Presentation is about Traditional Two Pass Compiler architecture done by 4th year Computer Science and Technology(special) undergraduates at Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) The fundamental activities in the software development process like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
2) The different phases of the Rational Unified Process including inception, elaboration, construction and transition.
3) The drawbacks of the spiral model including high costs, expertise required for risk analysis, and poor fit for smaller projects.
The document discusses tombstone diagrams, which use puzzle pieces to represent language processors and programs. It then explains bootstrapping, which refers to using a compiler to compile itself. This allows obtaining a compiler for a new target machine by first writing a compiler in a high-level language, compiling it on the original machine, and then using the output compiler to compile itself on the new target machine. The document provides examples of using bootstrapping to generate cross-compilers that run on one machine but produce code for another.
This document discusses different types of programming languages:
- Low-level languages like assembly are close to machine instructions and require knowledge of computer hardware. High-level languages abstract programming concepts and are easier for humans.
- Third-generation languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are machine-independent but still textual. Fourth-generation languages allow visual programming.
- Fifth-generation languages are designed for artificial intelligence and problem-solving.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It provides details on each phase and the techniques involved. The overall structure of a compiler is given as taking a source program through various representations until target machine code is generated. Key terms related to compilers like tokens, lexemes, and parsing techniques are also introduced.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
The document discusses linkers, loaders, and software tools. It defines loaders as programs that accept object codes and prepare them for execution by performing tasks like allocation, linking, relocation, and loading. There are different types of loaders discussed, including absolute loaders, relocating loaders, and direct linking loaders. The direct linking loader uses a two-pass process and object modules divided into external symbol directory, assembled program, relocation directory, and end sections. The document also describes the object record formats used by the MS-DOS linker.
Peephole optimization techniques in compiler designAnul Chaudhary
This document discusses various compiler optimization techniques, focusing on peephole optimization. It defines optimization as transforming code to run faster or use less memory without changing functionality. Optimization can be machine-independent, transforming code regardless of hardware, or machine-dependent, tailored to a specific architecture. Peephole optimization examines small blocks of code and replaces them with faster or smaller equivalents using techniques like constant folding, strength reduction, null sequence elimination, and algebraic laws. Common replacement rules aim to improve performance, reduce memory usage, and decrease code size.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document contains the source code for a C program that implements a telephone directory. The code defines a struct to store contact entries with fields like name, address, phone number. It includes functions to add, display, delete and search entries. The main() function implements a menu to allow the user to interact with and manage the telephone directory entries by calling these functions. The code is well structured and commented to explain its purpose and functionality.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
The document discusses compiler design options and the differences between compilers and interpreters. It states that a compiler converts a high-level language program into machine code all at once, while an interpreter converts the program line-by-line at runtime. Compilers generally execute programs faster but take longer to compile, while interpreters execute more slowly but can compile incrementally and debug line-by-line. The document also covers pure and impure interpreters, p-code compilers, and the roles of compilers and interpreters.
This document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses how compilers bridge the gap between high-level programming languages that are easier for humans to write in and machine languages that computers can actually execute. It describes the various phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also compares compilers to interpreters and discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
A compiler is a translator that converts a high-level language program into a low-level language program. There are four main types of translators: compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and preprocessors. Compilers translate source code into machine code in multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. High-level languages are used because they are more readable, portable, general, brief, and easier for error checking than low-level languages.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language including:
- The C development environment and how a program is compiled from source code to executable code
- A simple "Hello World" example program
- Key elements of a C program like comments, preprocessor directives, data types, and basic functions like printf()
- Details on tokens, variables, statements, and basic data types and functions in C
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
The document discusses linkers, loaders, and software tools. It defines loaders as programs that accept object codes and prepare them for execution by performing tasks like allocation, linking, relocation, and loading. There are different types of loaders discussed, including absolute loaders, relocating loaders, and direct linking loaders. The direct linking loader uses a two-pass process and object modules divided into external symbol directory, assembled program, relocation directory, and end sections. The document also describes the object record formats used by the MS-DOS linker.
