![Example of Nonprofit
Organizations
• Section 501(c)(3) -- the famous one -- describes
[nonprofit!] (1) serving charitable, religious,
scientific or educational purposes (2) no part of
the income of which "inures to the benefit of"
anyone.
• Some Examples are:
• Religious, Educational, Charitable, Scientific, Literary,
Testing for Public Safety, to Foster National or
International Amateur Sports Competition, or Prevention
of Cruelty to Children or Animals Organizations.
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Week 01 power_point-acct_101_8w_online
- 1. ACCT 101 Accounting and Financial Management Week #1 ACCT101-Week 1 1
- 2. WEEK 1 - TOPICS • Differences Between Not-for-Profit and For Profit Organizations • Importance/Purpose of Accounting • Language and Terminology of Accounting • The Double-Entry System (Recording transactions in the Accounting System) ACCT101-Week 1 2
- 3. WEEK 1 - TOPICS • The Accounting Equation • Accrual accounting vs Cash Basis Accounting • Standard Setting for Financial Reporting • Audit Report 3ACCT101-Week 1
- 4. Differences Between Nonprofit and For Profit Organizations Nonprofit For-Profit Owners None Stockholders Primary Mission Provide Service needed by society Earn profit for the Stockholders Tax Status Exempt from Income Taxes if approved by IRS under code 501(c)(3) Corporation and/or their owners are subject to Income taxes Example of Revenue Donor contributions, grants, membership dues, program revenue Sales of products or services, investment income, and gains Excess of Revenue over Expenses (Profit) Reinvested to further the purpose of the organization Distributed to owners as dividend or reinvested into the business ACCT101-Week 1 4
- 5. Example of Nonprofit Organizations • Section 501(c)(3) -- the famous one -- describes [nonprofit!] (1) serving charitable, religious, scientific or educational purposes (2) no part of the income of which "inures to the benefit of" anyone. • Some Examples are: • Religious, Educational, Charitable, Scientific, Literary, Testing for Public Safety, to Foster National or International Amateur Sports Competition, or Prevention of Cruelty to Children or Animals Organizations. ACCT101-Week 1 5
- 6. Importance Of Accounting Information Accounting provides financial information that is used by: Members, Donors, Managers, Investors, Financial Analysts, Creditors, Regulators, Employees, etc. They need to understand the current financial status of an organization, and the events that caused a change in that status. ACCT101-Week 1 6
- 7. Purpose of the Accounting System The purpose of accounting is to: identify, record, and communicate the economic events of an organization to interested users. In another words Its goal is to collect, summarize, and report information concerning the impact of various business events on an organization’s financial status and financial performance. ACCT101-Week 1 7
- 8. The Accounting Cycle • STEP 1: ANALYZE TRANSACTIONS FROM SOURCE DOCUMENTS • STEP 2: RECORD TRANSACTIONS IN A JOURNAL • STEP 3: POST FROM THE JOURNAL TO THE LEDGER • STEP 4: PREPARE A TRIAL BALANCE OF THE LEDGER • STEP 5: DETERMINE NEEDED ADJUSTMENTS • STEP 6: PREPARE A WORKSHEET • STEP 7: PREPARE FINANCIL STATEMENTS FROM A COMPLETED WORKSHEET ACCT101-Week 1 8
- 9. Financial Statements Main Financial Statements required by U.S. GAAP (GAAP = Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ) GAAP also requires the presence of Notes to the Financial Statements Nonprofit Organizations For-Profit Corporations Statement of Activities or Statement of Functional Expenses Income Statement or Statement of Operations Statement of Financial Position Balance Sheet Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Cash Flows ACCT101-Week 1 9
- 10. Accounting Language and Terminology Transaction • Definition: A business/organization event, expressed in monetary terms, that is entered into the accounting records. • Examples: Purchasing equipment, paying staff members, and recording a sale are all examples of accounting transactions. • For each transaction, one must decide: 1. Which accounts are affected by the transaction 2. Whether the accounts were increased or decreased 3. How to increase or decrease the accounts affected ACCT101-Week 1 10
- 11. Accounting Language and Terminology Assets • Definition: What the business owns and future economic benefits it is entitled to. • Examples: Cash, contributions receivable, accounts receivables, inventory, property, buildings, equipment, and investments are examples of what a business owns. Prepaid insurance is an example of a future economic benefit the business is entitled to. ACCT101-Week 1 11
