Water soluble vitamins
- 1. WATER – SOLUBLE VITAMINS P R E E T H I . S AS S I S TAN T P R O F E S S O R N U T R I T I O N AN D D I E T E T I C S B I S H O P H E B E R C O L L E G E , T R I C H Y.
- 2. WATER SOLUBLEVITAMINS – B & C
- 3. VITAMINS “Vitamins are defined as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perfom specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organism".
- 4. CLASSIFICATION Based on the nature of solubility vitamins were classified into two groups.
- 5. They are heterogeneous group of compounds - differ chemically. Common character – solubility in water. Easily absorbed. Not stored in the body except forVitamin B12. Readily excreted in urine. Form coenzymes – biochemical reactions. WATER-SOLUBLEVITAMINS
- 6. VITAMIN-C (ASCORBIC ACID) The isolation of vitamin C - Zilva (1917-1927). He obtained - highly potent substance & reducing properties In 1928, Szent-Gyorgi isolated an acid with strong reducing properties from cabbages, adrenal glands and oranges – “Hexuronic acid" In 1933, Waugh and King isolated vitamin C in crystalline form - lemon juice In 1933, Vitamin C as ascorbic acid owing its anti-scorbutic properties
- 8. 45mg/ day 60-80 mg / day 35– 40 mg/ day
- 9. Most important function of vitamin C is its property to undergo reversible oxidation Vitamin C plays an important role in collagen formation Acting as a coenzyme Thereby facilitating cross linkage of collagen fibers & increases its strength
- 10. Helps in bone formation Plays a role in iron and hemoglobin metabolism Takes part in the metabolic reactions of tryptophan, tyrosine, folic acid & cholesterol Enhances the synthesis of Immunoglobulins and increases their phagocytic action Also acts as a strong biological anti-oxidant.
- 11. Scurvy - spongy & sore gums, loose teeth, swollen joints, anemia, fragile blood vessels, delayed wound healing, hemorrhage, osteoporosis etc., Defective collagen synthesis “Cork screw” hair pattern with tiny bleeding points around the orifice of a hair follicle “Woody legs” with large spontaneous bruises in lower extremities “Tummer field zone” is the classic histological picture of bone in scurvy.
- 13. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS Swollen & spongy gums – inter-dental papillae producing the appearance of scurvy buds In severe cases - hemorrhages to periodontal membranes followed by loss of bone & loosening of teeth occurs
- 14. Ascorbic acid – non-toxic Oxalates - formation of kidney stones Mega doses of vitaminC - common cold, wound healing trauma etc. (Anti-oxidant)
- 15. B-complex group of vitamins - large number of water soluble vitamins : nutritional essentials for all forms of life, from the lowest form of yeast & bacteria to the highest form, the man Not only nutritionally, also form essential co enzymes to certain important intracellular enzyme systems There are about individual components, most of them are synthesized by the microbial flora
- 16. COMPONENTS OF VITAMIN B COMPLEX 1.Thiamine –Vit B1 2.Riboflavin –Vit B2 3. Niacin –Vit B3 4.Pantothenic acid –Vit B5 5.Pyridoxine –Vit B6 6.Biotin –Vit B7 7.Folic acid group 8.Cyanocobalamin –Vit B12
- 17. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1, ANTI BERIBERI,ANTI-NEURITICVITAMIN) Free thiamin - basic & heat stable Specific coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) - carbohydrate metabolism Readily soluble in water Stable in acid medium Destroyed – autoclaved at 120°C for 30min Destroyed even @ room temperature in alkaline medium
- 19. Male :1.2-1.5mg/day Females :1.0-1.1mg/day Infants : 0.3-0.5 mg / day Children : 0.7-1.2mg/day Pregnancy & Lactation 1.3-1.5 mg / day
- 20. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS The enzyme TPP / co carboxylase - energy releasing reactions in CHO metabolism TPP - transmission of nerve impulse Acetylcholine synthesis & ion translocation of neural tissue.