Peephole optimization techniques in compiler designAnul Chaudhary
This document discusses various compiler optimization techniques, focusing on peephole optimization. It defines optimization as transforming code to run faster or use less memory without changing functionality. Optimization can be machine-independent, transforming code regardless of hardware, or machine-dependent, tailored to a specific architecture. Peephole optimization examines small blocks of code and replaces them with faster or smaller equivalents using techniques like constant folding, strength reduction, null sequence elimination, and algebraic laws. Common replacement rules aim to improve performance, reduce memory usage, and decrease code size.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document contains the source code for a C program that implements a telephone directory. The code defines a struct to store contact entries with fields like name, address, phone number. It includes functions to add, display, delete and search entries. The main() function implements a menu to allow the user to interact with and manage the telephone directory entries by calling these functions. The code is well structured and commented to explain its purpose and functionality.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
The document discusses compiler design options and the differences between compilers and interpreters. It states that a compiler converts a high-level language program into machine code all at once, while an interpreter converts the program line-by-line at runtime. Compilers generally execute programs faster but take longer to compile, while interpreters execute more slowly but can compile incrementally and debug line-by-line. The document also covers pure and impure interpreters, p-code compilers, and the roles of compilers and interpreters.
This document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses how compilers bridge the gap between high-level programming languages that are easier for humans to write in and machine languages that computers can actually execute. It describes the various phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also compares compilers to interpreters and discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
A compiler is a translator that converts a high-level language program into a low-level language program. There are four main types of translators: compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and preprocessors. Compilers translate source code into machine code in multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. High-level languages are used because they are more readable, portable, general, brief, and easier for error checking than low-level languages.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language, called the source language, into an equivalent program in another language, called the target language. There are thousands of source languages and target languages may be other programming languages or machine languages. The compiler performs analysis by breaking down the source program into pieces and creating an intermediate representation, then performs synthesis by constructing the target program from the intermediate representation using techniques like creating a syntax tree that represents the operations and arguments in the source program.
The document discusses three types of program translators: assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Assemblers translate assembly language instructions into machine code instructions one-to-one. Compilers translate entire high-level language programs into machine code. Interpreters translate and execute high-level language code line-by-line without producing an executable file. Each translator has a different approach but the goal is the same: to convert human-readable code into machine-readable instructions.
This document provides an overview of compiler design and the different phases involved in compilation. It discusses the following:
1. The main types of language translators - assemblers, interpreters, and compilers - and the differences between compilation and interpretation.
2. The typical phases of a compiler - lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It provides examples to illustrate each phase.
3. Other components involved in compilation like preprocessors, linkers, loaders, symbol tables, and error handling.
4. The types of errors that can occur during different compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis.
So in summary
This document provides an overview of compilers and translation processes. It defines a compiler as a program that transforms source code into a target language like assembly or machine code. Compilers perform analysis on the source code and synthesis to translate it. Compilers can be one-pass or multi-pass. Other translators include preprocessors, interpreters, assemblers, linkers, loaders, cross-compilers, language converters, rewriters, and decompilers. The history and need for compilers and programming languages is also discussed.
This document discusses programming languages and their classification. It defines a programming language as a language used to write programs that direct a computer's processing steps. Programming languages are classified into machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. Machine language uses binary and is directly understood by computers, making it the fastest but also the hardest for humans. Assembly language uses symbols to make machine language more readable. High-level languages use familiar syntax and are easier for humans but require translation before computers can execute them.
01.Low Level Languages
02.High Level Languages
03. Machine Language
04. Assembly language
05.Third Generation Languages
06. Fourth Generation Languages
07. 5TH GENERATION
This document discusses computer languages from first to fourth generation. It describes that machine language uses 0s and 1s and is difficult for humans, while assembly language uses mnemonic codes to make it easier for users. High-level languages like C and Java are the most user-friendly as they are similar to English. Fourth generation languages are designed to reduce development time and costs. The document provides examples and details about each type of language.
