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WebWork in Action In Action First Edition Patrick
Lightbody Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Patrick Lightbody, Jason Carreira
ISBN(s): 9781932394641, 1932394648
Edition: First Edition
File Details: PDF, 5.39 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english

WebWork in Action
Licensed to Shirong Chen <chenshirong2000@hotmail.com>

WebWork in Action
PATRICK LIGHTBODY
JASON CARREIRA
M A N N I N G
Greenwich
(74° w. long.)

For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit
www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in
quantity. For more information, please contact:
Special Sales Department
Manning Publications Co.
209 Bruce Park Avenue Fax:(203) 661-9018
Greenwich, CT 06830 email: manning@manning.com
©2006 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without
prior written permission of the publisher.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products
are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial
caps or all caps.
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to have
the books they publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end.
Manning Publications Co. Copyeditor: Tiffany Taylor
209 Bruce Park Avenue Typesetter: Gordan Salinovic
Greenwich, CT 06830 Cover designer: Leslie Haimes
ISBN 1-394932-53-2
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – VHG – 10 09 08 07 06 05

v
brief contents
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO WEBWORK ................... 1
Chapter 1 ■ An overview of WebWork 3
Chapter 2 ■ HelloWorld, the WebWork way 19
Chapter 3 ■ Setting up WebWork 38
PART 2 CORE CONCEPTS....................................... 75
Chapter 4 ■ Implementing WebWork actions 77
Chapter 5 ■ Adding functionality with interceptors 112
Chapter 6 ■ Inversion of Control 137
PART 3 DISPLAYING CONTENT ............................ 175
Chapter 7 ■ Using results 177
Chapter 8 ■ Getting data with the expression language 209
Chapter 9 ■ Tag libraries 230
Chapter 10 ■ Velocity 254
Chapter 11 ■ UI components 271

vi BRIEF CONTENTS
PART 4 ADVANCED TOPICS.................................. 311
Chapter 12 ■ Type conversion 313
Chapter 13 ■ Validating form data 333
Chapter 14 ■ Internationalization 360
Chapter 15 ■ Best practices 384
Appendix ■ WebWork architecture 424

vii
contents
foreword xv
preface xvii
acknowledgments xix
about this book xxi
a look at the future xxvi
about the title xxvii
about the cover illustration xxviii
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO WEBWORK .........................1
1 An overview of WebWork 3
1.1 Why MVC is important 5
Classic MVC becomes outdated 6 ■ Classic MVC gets an update:
the Front Controller 7 ■ MVC evolves: the Page Controller 7
1.2 Understanding frameworks and containers 9
What is a framework? 9 ■ What a container can do 11
1.3 WebWork: past, present, and future 13
The history of WebWork 13 ■ Understanding the XWork core 13
Future directions 15

viii CONTENTS
1.4 The CaveatEmptor application 15
How CaveatEmptor is organized 16
1.5 Summary 17
2 HelloWorld, the WebWork way 19
2.1 Downloading WebWork 20
2.2 Preparing the skeleton 20
Creating the web.xml deployment file 21 ■ Creating the xwork.xml
configuration file 23 ■ Creating the webwork.properties
configuration file 23 ■ Tips for developing WebWork apps 24
2.3 Your first action 24
Saying hello, the WebWork way 25 ■ Displaying output to
the web browser 26 ■ Configuring your new action 27
2.4 Dealing with inputs 28
2.5 Advanced control flow 31
2.6 Letting WebWork do the work 33
Taking advantage of ActionSupport 34 ■ Intermediate modifications
to the JSP 35 ■ Exploring the UI tag library 36
2.7 Summary 37
3 Setting up WebWork 38
3.1 Configuring actions, results, and interceptors 39
Overview of terminology 39 ■ Actions 40
Results 46 ■ Interceptors 48
3.2 Advanced configuration 52
The xwork.xml DTD 52 ■ Namespaces and packages 53
Componentization using the include tag 57
3.3 Other configuration files 66
Web-app configuration: web.xml 66
Feature configuration: webwork.properties 67
3.4 Setting up your web app 70
General layout 70 ■ Required libraries 71 ■ Optional libraries 72
3.5 Summary 72