- 21. DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS B1 deficiency - consuming polished rice as staple food Deficiency of vitamin B1 – beriberi The early symptoms - loss of appetite (anorexia), weakness, constipation, nausea, mental depression, peripheral neuropathy, irritability etc. Beri beri Wet beri beri Dry beri beri Infantile beri beri
- 22. Beri beri Wet beri beri Dry beri beri Infantile beri beri
- 23. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) Riboflavin - coenzymes Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) & Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) : cellular oxidation-reduction reactions Metabolism - carbohydrate, lipid, protein & purine Enzymes using flavin coenzymes – flavoproteins contain metal atoms – “metalloflavoproteins"
- 25. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day
- 26. DEFICIENCY • Uncommon, seen along with other vitamin deficiencies Chronic alcoholics - susceptible to vitamin B2 deficiency Nasal seborrhea Scrotal dermatitis Corneal vascularization
- 27. NIACIN (VITAMIN B3, NICOTINIC ACID) Pellagra preventive factor of Goldberg Coenzymes - synthesized by EssentialAmino Acid, tryptophan Coenzymes - NAD+and NADP+ : oxidation-reduction reactions Tryptophan - precursor for synthesis of nicotinamide coenzymes.
- 29. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day
- 30. DEFICIENCY Niacin deficiency – pellagra The disease of pellagra - skin, GIT & CNS Symptoms – 3 D’s. : Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia & Rarely - Death (4th D) Symptoms - anxiety, irritability, poor memory, insomnia etc.
- 31. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS Raw beefy tongue -The mucosa becomes fiery red and painful, Salivation - profuse
- 32. PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B5) Pantothenic acid – also known as chick anti- dermatitis factor/filtrate factor Functions - exerted through coenzymeA/CoA CoA - central molecule in metabolisms (carbohydrate, lipid and protein), as the carrier of activated acetyl/acyl groups
- 34. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day
- 35. DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS Burning feet syndrome – pain and numbness in toes, sleeplessness & fatigue Grierson - Gopalan Syndrome
- 36. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) 3 compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamine. The active form - coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) PLP - metabolism of amino acids Synthesis - serotonin, histamine, niacin coenzymes from amino acids dependent on pyridoxine. PLP - transamination, decarboxylation, deamination, transsulfuration, condensation etc.
- 38. Male & Female: 1.6 - 2 mg /day Infants : 0.3 mg / day Children : 0.6-1.2 mg/day Pregnancy & Lactation : 2.5 mg/ day
- 39. DEFICIENCY Decrease synthesis of biogenic amines - serotonin, nor- epinephrine & epinephrine Demyelination of neurons Decrease in hemoglobin levels, with hypochromic microcytic anemia
- 41. BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7) Anti-egg white injury factor Vitamin B7/vitamin H, is a sulfur containing B- complex vitamin Biotin - carrier of CO2in carboxylation reactions
- 42. Adult 100 - 300 mg /day Other source: Adequate from Intestinal bacteria
- 44. FOLICACID Folic acid/folacin – GLV Important - one carbon metabolism & synthesis of amino acids, purines & pyrimidine-thymine Tetrahydrofolate (THF or FH4),the coenzyme of folic acid is active - carbon metabolism THF - acceptor/donor of carbon units in a variety of reactions involving amino acid & nucleotide metabolism
- 46. Male & Female: 400 µg /day Infants : 50µg / day Children : 100-300µg /day Pregnancy & Lactation : 600 - 800µg / day
- 47. DEFICIENCY Decreased production of purines & dTMP - impairs DNA synthesis Block in DNA synthesis, the maturation of erythrocytes is slowed down - macrocytic RBC Aminopetrin & methotrexate - structural analogues of folic acid - cancer like leukemia
- 48. CYANOCOBALAMINE (VITAMIN B12) Vitamin B12 / anti-pernicious anemia vitamin & extrinsic factor ofCastle Derived - cobalamine & cyanocobalamine due to cobalt & cyanide groups Vit B12 - formation of labile methyl groups, for the synthesis of thymine, nucleic - normal hemopoisis Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine Isomerization of methymalonylCoA to succinyl CoA
- 50. Male & Female: 3.0µg /day Infants : 0.3µg / day Children : 1-2µg /day Pregnancy & Lactation : 4.0µg / day
- 51. DEFICIENCY Demyelination of nerves Peripheral neuropathy
- 52. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS Raw beefy tongue -The mucosa becomes fiery red and painful, Salivation - profuse
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