This document discusses programming languages and their evolution. It defines a program, programming language, compiler, and interpreter. It provides examples of popular programming languages like BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, and FORTRAN. It distinguishes between low-level languages that computers can directly understand and high-level languages that are closer to human language and require compilers or interpreters. Popular historical high-level languages discussed include COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL, and BASIC. It defines a compiler as a program that translates source code into machine-readable executable code.
This document discusses programming languages and language translators. It begins by defining programming languages and distinguishing between low-level languages like machine code and assembly, and high-level languages. It then explains language translators like compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and linkers that convert between languages. Top-down and bottom-up programming design methods are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of computer languages and language translators. There are two main types of computer languages - low-level languages which are close to machine language like assembly, and high-level languages which are closer to human languages like C++ and Java. Language translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to translate programs written in high-level and assembly languages into machine-readable object code. Compilers translate the entire program at once while interpreters translate line-by-line, and assemblers specifically assemble assembly language programs into machine code.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and language translators. It defines key terms like program, programming language, and programmer. It describes different types of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language, middle-level languages like assembly language, and high-level languages. It also discusses different language translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters and their roles in translating source code into object code.
A language processor such as a compiler, interpreter, or assembler is needed to convert programs written in high-level languages or assembly language into machine-readable machine code. A compiler converts an entire program at once, while an interpreter converts one statement at a time for immediate error detection. Common language processors include C compilers, BASIC interpreters, and assemblers to translate assembly code into machine instructions.
The main difference between an interpreter and a compiler is that a compiler translates the entire program into machine code all at once, whereas an interpreter translates and executes code line-by-line. Compiled programs typically run faster since the machine code has been optimized, while interpreted programs identify errors faster since they are translated and executed incrementally. Compiled programs produce standalone executable files while interpreted programs require the interpreter each time they are run.
This document discusses different types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It explains that machine language is directly understood by computers using binary, while assembly language uses symbols translated by an assembler. High-level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN and BASIC are easier for humans to read and are compiled into machine language. Compilers translate entire high-level programs at once, while interpreters translate and execute one statement at a time.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document discusses Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) and expresses love for Pakistan. It was presented by Tayyab Arif and provides his email address and a link to his YouTube channel, asking viewers to comment if they like the presentation.
The document provides contact information for Tayyab Arif including his mobile number, email addresses, and a link to his YouTube channel www.youtube.com/tayyab8632. It repeats this information and encourages clicking the link to view videos on his YouTube channel.
Nawaz Sharif was born in 1949 in Lahore, Pakistan. He received his law degree from Punjab University. Sharif served as Finance Minister of Punjab province and later became the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985. Sharif was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1990 and 1997, but his governments were dismissed in 1993 and 1999 via judicial rulings and a military coup respectively. As Prime Minister, Sharif reformed the constitution to limit presidential powers and prevent lawmakers from changing parties.
The document discusses the three phases of analysis in compiling a source program:
1) Linear analysis involves grouping characters into tokens with collective meanings like identifiers and operators.
2) Hierarchical analysis groups tokens into nested structures with collective meanings like expressions, represented by parse trees.
3) Semantic analysis checks that program components fit together meaningfully through type checking and ensuring operators have permitted operand types.
The document describes the analysis-synthesis model of compilation which has two parts: analysis breaks down the source program into pieces and creates an intermediate representation, and synthesis constructs the target program from the intermediate representation. During analysis, the operations of the source program are determined and recorded in a syntax tree where each node represents an operation and children are the arguments.
