![WEB DESIGN!
John Paxton
Computer Science Department
Montana State University – Bozeman
Bozeman, MT 59717
406-994-5979
paxton@cs.montana.edu
ABSTRACT
This paper describes a course on the topic of web design [1, 11] that was
piloted in the summer of 2003. The paper is organized as follows. Section I provides
an overview of the course including its objectives, the lecture topics, the laboratory
assignments and the projects. Section II provides an evaluation of the course from
both the students’ and the instructor’s perspectives. Both the strengths and the
weaknesses are described and possible improvements are suggested. Section III looks
at the curricular implications of web design, both for computer science majors and for
non-majors. Finally, Section IV summarizes the main points of the paper.
I. COURSE OVERVIEW
Web Design was piloted in the summer of 2003 as a 3 credit semester course.
A prerequisite of computer literacy was required, but no prior programming
experience was assumed. The textbook for the course was Web Design &
Development Using XHTML [5]. By the end of the course, students were expected to
• Design, implement and deploy a web site.
• Understand design basics.
• Understand how to code in XHTML 1.0 Strict.
• Understand cascading style sheets.
• Use the web effectively to locate relevant information (such as an
XHTML reference manual [8]).
• Be introduced to client side scripting with JavaScript.
• Be introduced to server side scripting with Active Server Pages
(hereafter referred to as ASP).
• Be introduced to the concepts of XML and XSL.
18 students enrolled in the course. The background of the students was diverse
and many majors were represented including computer science, art, English, biology,
business, physics, and environmental design. There were also several community
members enrolled including a real estate agent, a librarian, and an office assistant.
The course was scheduled for the first six weeks of the summer session,
meeting four times a week. Each class began with a 65 minute lecture, followed by a
10 minute break, followed by a 65 minute supervised laboratory period. All of the
lecture and laboratory material is available at the course web site [10]. The
laboratories were supervised by the instructor (the author of this paper) and two senior
level students who were each helping in order to fulfill a required consultation course.
The supervised labs were diverse and included the following types of activities:
• Learning to use search engines effectively.
• Learning to use a web browser effectively.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-design3240/85/WEB-DESIGN-1-320.jpg)
![• Critiquing and evaluating web sites and web pages.
• Constructing XHTML web pages that validate.
• An introduction to Macromedia Dreamweaver.
• An introduction to Adobe Photoshop.
• Creating design graphics.
• Using cascading style sheets.
• Incorporating JavaScript into XHTML web pages.
• An introduction to ASP.
During the course of the semester, students were also required to design and
implement their own web site, the construction of which consisted of three phases.
First, a web site proposal was submitted. Second, a prototype of the site’s home page
was constructed. And third, the prototype was expanded to contain a minimum of 10
pages. Following each phase, students received feedback from the instructor. Class
creativity was strong, producing web sites on various topics including:
• A spouse’s cartoon business.
• A university department.
• A public library.
• A father’s plumbing business.
• A spouse’s soap business.
• A personal photography exhibit.
• A Friend’s fan club.
• A family genealogy.
• A personal real estate business.
• A parent’s guesthouse business.
During the final laboratory, each student evaluated the other students’ sites
with respect to content, artistic appeal, and technical merit. Winning students in each
category were awarded Webby [9] awards on the final day of the semester.
II. COURSE EVALUATION
A. Student Evaluation of the Course
Students filled out an anonymous, course evaluation at the end of the semester.
For each question, students could answer 1 (excellent), 2 (good), 3 (average), 4 (below
average), or 5 (poor) and the answers were averaged. Those questions that may be
relevant for someone planning a web design course in the future are highlighted.
• How useful was the text? 1.7. Students were quite satisfied with the textbook.
• How useful to learning the material was the homework? 1.8. Students
considered the laboratories and the web site construction project to be very
helpful for learning the material. Any person who would like to teach a web
design course is welcome to use the laboratory materials available at [10].
• How useful were the resources for the class? 2.3. The laboratory equipment
included Windows PCs, a UNIX system where web pages could be posted, and
a Windows Server PC running ASP. Unfortunately, the Windows Server
machine was oftentimes not working properly and this made it difficult for
students to complete their ASP laboratories. The next time the course is](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-design3240/85/WEB-DESIGN-2-320.jpg)
![offered, this should not be a problem. The other equipment, though, was
reliable throughout the semester.
• How does this course compare with similar technical courses? 1.7. Students
thought that this was a good technical course. Bear in mind that most of the
students in the course were not computer science majors and that technical
courses are often intimidating for these students.
