What is Gray Code?
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The Elphinstonian 1988-College Building Centenary Number (2).pdfMukesh Tekwani This is the 1988 issue of The Elphinstonian, the annual magazine of Elphinstone College, Mumbai. This is the special issue to commemorate the Century of the Elphinstone College Building in Mumbai.
Circular motion
Circular motionMukesh Tekwani Circular motion, centripetal force, centrifugal force, angular velocity, angular acceleration, tangential acceleration, properties of centripetal force, radial acceleration, friction between tyres and road, banked roads, conical pendulum, vertical circular motion due to Earth's gravitation
Gravitation
GravitationMukesh Tekwani This document contains lecture notes on various topics related to gravitation and orbital mechanics:
1. It defines Newton's law of gravitation and the gravitational constant G.
2. It discusses the difference between G and g, the acceleration due to gravity, and derives the relation between the two.
3. It then covers concepts like the critical velocity, time period, binding energy, and escape velocity required for a satellite to orbit or escape the gravitational pull of Earth.
4. Additional topics include weightlessness in satellites, variation of g with altitude and depth, and the definition of latitude.
ISCE-Class 12-Question Bank - Electrostatics - Physics
ISCE-Class 12-Question Bank - Electrostatics - PhysicsMukesh Tekwani This is a 14 page question bank on the chapters of Electrostatics. This is based on the syllabus of most Board exams such as CBSE, ISCE and state boards.
Hexadecimal to binary conversion 
Hexadecimal to binary conversion Mukesh Tekwani Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion. The complete video of this with audio explanation is also available on YouTube at
https://youtu.be/vG2Ugs9AbtA
Hexadecimal to decimal conversion 
Hexadecimal to decimal conversion Mukesh Tekwani Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
The complete video with audio explanation is also available on YouTube:
https://youtu.be/s00ATvUIFDw
Hexadecimal to octal conversion
Hexadecimal to octal conversionMukesh Tekwani Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
The complete video with audio explanation is also available on YouTube :
https://youtu.be/99ONrcpIH0M
Gray code to binary conversion 
Gray code to binary conversion Mukesh Tekwani Converting Gray Code to Binary Code.
Complete video with audio explanation is available on YouTube:
https://youtu.be/t849K9B0QLQ
Decimal to Binary conversion
Decimal to Binary conversionMukesh Tekwani This video explains the method of converting a decimal number to a binary number. Many solved examples are given here and also two exercises which you can attempt on your own and then check the answers.
I have also discussed the concept of LSB (least significant bit) and MSB (most significant bit), and also least significant digit (LSD) and most significant digit (MSD).
This topic is important for following courses: class 11 and 12 computer science of all state boards, class 11 and 12 physics, BSc Computer science, BSc IT, MCA (Masters degree in Computer Applications), BTech, BE (First Year), and many competitive examinations.
Video Lectures for IGCSE Physics 2020-21
Video Lectures for IGCSE Physics 2020-21Mukesh Tekwani Free Lectures on YouTube for IGCSE Physics for the syllabus effective 2020-21. These lectures cover the syllabus of IGCSE and a major part of GCSE syllabus also.
1. The Hidden Meaning of Words in Science Question Papers
2. Scientific Notation or Powers of Ten Notation
3. Units and Base Quantities
4. What is Physics?
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
Refraction and dispersion of light through a prismMukesh Tekwani This document contains 20 important theory questions about refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Some key topics covered are:
1) The angle of deviation of light passing through a prism depends on factors like the refracting angle of the prism and the angle of incidence of light.
2) When white light passes through a prism, it disperses into its constituent colors due to the refractive index of the material being different for different wavelengths of light.
3) In the position of minimum deviation, the angles of incidence and refraction of a monochromatic light ray passing through a prism are related to the refracting angle of the prism.
Refraction of light at a plane surface
Refraction of light at a plane surfaceMukesh Tekwani This document contains important theory questions about refraction of light at a plane surface and total internal reflection. It includes 24 multiple choice and derivation questions covering topics such as Snell's law, refractive index, critical angle, total internal reflection, mirages, reflecting prisms, reversing prisms, erecting prisms, optical fibers, and their applications. The document was prepared by Mukesh N Tekwani and provides a comprehensive review of key concepts and formulas relating to the refraction and total internal reflection of light.
Spherical mirrors
Spherical mirrorsMukesh Tekwani This document contains 10 important theory questions about spherical mirrors. It defines key terms used to describe spherical mirrors such as pole, center of curvature, radius of curvature, principal axis, aperture, principal focus, focal length and focal plane. It also derives several important relationships for spherical mirrors, including that the focal length of a concave or convex mirror of small aperture is half the radius of curvature, and the mirror formula relating the focal length to the object and image distances. Finally, it derives the magnification formula for concave mirrors and asks which type of spherical mirror is preferable for observing traffic from a car.