The document discusses different methods for representing binary sequences including unipolar, bipolar, return-to-zero, biphase or Manchester, and alternate mark inversion encoding. Unipolar encoding represents 1s as positive current and 0s as no current. Bipolar encoding represents 1s as positive current and 0s as negative current. Return-to-zero encoding uses positive or negative pulses half the width of bipolar that return to zero before the next bit. Biphase or Manchester encoding represents 1s as a transition from positive to negative current and 0s as a transition from negative to positive current. Alternate mark inversion encoding represents 1s as return-to-zero pulses that alternate between positive and negative levels
There are two basic approaches to error correction: automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) and forward error correction (FEC). ARQ requires retransmitting frames where errors are detected, while FEC allows the receiver to detect and correct a limited number of errors without contacting the transmitter by using error correction codes. Common ARQ techniques include stop-and-wait, go-back-n, and selective-repeat. FEC works by adding redundant bits that enable the receiver to determine the most likely intended message even if some bits are received in error.
The document discusses various methods for error detection in digital communication, including:
1. Parity checking, which adds an extra parity bit to ensure an even or odd number of 1s. Two-dimensional parity divides data into a grid and adds a redundant row.
2. Checksums, which divide data into sections, add the sections using one's complement arithmetic, complement the sum, and send it along with the data for verification.
3. Vertical redundancy checking adds a parity bit to each character to detect single-bit errors and some multiple-bit errors. It is often used with ASCII encoding.
In asynchronous operation, characters are transmitted individually after being typed with irregular spacing between each character. In synchronous operation, characters are collected into a complete line or block and sent together as a burst with start and stop bits framing each character. Asynchronous transmission sends data as soon as it is ready while synchronous transmission groups characters into blocks of data framed with header and trailer sequences.
INTRO TO STATISTICS
INTRO TO SPSS INTERFACE
CLEANING MULTIPLE CHOICE RESPONSE DATA WITH EXCEL
ANALYZING MULTIPLE CHOICE RESPONSE DATA
INTERPRETATION
Q & A SESSION
PRACTICAL HANDS-ON ACTIVITY
GDGLSPGCOER - Git and GitHub Workshop.pptxazeenhodekar
This presentation covers the fundamentals of Git and version control in a practical, beginner-friendly way. Learn key commands, the Git data model, commit workflows, and how to collaborate effectively using Git — all explained with visuals, examples, and relatable humor.
World war-1(Causes & impacts at a glance) PPT by Simanchala Sarab(BABed,sem-4...larencebapu132
This is short and accurate description of World war-1 (1914-18)
It can give you the perfect factual conceptual clarity on the great war
Regards Simanchala Sarab
Student of BABed(ITEP, Secondary stage)in History at Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 🙏🙏
pulse ppt.pptx Types of pulse , characteristics of pulse , Alteration of pulsesushreesangita003
what is pulse ?
Purpose
physiology and Regulation of pulse
Characteristics of pulse
factors affecting pulse
Sites of pulse
Alteration of pulse
for BSC Nursing 1st semester
for Gnm Nursing 1st year
Students .
vitalsign
K12 Tableau Tuesday - Algebra Equity and Access in Atlanta Public Schoolsdogden2
Algebra 1 is often described as a “gateway” class, a pivotal moment that can shape the rest of a student’s K–12 education. Early access is key: successfully completing Algebra 1 in middle school allows students to complete advanced math and science coursework in high school, which research shows lead to higher wages and lower rates of unemployment in adulthood.
Learn how The Atlanta Public Schools is using their data to create a more equitable enrollment in middle school Algebra classes.
Exploring Substances:
Acidic, Basic, and
Neutral
Welcome to the fascinating world of acids and bases! Join siblings Ashwin and
Keerthi as they explore the colorful world of substances at their school's
National Science Day fair. Their adventure begins with a mysterious white paper
that reveals hidden messages when sprayed with a special liquid.
In this presentation, we'll discover how different substances can be classified as
acidic, basic, or neutral. We'll explore natural indicators like litmus, red rose
extract, and turmeric that help us identify these substances through color
changes. We'll also learn about neutralization reactions and their applications in
our daily lives.
by sandeep swamy
Geography Sem II Unit 1C Correlation of Geography with other school subjectsProfDrShaikhImran
The correlation of school subjects refers to the interconnectedness and mutual reinforcement between different academic disciplines. This concept highlights how knowledge and skills in one subject can support, enhance, or overlap with learning in another. Recognizing these correlations helps in creating a more holistic and meaningful educational experience.