• What is your level of interest in taking an advanced course? 1.4. Many
students indicated an extremely high level of interest in taking a more
advanced web design course. Some of the written student comments regarding
this question included “Bring it on!”, “It’s a must”, “I can’t wait for a follow
on course”, and “I strongly recommend that a Web Design II class be offered.”
• Was this course challenging? 2.4. The course was seen as more challenging
than average, but not especially so. Designing assignments to appeal to both
computer science students and non-computer science students was a challenge.
• Do you believe that this course provides you with valuable skills to prepare
you for the workforce? 1.7. Students perceive a web design course as one that
provides them with marketable skills.
• Would you recommend this course to others? 1.5. Through effective
advertising and word-of-mouth, the enrollment for this course is potentially
quite high!
• Importance of lectures: 1.9. Students found the lectures helpful. The lecture
topics are available on the course web site [10].
• Importance of discussion: 2.9. Although students participated in lecture, there
were relatively few discussions.
• Importance of laboratory assignments: 1.5. Students found the supervised
laboratories and the web site project to be very helpful for learning the
material.
B. Instructor Evaluation of the Course
Overall, I was extremely pleased with the web design course. The textbook is
well written and the lectures and laboratories helped the students to meet the course’s
objectives. The students’ evaluations for the course were among the highest that I
have ever seen. It was absolutely invaluable to have two senior level students who
helped with the supervised laboratory. Although there were only 18 students in the
course, the three of us were kept busy during the laboratory period. It would have
been very difficult to handle the laboratory properly with just one person.
To improve the course, I recommend the following:
• Ensure that all necessary hardware and software is properly configured and
that a system administrator is available to help. As stated above, there was
difficulty making a Windows Server PC run ASP reliably. Needless to say,
this made it difficult to study ASP.
• Building a web site is a very appropriate project for this course. However,
students who chose to build personal web sites generally developed sites that
were inferior to those students who chose to build non-personal web sites.
Furthermore, it is easier and much more objective to evaluate a non-personal
web site than it is to evaluate a personal one. In the future, I will recommend
that students build only non-personal web sites for the course project.
• For some of the laboratory assignments (such as the ones involving
JavaScript), computer science students had an edge over students who had](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-design3240/85/WEB-DESIGN-3-320.jpg)
![never programmed before. It is advisable to pair programmers and non-
programmers on these assignments so that the non-programmers are not
disadvantaged.
• Once the lecture finished, there was a 10 minute break and then the laboratory
began. The laboratory should start at least 30 minutes after the lecture for two
reasons. First, the 10 minute break was too short for most people. Second, it
would give students a chance to start in on their laboratory assignment if they
chose to do so. Oftentimes, the laboratory period would end and a few of the
students would want to stay an extra 10 minutes. Leaving more of a gap
between the lecture and the laboratory would have helped these students.
III. CURRICULUM IMPLICATIONS
Because resources are tight, it is unlikely that a web design course can be
added to a pre-existing curriculum. This section contemplates how to incorporate web
design course materials into an existing curriculum.
A. For Non-Majors
Most computer science departments offer some form of a computer literacy
course for non-majors [6]. Many computer literacy courses have experienced
declining enrollments for the past 10 years due to the fact that more and more students
are computer literate when they enter college. Typical computer literacy courses
cover the web, e-mail, word processing, database programs and spreadsheets. If a
department would like to maintain a higher enrollment in the computer literacy course,
one way to do this would be to fuse computer literacy and web design. Creating a web
site requires sophisticated computer literacy skills (XHTML, cascading style sheets,
PhotoShop, etc.); skills that a typical student entering college would not have.
Coupled with the perceived marketability of web design skills, this fusion is likely to
boost the enrollment of an existing computer literacy course.
It is also possible that a web design course might find a home in a university’s
core curriculum. At Montana State University - Bozeman, there is a new core
category entitled Contemporary Issues in Science (CIS) [3]. A CIS course is focused
on natural science or technology that examines the ways in which science contributes
to the study of significant problems in the contemporary world, and can help
individuals and society make informed decisions about these issues. In order to be a
CIS course, the course must [3]
• Have a clearly defined science and/or technology focus, and explore a
contemporary science or technology issue.
• Examine ways in which science and/or technology can contribute to the study
of a significant problem in the contemporary world, and can help individuals
and society make informed decisions about such issues.
• Explore how knowledge is created in science and/or technology (at least one-
third of the course should be devoted to this goal).
• Include at least one major, discovery-based learning activity.
• Emphasize critical thinking, writing and oral communication skills.
• Ask students to independently analyze information from multiple sources.
• Develop students’ abilities to work effectively in small groups.