CONTENTS ix
PART 2 CORE CONCEPTS ............................................ 75
4 Implementing WebWork actions 77
4.1 The Action interface 78
Result codes 78 ■ Handling exceptions 79
4.2 Using the ActionSupport base class 80
4.3 Understanding basic validation 80
Validating an action: Validateable 81
Displaying error messages: ValidationAware 82
4.4 Using localized message texts 86
Retrieving the user’s locale: LocaleProvider 86
Displaying the localized text: TextProvider 86
Providing messages for other languages 89
4.5 Advanced inputs 90
Intermediary objects 90 ■ Using domain objects directly 91
4.6 Working with ModelDriven actions 95
Implementing ModelDriven actions 96
Considerations when using ModelDriven 100
4.7 Accessing data through the ActionContext 102
CaveatEmptor: accessing the session 102
Example: accessing the request and response 105
4.8 Handling file uploads 107
Accessing uploaded files through the request wrapper 107
Automating file uploads 109 ■ Configuration settings 110
4.9 Summary 111
5 Adding functionality with interceptors 112
5.1 How interceptors are called 113
5.2 Using the prepackaged interceptors 114
Utility interceptors 117 ■ Setting parameters 119
Defining workflow 123
5.3 Using prepackaged interceptor stacks 126

x CONTENTS
5.4 Building your own interceptors 128
Using the AroundInterceptor as a base 129 ■ Looking at an example
custom interceptor 130 ■ Getting callbacks before the result is
executed with the PreResultListener 133 ■ Looking out for
interceptor interactions 134
5.5 Interceptors vs. servlet filters 135
5.6 Summary 136
6 Inversion of Control 137
6.1 Examining the pattern 138
Common patterns for active resource management 138 ■ Inverting
resource management 142 ■ How IoC helps with testing 145
6.2 IoC essentials 146
WebWork’s IoC history 146 ■ Dependencies 148
Scope and lifecycle 149
6.3 Using WebWork’s IoC framework 151
Configuration 151 ■ Creating a new component 154 ■ Using IoC
on any object 158 ■ Dealing with complex dependencies 159
6.4 An example from CaveatEmptor 162
The HibernateSessionFactory component 163 ■ The Persistence
Manager component 165 ■ Configuring the components 168
Using the new components 169
6.5 Alternatives 170
Alternative IoC containers 170 ■ Non-IoC alternatives 172
6.6 Summary 173
PART 3 DISPLAYING CONTENT ..................................175
7 Using results 177
7.1 Life after the action 178
A simple result 178 ■ Configuring a result 180
7.2 Common results 182
Dispatching to a page 182 ■ Redirecting to a page 188
Chaining to another action 192

CONTENTS xi
7.3 Other results 197
Streaming Velocity templates directly to the output 197
FreeMarker: an alternative to Velocity 202
Generating reports with JasperReports 203
7.4 Summary 207
8 Getting data with the expression language 209
8.1 What is an expression language? 210
Why an expression language? 210 ■ Why OGNL? 211
Other expression languages 212 ■ Key OGNL concepts 213
8.2 Basic expression language features 213
Accessing bean properties 214 ■ Literals and operators 215
Calling methods 217 ■ Setting values and expression lists 218
Accessing static methods and fields 218 ■ Accessing the OGNL
context and the ActionContext 218
8.3 Working with collections 220
Working with lists and arrays 220 ■ Working with maps 221
Filtering and projecting collections 222 ■ The multiple uses
of “#” 223
8.4 Advanced expression language features 224
Linking the value stack to the expression language 224
Data type conversion 226 ■ Handling null property access 227
Creating lambda expressions on the fly 228
8.5 Summary 228
9 Tag libraries 230
9.1 Getting started 231
9.2 An overview of WebWork tags 232
The WebWork tag syntax 233
9.3 Data tags 235
The property tag 235 ■ The set tag 236 ■ The push tag 237
The bean tag 238 ■ The action tag 240
9.4 Control tags 242
The iterator tag 242 ■ The if and else tags 245

