaps, notably fragmented institutions, weak capacity at
the local level and tensions between water, energy and land policies.
Four questions to set urban water management on a sustainable path
In this context, cities in OECD countries would benefit from considering four interrelated
questions.

14 –
Executive summary
What should the water bill cover? The OECD has long argued that three ultimate
sources of financing (the 3Ts) exist for water services: tariffs (revenues from the water bill),
taxes (allocations from the public budget) and transfers from the international community
(which have become secondary in most OECD countries). Other sources of funding need to
be paid back from a combination of the 3Ts. The context outlined above suggests a revision
of the 3Ts is necessary. Tariff structures and business models in particular may need
adjusting in order to secure stable revenues in the face of declining water consumption.
Governments should consider levying taxes on those (including land and property
developers) who benefit from increased water security or who generate higher costs and
externalities (e.g. owners of large impervious surfaces, such as roads or car parks).
How can cities make the best use of innovative approaches to urban water
management? Technical innovation is flourishing, but is not fully exploited. Some
innovation, such as smart technologies, distributed systems or green technologies, is
potentially disruptive. Disruptive technologies work best in combination with non-technical
innovation, such as water-sensitive urban design or innovative business models for water
utilities. Cities would benefit from having a wide latitude to explore technologies that fit
local contexts. Regulatory frameworks can drive the diffusion of innovation, but can also
lock cities into sub-optimal technical trajectories.
How can cities and their rural surroundings best co-operate? The urban-rural
interface can contribute a great deal to protecting cities against water risks now and in
the future, at least cost to society. For instance, experience with catchment protection
from harmful agricultural practices, or the use of farm land as buffer against floods, has
highlighted the efficacy of innovative measures for urban water management. On the
other hand, rural communities can use a city’s run-off, treated wastewater and nutrients
recovered. National governments should provide incentives and institutional mechanisms
to foster the use of co-operative arrangements benefiting cities, upstream and downstream
communities, and ecosystems.
How can cities govern urban water management? Three issues deserve particular
attention. The first issue is stakeholder engagement: such questions as the appropriate
level of water security for a city, how much city dwellers are willing to pay for it and
how far they are willing to adjust their behaviour can only be answered in practice, when
stakeholders are properly involved in decision-making and implementation. Where they
have been established, water regulators can significantly contribute to improved urban water
management through greater transparency and improved credibility of decision-making and
accountability to users. Finally, water management will increasingly take place over a range
of scales – from basin to catchment to individual buildings – depending on the particular
service required (protection against floods or droughts, water supply, sanitation, drainage,
etc.), technological or behavioural sophistication. How can these different scales and levels
of decision-making be integrated for maximum mutual benefit? A mechanism consistently
used in cities in OECD countries is metropolitan governance, which offers the ability to
combine the different scales and pool financial and technical resources across municipalities
in a metropolitan area.
Lessons learnt from the transition of selected cities towards a new era
Most cities in OECD countries have core competences to manage water to meet future
challenges: they are generally responsible for land use, construction and buildings, and
natural resource management. They are well positioned to develop solutions to hydrological,


Executive summary – 15
climatic, social or economic conditions. They can catalyse action by households, local
communities and investors.
Some cities have transitioned towards forward-looking water management practices.
Their practical experience with managing change and retrofitting existing infrastructures is
particularly instructive. Cities in OECD countries that manage water for future challenges
understand that delaying action can increase costs and limit options to adapt to new water-
related risks. They combine a long-term strategy with a pragmatic approach to renewing
the stock of buildings and assets. They deploy a package of technical and non-technical
measures that exploit existing water resources, financial capacities and various stakeholder
initiatives.
Cities in OECD countries will not be in a position to respond to all the future water
challenges on their own. Initiatives by other tiers of governments, clustered around three
categories – regulation (on land use, reclaimed water or public procurement), resource
provision (e.g. information and education) and incentives (e.g. awards) – will also contribute
to urban water management. Governments can use urban policies and infrastructure
financing to promote water-sensitive urban design, especially in high-risk regions.
The interplay between national and local initiatives on water management will shape
the cities of the future, including their capacity to thrive and contribute to bettering the
lives of their residents.