It would be relatively straight-forward to adapt the web design course described in
this paper to meet these criteria. Having a university core designation practically](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-design3240/85/WEB-DESIGN-4-320.jpg)
![guarantees that the course would have a large enrollment. Consequently, more
resources should flow into the department that offers such a course.
A web design course is also an ideal candidate for a multidisciplinary approach.
The course could possibly be team taught by faculty members from computer science,
graphic design, architecture and/or art [4, 12].
B. For Majors
Web design has great potential to be incorporated into courses designed for
computer science majors [13]. Two of the bodies of knowledge identified by the
ACM/IEEE Computing Curricula 2001 report [2] are Net-Centric Computing (NC)
and Social and Professional Issues (SP). Web design lends itself to several areas of
Net-Centric Computing:
• An introduction to net-centric computing (core).
• The web as an example of client-server computing (core).
• Building web applications (elective).
• Multimedia data technologies (elective).
Web design also lends itself to several core areas of Social and Professional Issues:
• The history of computing (e.g. the history of the World Wide Web).
• The social context of computing.
• Professional and ethical responsibilities.
• Risks and liabilities of computer based systems.
• Intellectual property.
• Privacy and civil liberties.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper describes a web design course that was piloted during the summer
of 2003. Although there are minor areas for improvement, the course was well
received by both students and faculty alike. A course web site is available that
contains all of the lecture and laboratory material.
This paper discusses several options for incorporating web design material into
an existing curriculum. Web design could be fused with a computer literacy course,
broadening the course’s appeal. Web design also has the potential to be a core
curriculum course. Finally, web design covers both the Net-Centric Computing (NC)
and Social and Professional Issues (SP) areas in the Computing Curricula 2001 report.
Thus, the content of this course is appropriate to incorporate into a Computer Science
major curriculum.
In summary, web design contains content that is both academically challenging
and fun for both students and instructor alike. Web design requires both the left side
of the brain (logic) and the right side of the brain (creativity). It is hoped that the
reader looking to incorporate web design material into his or her local curriculum will
find the information in this paper helpful.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/web-design3240/85/WEB-DESIGN-5-320.jpg)
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WEB DESIGN!
- 1. WEB DESIGN! John Paxton Computer Science Department Montana State University – Bozeman Bozeman, MT 59717 406-994-5979 [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes a course on the topic of web design [1, 11] that was piloted in the summer of 2003. The paper is organized as follows. Section I provides an overview of the course including its objectives, the lecture topics, the laboratory assignments and the projects. Section II provides an evaluation of the course from both the students’ and the instructor’s perspectives. Both the strengths and the weaknesses are described and possible improvements are suggested. Section III looks at the curricular implications of web design, both for computer science majors and for non-majors. Finally, Section IV summarizes the main points of the paper. I. COURSE OVERVIEW Web Design was piloted in the summer of 2003 as a 3 credit semester course. A prerequisite of computer literacy was required, but no prior programming experience was assumed. The textbook for the course was Web Design & Development Using XHTML [5]. By the end of the course, students were expected to • Design, implement and deploy a web site. • Understand design basics. • Understand how to code in XHTML 1.0 Strict. • Understand cascading style sheets. • Use the web effectively to locate relevant information (such as an XHTML reference manual [8]). • Be introduced to client side scripting with JavaScript. • Be introduced to server side scripting with Active Server Pages (hereafter referred to as ASP). • Be introduced to the concepts of XML and XSL. 18 students enrolled in the course. The background of the students was diverse and many majors were represented including computer science, art, English, biology, business, physics, and environmental design. There were also several community members enrolled including a real estate agent, a librarian, and an office assistant. The course was scheduled for the first six weeks of the summer session, meeting four times a week. Each class began with a 65 minute lecture, followed by a 10 minute break, followed by a 65 minute supervised laboratory period. All of the lecture and laboratory material is available at the course web site [10]. The laboratories were supervised by the instructor (the author of this paper) and two senior level students who were each helping in order to fulfill a required consultation course. The supervised labs were diverse and included the following types of activities: • Learning to use search engines effectively. • Learning to use a web browser effectively.