xii CONTENTS
9.5 Miscellaneous tags 246
The include tag 246 ■ The URL tag 247 ■ The i18n
and text tags 250 ■ The param tag 252
9.6 Summary 253
10 Velocity 254
10.1 Introduction to Velocity 255
What is Velocity? 255 ■ Getting ready to use Velocity 257
10.2 Basic syntax and operations 259
Property access 259 ■ Method calls 261 ■ Control statements:
if/else and loops 261 ■ Assigning variables 265
10.3 Advanced techniques 265
The VelocityContext 265 ■ WebWork-supplied objects in
the context 266 ■ Customizing the Velocity context 267
10.4 Using JSP tags in Velocity 268
10.5 Loading Velocity templates 269
10.6 Summary 269
11 UI components 271
11.1 Why bother with UI tags? 272
Eliminating the pain 272 ■ More than just form elements 280
11.2 UI tag overview 283
Templates 283 ■ Themes 285 ■ Tag attributes 291
11.3 UI tag reference 291
Common attributes 291 ■ Simple tags 294
Collection-based tags 299 ■ Advanced tags 305
11.4 Summary 309
PART 4 ADVANCED TOPICS ........................................311
12 Type conversion 313
12.1 Why type conversion? 314
The Servlet specification 314 ■ An action without type
conversion 315 ■ A view without type conversion 317
What WebWork’s type conversion gives you 319

CONTENTS xiii
12.2 Configuration 320
Role of a type converter 321 ■ Global type converters 322
Class-level type converters 322
12.3 Simple type conversion 323
Basic type conversion 323 ■ Built-in type conversion 325
Handling null property access 326
12.4 Advanced topics 326
Handling null Collection access 326 ■ Handling conversion
errors 329 ■ An example that puts it all together 330
12.5 Summary 331
13 Validating form data 333
13.1 Manually validating data 336
Validating in the execute() method 336
Implementing the Validateable interface 337
13.2 Using the Validation Framework 340
Building your first *-validation.xml file 340 ■ Registering
validators 341 ■ Applying the validation interceptor 345 ■ Pulling
it all together 346 ■ Looking at some validation XML examples 348
13.3 Exploring the advanced features
of the Validation Framework 350
Implementing a custom validator 351 ■ Validating with
different contexts 353 ■ Short-circuiting validation 354
The ExpressionValidator 355 ■ Reusing validations with
the visitor field validator 356
13.4 Summary 359
14 Internationalization 360
14.1 Exploring a quick internationalization example 361
14.2 Sources for messages 362
Understanding the ResourceBundle search order 364 ■ Adding
default resource bundles 366 ■ The <ww:i18n> tag 366
14.3 Using internationalized messages 368
Parameterizing localized texts 368 ■ Using getText() in taglib
attributes 369 ■ Formatting dates and numbers 370 ■ Using
localized messages in validations 370 ■ Using internationalized
texts for type conversion messages 371

xiv CONTENTS
14.4 Tips and tricks 373
Programmatically setting the locale 373 ■ Implementing Resource-
Bundles as classes 375 ■ Using the <ww:param> tag to pass
dynamically generated text to message texts 378 ■ Setting the
encoding: here, there, and everywhere 381 ■ A note on Java
PropertyResourceBundles 382 ■ A final note 382
14.5 Summary 383
15 Best practices 384
15.1 Setting up your environment 385
Setting up your IDE 386 ■ Reloading resources 388
15.2 Unit-testing your actions 389
Using mock objects 389 ■ The advantage of IoC for testing 391
Handling statics and ThreadLocals 391
15.3 Putting the pieces together: integration testing 393
Testing your configuration 393
Seeing the configuration with the config browser 396
15.4 Testing validations 398
Testing programmatic validations 398
Testing validation.xml files 398
15.5 Advanced UI tag usage 402
Overriding existing templates 403 ■ Writing custom templates 406
Writing custom themes 407
15.6 Using form tokens to prevent
duplicate form submissions 409
Using the <ww:token> tag 410 ■ Applying the
TokenInterceptor 412 ■ Transparently re-rendering
pages with the TokenSessionStoreInterceptor 413
15.7 Displaying wait pages automatically 413
15.8 A Single action for CRUD operations 417
Creating new categories with newCategory 418 ■ Reading and
updating with viewCategory and editCategory 419 ■ Saving catego-
ries with saveCategory 420 ■ Setting the parentCategory 422
15.9 Summary 423
appendix WebWork architecture 424
index 439