A measles outbreak originating in West Texas has been linked to confirmed cases in New Mexico, with additional cases reported in Oklahoma and Kansas. The current case count is 817 from Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 97 individuals have required hospitalization, and 3 deaths, 2 children in Texas and one adult in New Mexico. These fatalities mark the first measles-related deaths in the United States since 2015 and the first pediatric measles death since 2003.
The YSPH Virtual Medical Operations Center Briefs (VMOC) were created as a service-learning project by faculty and graduate students at the Yale School of Public Health in response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Each year, the VMOC Briefs are produced by students enrolled in Environmental Health Science Course 581 - Public Health Emergencies: Disaster Planning and Response. These briefs compile diverse information sources – including status reports, maps, news articles, and web content– into a single, easily digestible document that can be widely shared and used interactively. Key features of this report include:
- Comprehensive Overview: Provides situation updates, maps, relevant news, and web resources.
- Accessibility: Designed for easy reading, wide distribution, and interactive use.
- Collaboration: The “unlocked" format enables other responders to share, copy, and adapt seamlessly. The students learn by doing, quickly discovering how and where to find critical information and presenting it in an easily understood manner.
CURRENT CASE COUNT: 817 (As of 05/3/2025)
• Texas: 688 (+20)(62% of these cases are in Gaines County).
• New Mexico: 67 (+1 )(92.4% of the cases are from Eddy County)
• Oklahoma: 16 (+1)
• Kansas: 46 (32% of the cases are from Gray County)
HOSPITALIZATIONS: 97 (+2)
• Texas: 89 (+2) - This is 13.02% of all TX cases.
• New Mexico: 7 - This is 10.6% of all NM cases.
• Kansas: 1 - This is 2.7% of all KS cases.
DEATHS: 3
• Texas: 2 – This is 0.31% of all cases
• New Mexico: 1 – This is 1.54% of all cases
US NATIONAL CASE COUNT: 967 (Confirmed and suspected):
INTERNATIONAL SPREAD (As of 4/2/2025)
• Mexico – 865 (+58)
‒Chihuahua, Mexico: 844 (+58) cases, 3 hospitalizations, 1 fatality
• Canada: 1531 (+270) (This reflects Ontario's Outbreak, which began 11/24)
‒Ontario, Canada – 1243 (+223) cases, 84 hospitalizations.
• Europe: 6,814
CBSE - Grade 8 - Science - Chemistry - Metals and Non Metals - WorksheetSritoma Majumder
Introduction
All the materials around us are made up of elements. These elements can be broadly divided into two major groups:
Metals
Non-Metals
Each group has its own unique physical and chemical properties. Let's understand them one by one.
Physical Properties
1. Appearance
Metals: Shiny (lustrous). Example: gold, silver, copper.
Non-metals: Dull appearance (except iodine, which is shiny).
2. Hardness
Metals: Generally hard. Example: iron.
Non-metals: Usually soft (except diamond, a form of carbon, which is very hard).
3. State
Metals: Mostly solids at room temperature (except mercury, which is a liquid).
Non-metals: Can be solids, liquids, or gases. Example: oxygen (gas), bromine (liquid), sulphur (solid).
4. Malleability
Metals: Can be hammered into thin sheets (malleable).
Non-metals: Not malleable. They break when hammered (brittle).
5. Ductility
Metals: Can be drawn into wires (ductile).
Non-metals: Not ductile.
6. Conductivity
Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals: Poor conductors (except graphite, which is a good conductor).
7. Sonorous Nature
Metals: Produce a ringing sound when struck.
Non-metals: Do not produce sound.
Chemical Properties
1. Reaction with Oxygen
Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
These metal oxides are usually basic.
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides.
These oxides are usually acidic.
2. Reaction with Water
Metals:
Some react vigorously (e.g., sodium).
Some react slowly (e.g., iron).