- 12. Accounting Language and Terminology Liabilities • Definition: Amount owed to the creditors in the form of debts or other obligations. Think of liabilities as simply “money that you owe.” • Examples: Accounts payable, accrued expenses, Debts, deferred income. ACCT101-Week 1 12
- 13. Accounting Language and Terminology Net Assets • Definition: the difference between the assets and liabilities of a not-for-profit organization. • Examples: Unrestricted, Temporarily Restricted and Permanently Restricted. • Note: It is equivalent to stockholders' equity in the commercial, or for profit world and a measure of net worth in our personal financial world. ACCT101-Week 1 13
- 14. Accounting Language and Terminology Revenues • Definition: Inflows or their enhancements of assets of an entity or settlement of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, receiving services, or other activities that constitute the entity's on going or central operations. Think of revenues as Inflows. • Examples: Not-for-profit organizations generally have two primary sources of revenue- contributions (sometimes called “support and contributions”) and fee- for-services activities. ACCT101-Week 1 14
- 15. Accounting Language and Terminology Expenses: • Definition: Outflows or other using up of assets or incurrence of liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations. Think of expenses as Outflows. • Examples: Program expenses, Fundraising expenses, General and Administrative expenses. ACCT101-Week 1 15
- 16. The Double Entry Accounting (Dual Aspect of Accounting) • Every financial transaction, without exception, is recording at least two pieces of information. If we receive cash, there are reasons we received the cash: • Double-entry accounting is the distillation of a financial transaction into a set of debits and credits that, when added together, equal zero. The debit entries must equal the credit entries. • Debits are left-hand entries • Credits are right-hand entries. ACCT101-Week 1 16
- 17. Account Name Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr. • Accounts: Record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, Net Asset, revenue, or expense item. • Debit = “Left” • Credit = “Right” An Account can be illustrated in a T-Account form. The Double Entry Accounting (Dual Aspect of Accounting) ACCT101-Week 1 17
- 18. How Each of the Account is affected by the Double Entry Accounting Asset Account • To increase an Asset account, debit it; to decrease it, credit it. Liability or Net Asset Account • To increase a Liability or Net Asset account, credit it; to decrease it, debit it. Revenue Account • To increase a Revenue account, credit it; to decrease it, debit it. Expenses Account • To increase an Expense account, debit it; to decrease it, credit it. ACCT101-Week 1 18
- 19. Examples of Recording Transactions January Transaction • Transaction 1. On January 31, a donor contributes $10,000, without restriction, for the operation of the Church. This transaction affects the general ledger accounts as follows: Date Account Name Debit Credit Jan-31 Cash 10,000 Revenue-Contribution General 10,000 Contribution received ACCT101-Week 1 19
- 20. Examples of Recording Transactions February Transactions • Transaction 2. On February 1, the Church rents worship space. A check is written for $2,000. This covers a one- time security deposit of $1,000 plus the February rent of $1,000. Date Account Name Debit Credit Feb-01 Security Deposit 1,000 Rent Expenses 1,000 Cash 2,000 Security deposit and rent payment ACCT101-Week 1 20
- 21. Examples of Recording Transactions February Transactions • Transaction 3. On February 2, a $400 check is written to the utility as a one-time security deposit for electricity and heat service. Date Account Name Debit Credit Feb-02 Security Deposit 400 Cash 400 Security deposit for utilities ACCT101-Week 1 21
- 22. Examples of Recording Transactions February Transactions • Transaction 4. On February 19, the Church receives a contribution of $8,000 that the donor specifies must be used for the purchase of furniture. The contribution is deposited into a money market account. This transaction affects the general ledger accounts as follows: Date Account Name Debit Credit Feb-19 Cash-Money Market Account 8,000 Contribution-Temporarily Restricted 8,000 Contribution received for furniture ACCT101-Week 1 22