xv
foreword
Building a framework is difficult. On the one hand, the framework needs to be
flexible enough to cater to a wide variety of needs; on the other hand, it needs to
be solid enough that it doesn’t fall prey to the beast of complexity—the urge to
make it the solution to conquer all other solutions. In today’s development envi-
ronment, a multitude of frameworks is available to help you deal with various
aspects of creating complex and useful enterprise software. Each framework pro-
vides something unique that makes it cover its particular field of application in a
(more or less) human-friendly manner; in addition, each framework must work
within its boundaries, relating to other frameworks in a software ecology that is
constantly changing as needs and requirements change.
In order to accomplish this seemingly impossible task, it is necessary to acknowl-
edge and study past efforts that a framework is supposed to replace and/or extend.
In the case of WebWork, there were, and still are, a number of different approaches
and frameworks that I looked at before I set to work. The idea was to create a new
framework that allowed developers to get their job done with as little work as pos-
sible and perform each task efficiently without needing an unnecessarily complex
framework to work against. Simple things should be simple to do while allowing
complex things to be possible.
Another important aspect of WebWork is that it should allow developers as
much freedom as possible to use other technologies—for example, to render out-
put. A number of rendering alternatives are available, and it’s impossible—and

xvi FOREWORD
futile—to determine which one is best in all situations; such an alternative simply
doesn’t, and can’t, exist. Being open minded in this regard is crucial, and it has
paid off: WebWork has now been successfully integrated with a wide variety of ren-
dering technologies, including some that don’t target HTML or the Web. It has
grown beyond its initial purpose, which is always gratifying for a parent.
WebWork started as an itch that I needed to personally scratch. However, with
its second generation it has expanded into a fully grown community project,
where developers add and improve WebWork by leveraging the structure pro-
vided by the framework. No framework of this kind, in today’s competitive envi-
ronment, can be successful without the input and ideas of a multitude of
developers, because it’s important that it be able to handle the real issues that
people face in their daily work. As a result, WebWork now has a life of its own and
is growing steadily as a community effort.
A book covering such a framework needs to be able to deal with all the intrica-
cies of framework construction and convey the reasoning behind why it works the
way it does; it must also demonstrate in action how all the theoretical stuff works in
practice. Theory has no point if it ain’t practically applicable. This book explains
in reasonable detail the rationale for how WebWork is constructed, but it’s mainly
focused on showing you in practical terms how to use WebWork, from the simple
to the complex. Time is always of the essence, and this book is a great investment
if you’re interested in learning about web framework construction, or if you want
to make a killer web app that blows everyone’s mind. Anything is possible!
RICKARD ÖBERG

xvii
preface
It’s been almost 10 years since I developed my first web-based application. The
program was a simple online shopping cart written in Perl. I still have the code
lying around, and I look at it occasionally—I do this to remind myself of where I
was and to keep myself focused on where I want to go. The application was horri-
ble. It consisted of one extremely large Perl file (over 10,000 lines!), and it
printed out HTML using lots of print statements. Looking at it today, it’s impossi-
ble for me to understand.
And yet, 10 years ago, I managed to put together something that not only was
functional but also made sense to me. This growth is typical of what most profes-
sional developers go through, Jason and me included. The “hacks” I wrote made
sense at the time, but as the months and years went on, the code became a rat’s
nest and maintenance was a nightmare. This problem is bad enough when you’re
developing non-GUI programs, but it’s worse when bad code that handles business
logic is mixed with bad code that handles the GUI. And it’s even worse when your
GUI is written in HTML, and you’re relying on linearly spitting out HTML tags
instead of using object orientation or componentization.
Why is this important? Because, like all other developers, Jason and I have
grown from novice programmers hacking in Perl and PHP (and not really know-
ing what we were doing) to experienced developers with a deep understanding of
what it takes to build a maintainable web-based application.