- 2. • Critiquing and evaluating web sites and web pages. • Constructing XHTML web pages that validate. • An introduction to Macromedia Dreamweaver. • An introduction to Adobe Photoshop. • Creating design graphics. • Using cascading style sheets. • Incorporating JavaScript into XHTML web pages. • An introduction to ASP. During the course of the semester, students were also required to design and implement their own web site, the construction of which consisted of three phases. First, a web site proposal was submitted. Second, a prototype of the site’s home page was constructed. And third, the prototype was expanded to contain a minimum of 10 pages. Following each phase, students received feedback from the instructor. Class creativity was strong, producing web sites on various topics including: • A spouse’s cartoon business. • A university department. • A public library. • A father’s plumbing business. • A spouse’s soap business. • A personal photography exhibit. • A Friend’s fan club. • A family genealogy. • A personal real estate business. • A parent’s guesthouse business. During the final laboratory, each student evaluated the other students’ sites with respect to content, artistic appeal, and technical merit. Winning students in each category were awarded Webby [9] awards on the final day of the semester. II. COURSE EVALUATION A. Student Evaluation of the Course Students filled out an anonymous, course evaluation at the end of the semester. For each question, students could answer 1 (excellent), 2 (good), 3 (average), 4 (below average), or 5 (poor) and the answers were averaged. Those questions that may be relevant for someone planning a web design course in the future are highlighted. • How useful was the text? 1.7. Students were quite satisfied with the textbook. • How useful to learning the material was the homework? 1.8. Students considered the laboratories and the web site construction project to be very helpful for learning the material. Any person who would like to teach a web design course is welcome to use the laboratory materials available at [10]. • How useful were the resources for the class? 2.3. The laboratory equipment included Windows PCs, a UNIX system where web pages could be posted, and a Windows Server PC running ASP. Unfortunately, the Windows Server machine was oftentimes not working properly and this made it difficult for students to complete their ASP laboratories. The next time the course is
- 3. offered, this should not be a problem. The other equipment, though, was reliable throughout the semester. • How does this course compare with similar technical courses? 1.7. Students thought that this was a good technical course. Bear in mind that most of the students in the course were not computer science majors and that technical courses are often intimidating for these students. • What is your level of interest in taking an advanced course? 1.4. Many students indicated an extremely high level of interest in taking a more advanced web design course. Some of the written student comments regarding this question included “Bring it on!”, “It’s a must”, “I can’t wait for a follow on course”, and “I strongly recommend that a Web Design II class be offered.” • Was this course challenging? 2.4. The course was seen as more challenging than average, but not especially so. Designing assignments to appeal to both computer science students and non-computer science students was a challenge. • Do you believe that this course provides you with valuable skills to prepare you for the workforce? 1.7. Students perceive a web design course as one that provides them with marketable skills. • Would you recommend this course to others? 1.5. Through effective advertising and word-of-mouth, the enrollment for this course is potentially quite high! • Importance of lectures: 1.9. Students found the lectures helpful. The lecture topics are available on the course web site [10]. • Importance of discussion: 2.9. Although students participated in lecture, there were relatively few discussions. • Importance of laboratory assignments: 1.5. Students found the supervised laboratories and the web site project to be very helpful for learning the material. B. Instructor Evaluation of the Course Overall, I was extremely pleased with the web design course. The textbook is well written and the lectures and laboratories helped the students to meet the course’s objectives. The students’ evaluations for the course were among the highest that I have ever seen. It was absolutely invaluable to have two senior level students who helped with the supervised laboratory. Although there were only 18 students in the course, the three of us were kept busy during the laboratory period. It would have been very difficult to handle the laboratory properly with just one person. To improve the course, I recommend the following: • Ensure that all necessary hardware and software is properly configured and that a system administrator is available to help. As stated above, there was difficulty making a Windows Server PC run ASP reliably. Needless to say, this made it difficult to study ASP. • Building a web site is a very appropriate project for this course. However, students who chose to build personal web sites generally developed sites that were inferior to those students who chose to build non-personal web sites. Furthermore, it is easier and much more objective to evaluate a non-personal web site than it is to evaluate a personal one. In the future, I will recommend that students build only non-personal web sites for the course project. • For some of the laboratory assignments (such as the ones involving JavaScript), computer science students had an edge over students who had
