devLink - What's New in C# 4?

What’s new in C# 4? Kevin Pilch-Bisson [email_address] http://twitter.com/Pilchie

The Evolution of C# C# 1.0 C# 2.0 C# 3.0 Managed Code Generics Language Integrated Query

The Evolution of C# C# 1.0 C# 2.0 C# 3.0 Managed Code Generics Language Integrated Query C# 4.0 Dynamic Programming

.NET Dynamic Programming Python Binder Ruby Binder COM Binder JavaScript Binder Object Binder Dynamic Language Runtime Expression Trees Dynamic Dispatch Call Site Caching IronPython IronRuby C# VB.NET Others…

Dynamically Typed Objects Calculator calc = GetCalculator(); int sum = calc.Add(10, 20); object calc = GetCalculator(); Type calcType = calc.GetType(); object res = calcType.InvokeMember( "Add" , BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null , new object [] { 10, 20 }); int sum = Convert.ToInt32(res); ScriptObject calc = GetCalculator(); object res = calc.Invoke( "Add" , 10, 20); int sum = Convert .ToInt32(res); dynamic calc = GetCalculator(); int sum = calc.Add(10, 20); Statically typed to be dynamic Dynamic method invocation Dynamic conversion

Dynamically Typed Objects dynamic calc = GetCalculator(); dynamic sum = calc.Add( 10 , 20 ); Another word for System.Object… When operand(s) are dynamic … Member selection deferred to run-time Dispatch through COM, object itself, or C# binder Run-time type(s) substituted for dynamic Compile-time type of operation is dynamic … but with dynamic semantics

Dynamically Typed Objects public static class Math { public static decimal Abs( decimal value); public static double Abs( double value); public static float Abs( float value); public static int Abs( int value); public static long Abs( long value); public static sbyte Abs( sbyte value); public static short Abs( short value); ... } double x = 1.75; double y = Math .Abs(x); dynamic x = 1.75; dynamic y = Math .Abs(x); dynamic x = 2; dynamic y = Math .Abs(x); Method chosen at compile-time: double Abs(double x) Method chosen at run-time: double Abs(double x) Method chosen at run-time: int Abs(int x)

Dynamically Typed Objects dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(...); d.Foo(10, "Hello" ); // Method invocation int size = d.Width; // Property access d.x = 25; // Field access d[ "one" ] = d[ "two" ]; // Indexer access int i = d + 3; // Operator application string s = d(5, 10); // Delegate invocation

Optional and Named Parameters public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path, Encoding encoding, bool detectEncoding, int bufferSize); public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path, Encoding encoding, bool detectEncoding); public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path, Encoding encoding); public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path); Primary method Secondary overloads Call primary with default values

Optional and Named Parameters public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path, Encoding encoding, bool detectEncoding, int bufferSize); public StreamReader OpenTextFile( string path, Encoding encoding = null , bool detectEncoding = true , int bufferSize = 1024); Optional parameters OpenTextFile( "foo.txt" , Encoding .UTF8); OpenTextFile( "foo.txt" , Encoding .UTF8, bufferSize: 4096); Named argument OpenTextFile( bufferSize: 4096, path: "foo.txt" , detectEncoding: false ); Named arguments must be last Non-optional must be specified Evaluated in order written Named arguments can be in any order

Improved COM Interoperability object fileName = "Test.docx" ; object missing = System.Reflection. Missing .Value; doc.SaveAs( ref fileName, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing, ref missing); doc.SaveAs( "Test.docx" );

Improved COM Interoperability Automatic object  dynamic mapping Optional and named parameters Indexed properties Optional “ref” modifier Interop type embedding (“No PIA”)

Co- and Contra-variance void Process( object [] objects) { … } string [] strings = GetStringArray(); Process(strings); void Process( object [] objects) { objects[0] = "Hello" ; // Ok objects[1] = new Button (); // Exception! } List < string > strings = GetStringList(); Process(strings); void Process( IEnumerable < object > objects) { … } .NET arrays are co-variant … but not safely co-variant Until now, C# generics have been invariant void Process( IEnumerable < object > objects) { // IEnumerable<T> is read-only and // therefore safely co-variant } C# 4.0 supports safe co- and contra-variance

Safe Co- and Contra-variance public interface IEnumerable <T> { IEnumerator <T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator <T> { T Current { get ; } bool MoveNext(); } public interface IEnumerable < out T> { IEnumerator <T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator < out T> { T Current { get ; } bool MoveNext(); } out = Co-variant Output positions only IEnumerable < string > strings = GetStrings(); IEnumerable < object > objects = strings; Can be treated as less derived public interface IComparer <T> { int Compare(T x, T y); } public interface IComparer < in T> { int Compare(T x, T y); } IComparer < object > objComp = GetComparer(); IComparer < string > strComp = objComp; in = Contra-variant Input positions only Can be treated as more derived

Variance in C# 4.0 Supported for interface and delegate types “ Statically checked definition-site variance” Value types are always invariant IEnumerable<int> is not IEnumerable<object> Similar to existing rules for arrays ref and out parameters need invariant type

Variance in .NET Framework 4.0 System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<out T> System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerator<out T> System.Linq.IQueryable<out T> System.Collections.Generic.IComparer<in T> System.Collections.Generic.IEqualityComparer<in T> System.IComparable<in T> Interfaces System.Func<in T, …, out R> System.Action<in T, …> System.Predicate<in T> System.Comparison<in T> System.EventHandler<in T> Delegates

Compiler as a Service Source code Source code Source File Source code Source code .NET Assembly Meta-programming Read-Eval-Print Loop Language Object Model DSL Embedding Compiler Compiler Class Field public Foo private string X

© 2010 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION. Required Slide

devLink - What's New in C# 4?

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