xviii PREFACE
Jason and I didn’t create WebWork. It was developed by Rickard Öberg, one of
the original authors of JBoss, after he decided there had to be a better way to
develop web applications. What came from Rickard was a framework built around
the philosophy that the correct way to do something should also be the easiest
option, that the path of least resistance is a good thing, and that there is a fine bal-
ance between too much flexibility and too little.
Jason and I found WebWork through different means, but the end result was
the same: We were captivated by its functionality and grace. Over time, we evolved
from users to contributors to developers, and now to published authors. In the
process, we’ve learned better ways to do things. And similarly, WebWork has also
evolved. Jason and I spent endless nights creating version 2.0, which has become a
major upgrade and has set the groundwork for doing much more with the Web-
Work platform.
Today, WebWork is much more than it was in the past. And tomorrow, it will be
even better. In this book, you’ll learn the techniques, best practices, and concepts
that go with the WebWork framework. You’ll see why we spent so much energy on
type conversion and how it relates to HTTP. You’ll learn about how common chal-
lenges in the world of HTML (such as the double-submit problem) were solved
using interceptors—a feature unique to WebWork. You’ll understand why build-
ing reusable templates that generate HTML is the best way to quickly create main-
tainable web applications.
Mostly, though, you’ll learn a better way to build web applications. Whether
you’re already a WebWork user, or you use an alternative Java framework, or you
don’t use Java at all, this book provides the concepts and techniques that are the
foundation of WebWork. We hope this book serves as a WebWork reference and
also as a great tool for sharpening your development skills.
PATRICK LIGHTBODY

xix
acknowledgments
This book wouldn’t have been possible if it weren’t for the tremendous community
at OpenSymphony and all the software developers who continue to push for inno-
vation in the Java web space. To everyone who uses WebWork or other OpenSym-
phony projects: Thank you for the appreciation and support through the years;
with this book we’ll continue to drive innovation even further.
Of course, this book also couldn’t have been possible without a publisher. To
everyone at Manning, thank you for believing in us and in WebWork. This experi-
ence has been the most fulfilling project we’ve ever completed. We’d like to rec-
ognize the tireless efforts of our editor, Jackie Carter. As we closed in on the final
weeks and months, we couldn’t have pulled it off without the amazing proofread-
ing, editing, marketing, and coordination provided by Liz Welch, Tiffany Taylor,
Karen Tegtmeyer, and Mary Piergies. And finally, thank you to Marjan Bace for
having the faith that, even through delays and setbacks, Manning could offer a
book that would benefit so many software developers.
We also want to make a special mention of Carlos Whitt, who, with little notice,
was kind enough to step in and take on the role of technical editor at the last
minute. Thanks to Carlos’s diving catch, we received valuable feedback and
insightful comments. Carlos, your input was more valuable than we can possibly
describe. Thank you. In addition to Carlos’s heroic effort, we want to thank each
and every reviewer who provided feedback during the entire process: Jack Her-
rington, Drew McAuliffe, Bill Lynch, Dick Zetterberg, Steve Poll, Ryan Daigle,