- 4. never programmed before. It is advisable to pair programmers and non- programmers on these assignments so that the non-programmers are not disadvantaged. • Once the lecture finished, there was a 10 minute break and then the laboratory began. The laboratory should start at least 30 minutes after the lecture for two reasons. First, the 10 minute break was too short for most people. Second, it would give students a chance to start in on their laboratory assignment if they chose to do so. Oftentimes, the laboratory period would end and a few of the students would want to stay an extra 10 minutes. Leaving more of a gap between the lecture and the laboratory would have helped these students. III. CURRICULUM IMPLICATIONS Because resources are tight, it is unlikely that a web design course can be added to a pre-existing curriculum. This section contemplates how to incorporate web design course materials into an existing curriculum. A. For Non-Majors Most computer science departments offer some form of a computer literacy course for non-majors [6]. Many computer literacy courses have experienced declining enrollments for the past 10 years due to the fact that more and more students are computer literate when they enter college. Typical computer literacy courses cover the web, e-mail, word processing, database programs and spreadsheets. If a department would like to maintain a higher enrollment in the computer literacy course, one way to do this would be to fuse computer literacy and web design. Creating a web site requires sophisticated computer literacy skills (XHTML, cascading style sheets, PhotoShop, etc.); skills that a typical student entering college would not have. Coupled with the perceived marketability of web design skills, this fusion is likely to boost the enrollment of an existing computer literacy course. It is also possible that a web design course might find a home in a university’s core curriculum. At Montana State University - Bozeman, there is a new core category entitled Contemporary Issues in Science (CIS) [3]. A CIS course is focused on natural science or technology that examines the ways in which science contributes to the study of significant problems in the contemporary world, and can help individuals and society make informed decisions about these issues. In order to be a CIS course, the course must [3] • Have a clearly defined science and/or technology focus, and explore a contemporary science or technology issue. • Examine ways in which science and/or technology can contribute to the study of a significant problem in the contemporary world, and can help individuals and society make informed decisions about such issues. • Explore how knowledge is created in science and/or technology (at least one- third of the course should be devoted to this goal). • Include at least one major, discovery-based learning activity. • Emphasize critical thinking, writing and oral communication skills. • Ask students to independently analyze information from multiple sources. • Develop students’ abilities to work effectively in small groups. It would be relatively straight-forward to adapt the web design course described in this paper to meet these criteria. Having a university core designation practically
- 5. guarantees that the course would have a large enrollment. Consequently, more resources should flow into the department that offers such a course. A web design course is also an ideal candidate for a multidisciplinary approach. The course could possibly be team taught by faculty members from computer science, graphic design, architecture and/or art [4, 12]. B. For Majors Web design has great potential to be incorporated into courses designed for computer science majors [13]. Two of the bodies of knowledge identified by the ACM/IEEE Computing Curricula 2001 report [2] are Net-Centric Computing (NC) and Social and Professional Issues (SP). Web design lends itself to several areas of Net-Centric Computing: • An introduction to net-centric computing (core). • The web as an example of client-server computing (core). • Building web applications (elective). • Multimedia data technologies (elective). Web design also lends itself to several core areas of Social and Professional Issues: • The history of computing (e.g. the history of the World Wide Web). • The social context of computing. • Professional and ethical responsibilities. • Risks and liabilities of computer based systems. • Intellectual property. • Privacy and civil liberties. IV. CONCLUSION This paper describes a web design course that was piloted during the summer of 2003. Although there are minor areas for improvement, the course was well received by both students and faculty alike. A course web site is available that contains all of the lecture and laboratory material. This paper discusses several options for incorporating web design material into an existing curriculum. Web design could be fused with a computer literacy course, broadening the course’s appeal. Web design also has the potential to be a core curriculum course. Finally, web design covers both the Net-Centric Computing (NC) and Social and Professional Issues (SP) areas in the Computing Curricula 2001 report. Thus, the content of this course is appropriate to incorporate into a Computer Science major curriculum. In summary, web design contains content that is both academically challenging and fun for both students and instructor alike. Web design requires both the left side of the brain (logic) and the right side of the brain (creativity). It is hoped that the reader looking to incorporate web design material into his or her local curriculum will find the information in this paper helpful. V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 6. 1. COMM 3344 – Web Design (Interactive Media). Trinity University, TX. http://www.trinity.edu/adelwich/3344/ 2. Computing Curricula 2001. ACM/IEEE. http://www.acm.org/sigcse/cc2001. 2001. 3. Core Curriculum Requirements. http://www.montana.edu/newcore/ 4. Goldman, M. & White, D. Web Designer’s Guide to Color, Hayden Books, 1997. 5. Griffin, J., Morales, C., & Finnegan, J. Web Design & Development Using XHTML, Franklin, Beedle & Associates, 2003. 6. Guzdial, M. A Media Computation Course for Non-Majors. Conference Proceedings of the 8th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, pp. 104-108. 2003. 7. Reed, D. & John, S. Web Annotator. Conference Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 386-390. 2003. 8. W3 Schools – Web Tutorials. http://www.w3schools.com/ 9. Webby Awards. http://www.webbyawards.com/main/ 10. Web Design Course Website. http://www.cs.montana.edu/paxton/classes/summer-2003/cs280/homepage.htm l 11. Web Design Courses Online – Catalog. http://www.hwg.org/services/classes/ 12. Weinman, L. Preparing Web Graphics, New Riders Publishing. 1997. 13. Zachary, J. & Jensen, P. Exploiting Value-Added Content in an Online Course: Introducing Programming Concepts via HTML and JavaScript. Conference Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 396-400. 2003