1. A FRAMEWORK FOR CITY-LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT – 17
Chapter 1
A framework for city-level water management
This chapter examines the main water-related challenges facing cities in OECD
countries now and in the future. Central to these challenges are the risks
associated with water abundance, water scarcity, water pollution, water ecosystem
resilience and the distinctive ways in which cities in OECD countries have
managed these risks so far through infrastructures and governance. The chapter
proposes a framework to analyse policy responses to these challenges, combining
four dimensions: financing, innovation, urban-rural interface and governance.
Subsequent chapters explore each dimension further.

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Mc’Clean J. wine and spirit merchant, 149 Sloane st
Mc’Coy W. grocer, 6 Turks row
Mc’Culloch J. bootmaker, 10 Bond st
Mc’Leland J. furniture dealer, 349 King’s rd
Macdonald E. broker, 3 Marlbro’ rd
Macduff J. grocer, 8 Francis st
Macmichael James, bookseller, stationer, music seller and
newsagent, 207 King’s road
Mack Mrs. laundress, 27 Queen st
Macrie J. farrier, 36½ Queen st
Maddy Miss, school, 12 Lower st
Macrow Thomas Christmas, grocer and cheesemonger, 78 and 80
Marlbro’ rd
Madder Thomas, grocer and cheesemonger, 55 Lower Church st
Madge Miss, dressmaker, 13 Sloane st
Maher A. greengrocer, 71 Lower Cadogan pl
Makey Richard, china and glass dealer, 329 King’s rd
Mallison Mrs. 5 Cook’s grove
Malden W. W. chemist, 29 Walton st
Manly B. muffin baker, 42 Leader st

Manly Geo. muffin baker, 2 Lower Church st
Mansfield A. Francis, ‘The Duke of Cambridge’, 4 College ter
Mantell Thomas A. Castle Brewery, 31 Lower George st
Markham R. J. “The Roebuck”, 348 and 350 King’s rd
Marlow E. bootmaker, 24 South st
Marlow Henry, rag merchant, 3A Queen st
Marsden J. Jos. “The Enterprise,” 36 Walton st
Marsh F. newsagent, 29 New rd
Martin A. fishmonger, 61A King’s st
Martin G. W. and J. woollen and Manchester warehousemen, 1 and 3
King’s rd
Martin John, brass founder, 52 Marlbro’ rd
Marsh W. tailor, 1 Little Cadogan pl
Martin William, greengrocer, 78 Lower Sloane st
Martin William, greengrocer, 92 Marlbro’ rd
Maskell R. plumber, 15 New rd
Maron B. newsagent, 22 Marlbro’ rd
Mason B. beer retailer, 387 King’s rd
Mason John, butcher, Queen st
Mason J. gardner, 2 Park pl south
Mason J. P. sweep, Little Cadogan pl
Mason William, fruiterer and greengrocer, 1 Devonshire pl

Mason W. greengrocer, Palk walk
Mattocks James, confectioner and tobacconist, 58 Queen’s rd
Mattocks J. boot maker, 47 Upper North st
Maunder J. grocer, 17 Manor row
Maunder R. fishmonger, 7 Lombard st
Maunder Thos. baker, 27 Princes st
Maunder —, tailor, 7 Draycott pl
Maurer Jos. baker, 62 Marlbro’ rd
May Charles, grocer, 44 College st
Mayers Henry, baker, 1 Elm ter
Mayle J. greengrocer, 4 Albert pl
Mazel A. 52 and 53 Sloane st
Measer G. coal dealer, 3 Green st
Meredith—, wardrobe warehouse, 16 Marlbro’ rd
Michels Frederick Charles, pastrycook, 18 Sloane st
Mickelthwate Arthur, patent sansflectum crinoline manufacturer, 24
Walton st. Ovington sq
Middleton Thomas, fire wood dealer, 16 Upper North st
Miles Alexander A. silversmith and pawnbroker, 159 Marlbro’ rd
Miller C. cage maker, 5 Queen’s st
Miller Fred. newsagent, 11 Bond st
Miller Richard, grocer, oilman, and Post office, 79 Queen’s rd west