Some do not react at all (e.g., gold, silver).
Non-metals: Generally do not react with water.
3. Reaction with Acids
Metals react with acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
Non-metals: Do not react with acids.
4. Reaction with Bases
Some non-metals react with bases to form salts, but this is rare.
Metals generally do not react with bases directly (except amphoteric metals like aluminum and zinc).
Displacement Reaction
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions.
Uses of Metals
Iron: Making machines, tools, and buildings.
Aluminum: Used in aircraft, utensils.
Copper: Electrical wires.
Gold and Silver: Jewelry.
Zinc: Coating iron to prevent rusting (galvanization).
Uses of Non-Metals
Oxygen: Breathing.
Nitrogen: Fertilizers.
Chlorine: Water purification.
Carbon: Fuel (coal), steel-making (coke).
Iodine: Medicines.
Alloys
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a metal with a non-metal.
Alloys have improved properties like strength, resistance to rusting.
The ever evoilving world of science /7th class science curiosity /samyans aca...Sandeep Swamy
The Ever-Evolving World of
Science
Welcome to Grade 7 Science4not just a textbook with facts, but an invitation to
question, experiment, and explore the beautiful world we live in. From tiny cells
inside a leaf to the movement of celestial bodies, from household materials to
underground water flows, this journey will challenge your thinking and expand
your knowledge.
Notice something special about this book? The page numbers follow the playful
flight of a butterfly and a soaring paper plane! Just as these objects take flight,
learning soars when curiosity leads the way. Simple observations, like paper
planes, have inspired scientific explorations throughout history.
*Metamorphosis* is a biological process where an animal undergoes a dramatic transformation from a juvenile or larval stage to a adult stage, often involving significant changes in form and structure. This process is commonly seen in insects, amphibians, and some other animals.
Title: A Quick and Illustrated Guide to APA Style Referencing (7th Edition)
This visual and beginner-friendly guide simplifies the APA referencing style (7th edition) for academic writing. Designed especially for commerce students and research beginners, it includes:
✅ Real examples from original research papers
✅ Color-coded diagrams for clarity
✅ Key rules for in-text citation and reference list formatting
✅ Free citation tools like Mendeley & Zotero explained
Whether you're writing a college assignment, dissertation, or academic article, this guide will help you cite your sources correctly, confidently, and consistent.
Created by: Prof. Ishika Ghosh,
Faculty.
📩 For queries or feedback: [email protected]
How to manage Multiple Warehouses for multiple floors in odoo point of saleCeline George
The need for multiple warehouses and effective inventory management is crucial for companies aiming to optimize their operations, enhance customer satisfaction, and maintain a competitive edge.
How to manage Multiple Warehouses for multiple floors in odoo point of saleCeline George
What is Compiler?
1. 1.1 Compilers: A compiler is a program that reads a program written in one language –– the source language –– and translates it into an equivalent program in another language –– the target language
2. 1.1 Compilers: As an important part of this translation process, the compiler reports to its user the presence of errors in the source program.
4. 1.1 Compilers: At first glance, the variety of compilers may appear overwhelming. There are thousands of source languages, ranging from traditional programming languages such as FORTRAN and Pascal to specialized languages.
5. 1.1 Compilers: Target languages are equally as varied; A target language may be another programming language, or the machine language of any computer.
6. 1.1 Compilers: Compilers are sometimes classified as: single-pass multi-pass load-and-go Debugging optimizing
7. 1.1 Compilers: The basic tasks that any compiler must perform are essentially the same. By understanding these tasks, we can construct compilers for a wide variety of source languages and target machines using the same basic techniques.
8. 1.1 Compilers: Throughout the 1950’s, compilers were considered notoriously difficult programs to write. The first FORTRAN compiler, for example, took 18 staff-years to implement.
9. Ref: Compilers principles, Techniques, and Tools by Alfred V.Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman.. Upload By: Tayyab Arif Contact: 00923445064252 email: [email_address] [email_address] Allama Iqbal Open Unviersity, Islamabad