- 23. Examples of Recording Transactions February Transactions • Transaction 5. The electricity and heating invoice has not arrived. It is estimated that the amount for February's usage was $350, so the following accrual adjusting entry is recorded on February 28: Date Account Name Debit Credit Feb-28 Electricity, Heat and Water Expenses 350 Accrued Expenses 350 Estimated utilities for Feb ACCT101-Week 1 23
- 24. Accounting Equation Using Elements of the Statement of Financial Position (SOFP) Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets Liabilities • Accounts Payable • Accrued Expenses • Debt, Short-term • Deferred Income • Debt, long-term Assets • Cash • Cash Equivalents • Contributions Receivable • Accounts Receivable • Other Receivables • Investments (Chapter 5) • Inventory • Property Plant and Equipment (PP&E) • Other Fixed Assets • Other Assets Net Assets • Unrestricted • Temporarily Restricted • Permanently Restricted 24ACCT101-Week 1
- 25. Accounting Equation Example # 1 • Let’s assume that our not-for-profit organization purchased Equipment for $3,000 on credit. This transaction has two effects on the accounting elements: • Since an asset was acquired, equipment, assets increased • Since the asset was purchased on credit (Accounts Payable), liabilities also increased • Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets • +$3,000 +$3,000 • Assets ( on one side of the equation) increased by $3,000, while liabilities ( on the other side of the equation, also increased by $3,000, thus maintaining the equation in balance. Every business transaction has at least two effects on the accounting equation. 25ACCT101-Week 1
- 26. Accounting Equation Example # 2 • Let’s assume that our not-for-profit organization paid $2,000 Cash of the $3,000 the Account Payables. This transaction has two effects on the accounting elements: • Since payment was made with Cash, assets decreased • Since debt was paid (Accounts Payable), liabilities also decreased • Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets • - $2,000 -$2,000 • Assets ( on one side of the equation) decreased by $2,000, while liabilities ( on the other side of the equation, also decreased by $2,000, thus maintaining the equation in balance. Every business transaction has at least two effects on the accounting equation. 26ACCT101-Week 1
- 27. Accounting Equation Practice A-1 • Practice Exercise A-1: Fill in the Blanks • Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets • 1. $40,000 $25,000 $___________ • 2. $________ $38,000 $52,000 • 3. $70,000 $_______ $48,000 • 4. $75,000 $ -0- $________ 27ACCT101-Week 1
- 28. The Accounting Equation - Joining the Pieces _________Net Assets________________ Assets = Liabilities + (Beg. Nets Assets + Revenue - Expenses) Things that Money that Net Assets=Assets minus Inflows that Outflows that are owned you owe Liabilities increase decrease assets as well as assets or or increase future reduce liabilities economic liabilities benefits entitled to Examples: Examples: Examples Examples: Examples: Cash Accounts payable Unrestricted Contributions Salary Cash equivalents Accrued expenses Temporarily Restricted Fees for services Rent Investments Deferred income Permanently Restricted Utilities Receivables Depreciation Inventories Property, Plant and Equipment Prepaid Expenses 28ACCT101-Week 1
- 29. The Accounting Equation - Joining the Pieces Example # 1 • Let’s assume that our not-for-profit organization paid salaries of employees, $1,500. This transaction has two effects on the accounting elements: • Since an expense was incurred, Salaries, expenses increased. • Since the salaries were paid, an asset, Cash, decreased. ………… Net Assets……………………. • Assets = Liabilities + ( Beg. Net Assets + Revenue - Expense) • -$1,500 -$1,500 • Assets ( on one side of the equation) decreases by $1500, Net Assets ( on the other side of the equation, also decreased $1500, thus maintaining the equation in balance. 29ACCT101-Week 1
- 30. The Accounting Equation - Joining the Pieces Example # 2 • Let’s assume that our not-for-profit organization received a general contribution of $5,000 in cash. This transaction has two effects on the accounting elements: • Since Cash was received, Assets increased. • Since General contribution was received, Revenue increased. ………… Net Assets……………………. • Assets = Liabilities + ( Beg. Net Assets + Revenue - Expense) • +$5,000 +$5,000 • Assets ( on one side of the equation) increases by $5,000, Net Assets ( on the other side of the equation, also increased $5,000, thus maintaining the equation in balance. 30ACCT101-Week 1