Miller R. F. coach builder, 237 King’s rd
Mills Step. clog maker, 14 Leader st
Milton —, tailor, 22 Cumberland st
Mills T. boot mkr, 5 Cumberland pl
Milton Co., china and glass dealer, 202 Sloane st
Minns J. butcher, 1 Queen’s rd east
Minton Miss, stationer, 4 Sloane st
Mitchell C. butcher, 2 Maynard pl
Mitchell George, marble works, 28 Walton st
Mitchell George John, general shop, Barrosa pl
Mitchell Jn. baker, 70 Cadogan pl
Mitchell John, grocer, Jubilee pl
Mitchell S. boot maker, 84 Ellis st
Mitchell M. greengrocer, 5 Milner pl
Mitchell Thos. grocer, 6 Lombard st
Mitchell W. G. tailor, 118 King’s rd
Mizen H. tobacconist, 29 Oxford ter
Moate S. carver and uilder, 131 and 133 Marlbro’ road, and 39 South
Audley st
Monk H. corn dealer, 17 Leader st
Monk William M. oil and colourman, 38 Manor st
Money W. bricklayer, 1 Pavilion st

Monk and Wridgway, carpenters, 2 James st
Morgan J. newsagent, 64 Walton st.
Morgan John, wax and tallow chandler, 207 Sloane st
Morgan J. beer retailer, Symons st
Moody E. tobacconist, 84 College st
Moore George, tobacco and cigar merchant, 25 Sloane sq
Moore Mary, corn dealer, 85 King’s rd
Morrell George, tobacconist, 15 White Lion st
Morris B. butcher, 12 Queen’s rd east
Morris C. R. baker, 49A Chyne walk
Morris H. butcher, 40 Queen’s rd west
Morrison Hargrave, oil and colorman, Duke st
Mortimore George, baker, 10 Lower Church st
Mowels Samuel Alfred, bookseller and stationer, 142 Sloane st
Millward and Co. confectioner, 122 Sloane st
Mumford George, grocer and cheesemonger, 3 Green st
Mumford R. grocer, 26 Lawrence st
Munro Isaac, City of Gloucester, St. Leonard’s terrace
Munday H. newsagent, 10 Queen st
Mundell E. poster, 3 Cumberland st
Munns C. cheesemonger, 11 Charles st
Murray M. painter, 5 Symons st

Murrell, gasfitter, 31 Lower George st
Nash H. tobacconist, 328 King’s rd
Nash J. C. coal merchant, 154 King’s rd
Neal Hen. coffee house, 79 Fulham rd
Neal Mrs. wardrobe warehouse, 12 Upper North st
Necropolis Company, 60 Sloane st
Nettleton J. ironmonger, 4 Sloane sq
New Geo. grocer, 104 Marlbro’ rd
Newall J. B. and Co., ironmongers, 26 Sloane street
Newell W. grocer, 5 South st
Newman George, leather seller, 30 North st
Newman T. bootmaker, 30A Regent st
Newton Alf, ‘Royal Oak’, Keppel st
Nicholas James, hair cutter, 17 Lower Church st
Nicholls W. beer retailer, 330 King’s rd
Nicholls Brothers, lead and glass merchants, 233 235 King’s rd
Nicholson John, leather cutter, 5 College pl
Nightingale William, boot maker, 46 College st
Noble James, tailor, 14 King’s rd
Nodes H. coffin maker, 40 Robert st
Nolan Wm. greengrocer, 53 Lower George st
North J. greengrocer, 50 Walton st

Norrington J. J. baker, 84 Leader st
Norris J. F. greengrocer, 7 King’s rd
Norton Thomas, general shop, 10 Lower North st
Nowakowski S. furrier, 32 Sloane st
Nunn S. undertaker, 15A Keppel st
Nunn and Son, whitesmiths, Low. George st
Nye H. sweep, 6 Cumberland st
Oakshett T. tailor, 57 Low. Sloane st
Oborne Thomas, C. coffee house, 31 Exeter street
Odam John, boot maker, 19 King’s rd
Oker Mr. district surveyor’s office, 11 Robert ter
Oldham Henry, ironmonger and cutler, 66 King’s rd
Oldridge James, greengrocer c., 18 Charles st
Oldridge James, Sun loan office, 18 Charles street
Oliver Thomas, musical repository, 2 Blenheim ter
Oppenheim A. hairdresser, 16½ Lower George st
Osborn H. watch maker, 3A Cumberland st
Osborn H. J. tobacconist, 6 Leader ter
Oughton Henry, auctioneer, New rd
Owen Jas. news agent, 1A College pl
Owen W. marine stores, 46 Upper North st
Oyler Samuel, baker, 191 King’s rd