Atom, origin of spectra Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom
Atom, origin of spectra Bohr's theory of hydrogen atomMukesh Tekwani This document contains 15 important theory questions about Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment, Rutherford's model of the atom, its limitations, Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, Bohr's postulates, expressions for the stationary and kinetic energy levels of an electron in the hydrogen atom, the energy level diagram for hydrogen showing different emission series, and definitions of terms like Rydberg constant, excitation potential, and ionization potential. The questions are related to key experiments and models in the development of atomic structure and spectra.
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lenses
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lensesMukesh Tekwani This document contains 15 important theory questions about refraction of light at spherical surfaces and lenses. It includes questions about sign convention in optics, the optical center of a lens, focal length of concave and convex lenses, lens maker's formula, derivation of expressions for refraction at single spherical surfaces and thin lens combinations, linear magnification by a lens, location of a virtual image formed by a convex lens based on focal length, dependence of focal length on wavelength, definition and unit of power of a lens, definition of 1 dioptre, formula for combined power of two lenses in contact, and laws governing image formation by lenses. The questions cover key concepts like derivation, definition, diagrams, formulas, and image formation.
ISCE (XII) - PHYSICS BOARD EXAM FEB 2020 - WEIGHTAGE
ISCE (XII) - PHYSICS BOARD EXAM FEB 2020 - WEIGHTAGEMukesh Tekwani This document outlines the unit-wise weightage for the February 2020 ISCE Class 12 Physics board exam. Unit 3 on Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism has the highest weightage at 16. Other highly weighted units include Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents at 14, and Optics at 12. The lowest weighted units are Communication Systems at 2 and Electronic Devices at 8.
Cyber Laws
Cyber LawsMukesh Tekwani What is Cyber Law? Why is cyber security law needed? International cyber law. What is copyright? What are security, controls, privacy, piracy and ethics? Code of ethics for computer professionals. What is cyber insurance?
XML
XMLMukesh Tekwani The document discusses the disadvantages of HTML and the advantages of using XML instead. It notes that HTML lacks structure, syntax checking, and is not suitable for data interchange or describing semantics. XML was designed to store, describe, and transport data, unlike HTML which was designed for display. XML simplifies data sharing and transport between applications since it separates data from presentation and uses plain text. It also allows for international character support and makes data more available and reusable.
Social media
Social mediaMukesh Tekwani This presentation discusses various social media platforms and provides information on social media, social media analytics, and social media marketing. It defines social media as online communication channels used for sharing content and collaboration. It explains that social media analytics involves gathering and analyzing data from social media sites to make business decisions. Social media marketing aims to create shareable content to expose brands and increase reach. The presentation then outlines popular social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Wikipedia and Pinterest, describing their basic uses and features. It concludes with discussing precautions to take when using these social media sites.
TCP-IP Reference Model
TCP-IP Reference ModelMukesh Tekwani What is the TCP-IP reference model? Comparison with OSI Model. Functions of the various layers of TCP model. Connection-oriented and connectionless services.
Video on OSI Model is here: https://youtu.be/b-JU9aWdoP8
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What is Gray Code?
- 1. What is Gray Code? Mukesh N. Tekwani 7
- 2. What is Gray Code? 1. This code is named after Frank Gray, an American physicist and researcher at the Bell Laboratories. 2. It is a non-weighted code – the position of the bit doesn’t carry any weight. 3. Successive code words differ in one bit only. 4. Also called minimum change code, unit-distance code, or minimum error code 5. It is called a cyclic code because successive words differ in one bit position only. 6. This code is also called self-reflecting code. 7. Used in analog-to-digital converters and for error-detection & correction. 8. Gray code will be used when we study Karnaugh maps. 9. Due to change of only one bit, switching operations reduced and power efficient. 10. This code is not suitable for arithmetic operations. Mukesh N. Tekwani
- 3. 4 bit Gray Code – Properties Mukesh N. Tekwani Decimal Binary Gray Code 0 0000 0000 1 0001 0001 2 0010 0011 3 0011 0010 4 0100 0110 5 0101 0111 6 0110 0101 7 0111 0100 8 1000 1100 9 1001 1101 10 1010 1111 11 1011 1110 12 1100 1010 13 1101 1011 14 1110 1001 15 1111 1000 • Non- weighted code • Difference of one bit in successive codes (or minimum change code) • Self-reflecting code
- 4. Gray Code As a Reflected Code 1. Suppose we have a Gray code representation of n-bits. 2. To obtain the Gray code representation of (n+1) bits, we write down the two n- bit representations one below the other, with the second one being a mirror image of the first. 3. We then add (append) a 0 at the beginning of every code in the first group and a 1 at the beginning of every code in the second group. 4. The n least significant bits for Mukesh N. Tekwani
- 5. 3 bit Gray Code as a Reflective Code Mukesh N. Tekwani Start Mirror 0s and 1s Mirror 0s and 1s 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 1 1 0 1 01 0 01 1 1 1 11 0 11 0 1 0 10 0 10 10 1 10 11 1 11 01 1 01 00 1 00 GRAYCODE GRAYCODE GRAYCODE