- 31. The Accounting Equation - Joining the Pieces Practice A-2 • Practice Exercise A-2: Fill in the Blanks ………… Net Assets……………………. • Assets = Liabilities + ( Beg. Net Assets + Revenue - Expense) • 1. $15,000 $_______ $5,000 $7,000 $6,000 • 2. $45,000 $20,000 $11,000 $_______ $12,000 • 3. $60,000 $17,000 $_______ $32,000 $25,000 • 4. $75,000 $29,000 $40,000 $65,000 $________ • 5. $_______ $22,000 $30,000 $43,000 $47,000 31ACCT101-Week 1
- 32. Accrual vs. Cash Basis Accounting Accrual- Required by GAAP • Revenues are recognized when they are earned, regardless of when the cash is actually collected. • Revenues must be realizable, i.e. the organization must at some time in the future be able to convert any receivables resulting from revenue recognition to cash. • Match expenses to the revenue they generate, as applicable. • Recognize some expenses in the fiscal year or accounting period in which they are used by the organization, i.e. organization receives the benefit of the expense, as applicable. • Recognize some expenses using a systematic allocation of costs to accounting periods (classic example: depreciation expense) 32ACCT101-Week 1
- 33. Accrual vs. Cash Basis Accounting Cash Basis • Transactions are only recorded when cash is received or disbursed. • Terms to use are cash receipts and disbursements, not revenues and expenses • Pure application of cash basis of accounting, only asset would be balance in cash account. There would be no liabilities, and the cash balance would equal the total net assets. • In actual practice, pure cash basis is seldom used. More often, a modified cash basis is used. – Property, plan and equipment and long-term debt are recorded. – Certain payables and receivables are recorded. 33ACCT101-Week 1
- 34. The Institutional Setting and Development of Financial Reporting Standards • Foundation of accounting consists of a set of what are called generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, for short • Currently, these principles are established by Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB - Created in 1973 - Consists of seven leading accountants and a professional staff -nongovernmental organization, private -financially controlled and supported by the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) -FAF funded by contributions from business firms and the accounting profession -FAF also oversees the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), which sets GAAP for governmental entities. 34ACCT101-Week 1
- 35. American Institute of Certified Accountants (AICPA) • National, professional organization for all Certified Public Accountants • Mission: provide resources, information and leadership to its members • Organization has also issued accounting guidance in the past that is part of the accounting principles that comprise GAAP for not-for-profit organizations • Specifically - Advocacy - Certification and Licensing - Communications - Recruiting and Education - Standards and Performance 35ACCT101-Week 1
- 36. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) • Has certain powers given by Congress to regulate the ways in which taxable income is calculated for purposes of assessing income taxes • Specific Filing Requirements for Not-for- Profit Organizations • Specific Reporting Requirements for Not- for-Profit Organizations 36ACCT101-Week 1
- 37. The Audit Report • Who is responsible for preparing the financial statements that are being audited? • What is the independent auditor hired to do? • Types of opinions on the financial statements issued by the auditor: - unqualified ( aka “ a clean opinion) -qualified ( i.e. financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP , with some exceptions) -adverse (i.e. Financial statements are not prepared in accordance with GAAP) 37ACCT101-Week 1
- 38. The Audit Report • It is the responsibility of the not-for-profit organization’s management to prepare the financial statements • Independent auditors are hired to perform an audit and issue an opinion as to whether or not the financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP • The financial statements include: - Statement of Financial Position (For-Profit: Balance Sheet) - Statement of Activities ( For-Profit: Income Statement - Statement of Cash Flows ( For-Profit: the same - Notes to the Financial Statements (For-Profit: the same. 38ACCT101-Week 1