Pack E. haberdasher, Orford st
Page Hen. oilman, 12 Blenheim ter
Paget William, beer retailer, 41 Lower George st
Paice G. corn merchant, Queen’s rd
Palmer William Thomas, dairyman, 19 Cumberland st
Pannell Walter, cheesemonger, 90 King’s rd
Panton George, china shop, 59 Low. George st
Paragreen R. baker, 340 King’s rd
Pardon Geo. chandler, 20 King’s rd
Parker J. carpenter, 11 Ormond row
Parker George William, baker and confectioner, 197 Sloane st
Parnell H. auctioneer, 170 King’s rd
Parr Frederick, grocer, 4 College st
Parrington and Milton, tailors, 58 Marlbro’ rd
Parry Palmer, dyers, 138 Sloane st
Parsonage A. butcher, 5 Exeter st
Parsons H. linendraper, 344 King’s rd
Parsons John, 9 Anderson st
Parsons Sarah, grocer, 28 Queen’s st
Parsons Mrs. ‘Queen Victoria’, 6 Little Cadogan pl
Parsons Brothers, plumbers c., 9 Anderson st
Partrick Mathew, boot maker, 7 Queen’s rd west

Pash Dan. boot maker, 7 Sloane sq
Paskell T. tobacconist, 2 Robert ter
Paskell T. B. grocer, 2 Robert ter
Pasmore J. pharmaceutical chemist, 82 King’s rd
Pates Joseph, baker, 145 King’s rd
Patient George, tailor, 38 Sloane st
Paul J. T. auctioneer, 114 Sloane st
Pavey W. florist, 117 King’s rd
Pawsey R. bookseller, 27 Exeter st
Pawsey J. John, grocer, 50 Leader st
Payne Hen. carpenter, 1A John st
Payne John, carpenter, 253 King’s rd
Payne W. dining rooms, 13 King’s pl
Pearce G. dairyman, 52 Godfrey st
Pearce James William, ‘Gloucester Tavern,’ 187 Sloane st
Pearce R. bricklayer, 26 New rd
Pearman Wm. bookbinder, 4 Lincoln st
Pearson Son, tailors, 231 King’s rd
Pedder G. greengrocer, 18 Symons st
Pees W. china dealer, 2A Up. North st
Pemberton Frederick, greengrocer, 28 Radnor st
Pendrille John, greengrocer, and coal dealer, 47 Upper North st

Pendry Thomas, grocer, 18 College st
Penn Ch. clock maker, 3 James st
Pennack W. greengrocer, 34 King’s rd
Peppiatt F. rag merchant, 18 Manor st
Perry J. undertaker, 145 Sloane st
Peruzzi Hen. tailor, 2 Pavillion st
Peters George, greengrocer, 14 Queen’s rd east
Pewter —, coffee house, 139 King’s rd
Pierce Daniel, ‘Cooper’s Arms,’ 33 Queen’s st
Phillips Ann, butcher, 54 King’s rd
Phillips Charles, general shop, 12 Lower Symons st
Phillips J. carpenter, 70 New rd
Phillips J. J. cutler, 41B Up. North st
Phillips Mrs. shirt maker, 7 Symons st
Phillips Rowland, ‘Rose and Crown,’ 18 Queen’s st
Phillips W. William, ‘Roe Buck,’ 53 Leader st
Philpott J. greengrocer, 1 Manor st
Pierce J. draper, 23 Low. Sloane st
Pierson Wm. dairyman, 8 Manor st
Pike Henry, broker, 50 Marlbro’ rd
Pike Fred. broker, 108 Marlbro’ rd
Pike Fred. tinman, 118 Marlbro’ rd