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kuolon hiljaisuus vallitsi kaikkialla. Kuului ainoastaan puron lirinää
alhaalta.
Žilin pääsi metsän suojaan kohtaamatta mitään tiellä. Hän valitsi
metsässä pimeimmän paikan ja istuutui lepäämään.
Syötyään kakkaran ja levähdettyään hän haki kiven ja rupesi
jälleen kalkuttelemaan jalkapuita rikki. Kädet ihan menivät verille,
mutta lukko ei särkynyt. Hän nousi taas ja lähti astumaan polkua
pitkin. Virstan verran kuljettuaan hän tunsi voimainsa olevan ihan
lopussa; jalkoja ihan särki. Kun kymmenenkin askelta sai astutuksi,
täytyi hänen aina taas pysähtyä. — Ei auta, ajatteli hän, — täytyy
kompuroida niin kauan kuin voimat riittävät. Jos käyn istumaan, en
kykene enää nousemaan. Linnoitukseen asti en jaksa kulkea. Mutta
kun päivä alkaa sarastaa, käyn metsään makaamaan ja yön tullen
jatkan taas matkaani.
Koko yön hän kulki. Vain kaksi ratsastavaa tataria sattui tulemaan
vastaan, mutta Žilin piilottautui puun taakse kuultuaan jo kaukaa
äänet.
Kuutamo alkoi jo vaaleta ja kaste nousta maahan; auringonnousu
oli lähellä. Žilin ei vielä ehtinyt metsän laitaan. — No, astunpahan
vielä kolmisenkymmentä askelta, sitten painaudun metsään
istumaan. — Kuljettuaan tämän verran hän huomasikin metsän
loppuvan. Hän tuli aukealle metsästä; oli ihan valoisaa. Aro ja
linnoitus olivat hänen edessään alhaalla aivan kuin kämmenellä.
Vasemmalla aivan lähellä vuorenjuurta näkyi tulia; ne olivat juuri
sammumaisillaan, niistä levisi savu ja niiden ääressä näkyi ihmisiä.

Žilin katseli tarkemmin, näki pyssyjen vilahtelevan, kasakoita,
sotamiehiä.
Hänen mielensä kävi iloiseksi, ja hän ponnisti viimeiset voimansa
lähtiessään kulkemaan vuorenkylkeä alas. — Herra varjelkoon,
tuolla aukealla joutumasta ratsastavan tatarin näkyviin; en pääsisi
pakoon, vaikka jo olenkin lähellä!
Tuskin hän ehti tätä ajatella, kun huomasi vasemmalla kummulla,
muutaman kivenheiton päässä kolmen tatarin seisovan. Nämä
huomasivat hänet ja lähtivät kiitämään häntä kohti. Häneltä oli sydän
ihan pakahtua. Hän viittoili käsillään ja huusi minkä suinkin ääntä sai
tovereilleen:
— Hyvät miehet! Pelastakaa! Toverit!
Ja kasakat kuulivat, he keikahtivat hevostensa selkään ja
ratsastivat häntä kohti ja tatareja vastaan.
Kasakat olivat etäällä, tatarit aivan lähellä. Žilin ponnisti viimeiset
voimansa, piteli jalkapuistaan kiinni ja juoksi kasakoita kohti.
Nääntyneenä hän teki ristinmerkin ja huusi:
— Hyvät miehet! Ystävät! Ystävät!
Kasakoita oli noin viisitoista.
Tatarit pelästyivät ja pysähtyivät, ennenkuin olivat hänet
tavoittaneet. Žilin riensi suinpäin kasakkain luo.
Kasakat ympäröivät hänet joka puolelta kysellen:— Kuka? Mitä
miehiä? Ja mistä? Mutta väsymyksestä ja mielenliikutuksesta
menehtyneenä Žilin vain itki ja toisti yhtenään:

— Ystävät! Ystävät!
Sotamiehetkin saapuivat paikalle ja ympäröivät hänet. Kuka antoi
leipää, kuka puuroa, kuka viinaa, joku peitteli päällysnutullaan, joku
alkoi särkeä jalkapuita.
Upseerit tunsivat hänet ja veivät linnoitukseen. Sotamiesten
kesken syntyi suuri riemu, toverit kokoontuivat kaikki Žilinin luo.
Žilin kertoi heille tarkoin, miten hänelle oli käynyt, ja virkkoi lopuksi:
— Semmoinen oli minun naimamatkani. Eipä näyttänyt olevan
Luojan tahto.
Ja hän jäi edelleen palvelemaan Kaukasiaan.
Kostylinista vaaditut viisituhatta saatiin suoritetuksi vasta
kuukauden kuluttua. Mies-parka oli silloin melkein kuoleman kielissä.

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