Pike William, broker, 54 College st
Pilgrim Mrs. fruiterer, 8 Up. North st
Pine John, broker, 52 Leader st
Pinnell Ch. zinc works, 21 Duke st
Pinnick B. ‘Hope Anchor,’ 5 East st
Pinnock Arthur, ‘Stanley Arms,’ 70 Oxford ter
Pinnock William Thomas, greengrocer, 189 Marlbro’ rd
Piper E. dairyman, 87 King’s rd
Piper H. greengrocer, 112 Marlbro’ rd
Piper Mary, wardrobe warehouse, 4 White Lion st
Pite Son, printers, 37 Cheyne wk
Pitts Oliver, plumber, 15 Lombard st
Place W. coal dealer, 40 Up. North st
Plumbridge George, beer retailer, 18 Exeter st
Plummer F. bricklayer, 6 Keppel st
Pochin G. H. bootmaker, 72 King’s rd
Pollard J. rag merchant, 31 Lawrence st
Pollard R. F. butcher, 22 Robert ter
Poole C. eating house, 52 Wilton st
Pope John, grocer, 29 Smith st
Porter John, van proprietor, Cross st
Powell J. ‘Old Black Dog, 97 King’s rd

Pratt E. bootmaker, 353 King’s rd
Presland John, military trimming maker, 31 College st
Price Mrs. artificial florist, 4 Pont st
Price J. fruiterer, 22 Low. North st
Priest J. pie shop, 1 Queen’s rd east
Pringle Charles James, military tailor, 25 Sloane st
Prior James, grocer, 19 Cadogan st
Pritchard Ann, Montgomery House, Cook’s ground
Pritchard F. grocer, 20 Keppel st
Pritchard J. sweep, 13 Turk’s row
Purdom Geo. oilman, 20 King’s rd
Puttick J. fishmonger, 36 Manor st
Puzey S. ‘Worlds End’, King’s rd
Puzey T. ‘Wellesley Arms,’ Robert st
Quarterman Henry John, hairdresser, 81 Lower Sloane st
Quick Walter, baker, 53 Godfrey st
Quiller C. R. pharmaceutical chemist, 15 Sloane sq
Quiller C. R. chemist, 145 Sloane st
Quixley James, grocer, 10 Manor st
Rabbits Wm. leather seller, shoe mercer, and upper and shoe
manufacturer, 20 Sloane sq
Rackstraw P. G. baker, 1 Jubilee ter

Radenhurst Edward, brush maker, 149 King’s rd
Radford Wm. farrier, 38 Regent st
Railton Joseph, linendraper, 22 Queen’s rd west
Randolph Broughall, tea dealer, and post and money order office,
194 King’s rd
Rarden G. boot maker, 38 Upper North st
Rastall Mrs. butcher, 14 Chelsea mkt
Rawson Edward, haberdasher, 66 Marlbro’ rd
Ray Fred. hair dresser, 44 Low. Geo. st
Rayment Wm. grocer, 13 Leader st
Rayner Jno. hair cutter, 2A Keppel st
Read Sarah, grocer, c. 27 Henry st
Read Thos. carpenter, 13 Manor st
Rearden John, boot maker, 27 Upper North st
Redford John, stationer, 8 Sloane st
Redwood H. upholsterer, 65 Sloane st
Redwood H. R. fruiterer, 65 Sloane st
Rees George, tinman, 6 Princes ter
Reed John, boot maker, 27 Francis st
Reed John, eel pie house, 149 Marlbro’ rd
Reed Mrs. Ann, furniture dealer, 30 Exeter st
Reid J. printer, 22 Orford st

Reliham James, Turkish baths, 111 Radnor st
Reynolds G. bootmaker, 26 Orford st
Reynolds Wm. cheesemonger, c. 124 Marlbro’ rd
Reynolds —, carpenter, 5 South st
Rewley Robert, brush manufacturer, 26 Walton st
Rhind Mrs. ladies and general outfitter, 189 Sloane st
Ribbens Mrs. milliner, c. 13 Cumberland st
Rice W. painter, 47 First st.
Richardson Charles, dining rooms, Queen’s rd west
Richardson J. coach builder, Turk’s row
Richardson Thomas, stay manufacturer, 44 King’s rd
Richardson William, greengrocer, 55 Leader st
Riches Benjamin, fancy repository, 78 King’s rd
Ridewood Wm. boot maker, 32 Marlbro’ rd
Ridler H. upholsterer, 4 Halsey ter
Rigarlsford Frederick, printer, 15 Lower Symons st
Rimer Thomas, stationer and bookseller, 43 Sloane st
Rimmington —, tailor, Cadogan st
Ring J. greengrocer, 7 James st
Rivett F. John, hair dresser, 82 College st
Roan F. trunk maker, 14 Exeter st
Roan F. marine store, 22½ New rd

Roan Geo. marine store, Exeter pl
Robinson Adam, ‘The Australian,’ Milner st
Robinson A. cow keeper, 19 Green st
Robinson Nathaniel, baker, 11 Britton ter
Robinson J. bootmaker, 6 Hooper’s ct
Robinson Mrs. nurse, 32 Orford st
Robertson William, wholesale confectioner, 38 39 Queen’s rd west
Roberts Wm. wholesale oilman and tallow chandler, 25 Lwr Sloane st
Roche J. marine stores, 40 Lower George st
Rodway Alfred, coffee house, 388 King’s rd
Rogers John, boot maker, 25 Markham st
Rogers J. cow keeper, 17 South st
Rogers T. harness maker, 14 White Lion st
Roles Elz. draper, 50 College st
Rolfe B. James, furniture dealer, 22 Robert st
Rook J. George, house agent, 1 Seaford ter
Roope and Son, linendrapers, 17 Sloane sq
Roope and Sons, silk mercers, linendrapers, and carpet
warehousemen, 144 Sloane st
Rope R. plumber, c. 49 Sloane st
Rope R. builder, New rd
Root J. W. butcher, 1 Pont st

Rose T. P. toy and fancy repository, 203 Sloane st
Rosher G. and F. brick merchants, Old Swan Wharf, 65 Queen’s rd w
Ronca Js. greengrocer, 4 Cheyne row
Rough Robt. lace man, 188A Sloane st
Rouse Geo. tobacconist, 355 King’s rd
Rouse Richard, tailor, 34 Manor st
Rudermacher Alfred, watchmaker, 48 Sloane st
Rudermacher, Charles John, pharmaceutical chemist, 173 Sloane st
Ruddock Henry, grocer and cheesemonger, 33 Queen st
Ruff Alf. J. corn dealer, 303 King’s rd
Ruskins John, grocer, 12 Strewan pl
Rust Robert, pianoforte maker, 11 Symons st
Russell Geo. undertaker, 100 Queen st
Russell John, carver and gilder, 12 Ormond row
Ryall Hy. ‘May Pole,’ 61 Leader st
Sadd John, house decorator, 7 South st
Sadd Rbt. writer grainer, 7 South st
Sainsbury Charles, boot and shoe maker, 161 Marlbro’ rd
Salisbury I. greengrocer, 3 Ellis st
Salman Wm. baker, 134 King’s rd
Salsbury J. pork butcher, 57 Leader st
Samner Madam, dress maker, 13 Barrosa pl

Samuel M. clothier, 16 White Lion st
Sandford Thos. beer retailer, New rd
Sanders Matthew, the ‘Cock,’ Upper North st
Sanders and Francot, ‘Cadogan Arms,’ 298 King’s rd
Sandle Samuel E. dairy, 44 Upper North st
Sansbury Thomas, linendraper, 125 King’s rd
Sansun William Henry, plumber and decorator, 132 King’s rd
Sargent H. hairdresser, 23 Symons st
Saunders J. greengrocer, 3 Maynard pl
Saunders Wm. grocer, D’Oyly st
Sayer James, plumber, 3 Leader st
Sayer William, tailor, 25 Francis st
Scarfe F. builder, 7 Draycott st
Scarfe H. boot maker, 42 Godfrey st
Scherer C. clock maker, 28 Lower George st
Schilcock William, ‘Waterman’s Arms’ 16 Lombard st
Schoot William, shoe warehouse, 101 Sloane st
Schott M. bootmaker, 101 Sloane st
Scolding John, grocer, 23 Manor st
Scott A. Geo. butcher, 48 Walton st
Scott J. chimney sweep, 8 New rd
Scott Weeks, lime wharf, Queen’s rd

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