What's New in Java 8

Java 8:
Create The Future
Jim Weaver
Java Technology Ambassador
@JavaFXpert
james.weaver@oracle.com

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.2
Program Agenda
 Java SE 8: Enhancing the Core Java Platform
 Java ME 8: Building The Internet of Things
 NetBeans 8: The IDE For Java 8
 Where Next?

About the presenter
Author of several Java/JavaFX books

About the presenter
Co-leader of IoT & JavaFX communities at java.net
javafxcommunity.com
iotcommunity.net

Java 8 Launch Event & Resource Videos
oracle.com/java8

IoT Developer Challenge
 Show the world what you can do with Java + IoT for a chance to win a
trip to JavaOne for you and two team members.
oracle.com/java8
Key Dates:
Submissions begin March 3rd, 2014
Submission deadline is May 30th, 2014
Winners announced June 30th, 2014
JavaOne 2014 from Sept. 28 to Oct. 2, 2014

Java SE 8:
Enhancing The Core Java
Platform

A simple lambda example – event handling
Handling the Zoom Gesture (ZoomEvent)

Lambda Expressions
 Almost all machines now are multi-core, multi-processor, or both
 We need to make it simpler to write multi-threaded Java code
– Java has always had the concept of threads
– Even using the concurrency utilities and fork-join framework this is hard
 Let’s add better library code
– This is good, but sometimes we need to change the language too
 The answer: Lambda expressions and the streams API
Why Do We Need Them?

The Problem: External Iteration
List<Student> students = ...
double highestScore = 0.0;
for (Student s : students) {
if (s.gradYear == 2011) {
if (s.score > highestScore) {
highestScore = s.score;
}
}
}
• Client controls iteration
• Inherently serial: iterate from
beginning to end
• Not thread-safe because
business logic is stateful
(mutable accumulator
variable)

Internal Iteration With Inner Classes
 Iteration, filtering and
accumulation are handled by the
library
 Not inherently serial – traversal
may be done in parallel
 Traversal may be done lazily –
so one pass, rather than three
 Thread safe – client logic is
stateless
 High barrier to use
– Syntactically ugly
List<Student> students = ...
double highestScore = students.stream().
filter(new Predicate<Student>() {
public boolean test(Student s) {
return s.getGradYear() == 2011;
}
}).
mapToDouble(new ToDoubleFunction<Student>() {
public Double applyAsDouble(Student s) {
return s.getScore();
}
}).
max();

Internal Iteration With Lambdas
SomeList<Student> students = ...
filter(Student s -> s.getGradYear() == 2011).
mapToDouble(Student s -> s.getScore()).
max();
• More readable
• More abstract
• Less error-prone
• No reliance on mutable state
• Easier to make parallel

Lambda Expressions
 Lambda expressions represent anonymous functions
– Like a method, has a typed argument list, a return type, a set of thrown
exceptions, and a body
– Not associated with a class
 We now have parameterized behaviour, not just values
Some Details
filter(Student s -> s.getGradYear() == 2011)
mapToDouble(Student s -> s.getScore())
max();
What
How

Lambda Expressions
 Definition
– A functional interface is an interface with only one abstract method
– However, the interface may have more than one method
 Identified structurally
– Type is inferred from the context
– Works for both assignment and method parameter contexts
 The type of a Lambda expression is a functional interface
– Instances of functional interfaces are created with Lambda expressions
– @FunctionalInterface annotation
Functional Interfaces

Internal Iteration With Lambdas
filter(Student s -> s.getGradYear() == 2011)
 The type of this lambda is the Predicate functional interface
 The lambda expression is an implementation of the test() method.

Type Inferrence
List<String> ls = getList();
Collections.sort(ls, (String x, String y) -> x.length() - y.length());
Collections.sort(ls, (x, y) -> x.length() - y.length());
static T void sort(List<T> l, Comparator<? super T> c);
 The compiler can often infer parameter types in a Lambda expression
 Inferrence uses the target functional interface’s method signature
 Fully statically typed (no dynamic typing sneaking in)
– More typing with less typing

Lambda Epressions
• Lambda expressions can refer to effectively final local variables from
the enclosing scope
– This means a variable behaves as if it is marked final (even if it is not)
– The variable is assigned once
• Lambda expressions are anonymous functions
– They are not associated with an object
– this will refer to the object in the surrounding scope
Local Variable Capture & Lexical Scoping

1 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
void createUI() {
Button button = new Button("Guess What I'm Thinking");
button.setOnAction(e -> guess(e)); // lambda only calls a method
...
}
void guess(ActionEvent event) {
Button button = (Button) event.getSource();
button.setText("You love Lambda!");
}
If a lambda only calls a method …
Method References

… you can use a method reference
void createUI() {
Button button = new Button("Guess What I'm Thinking");
button.setOnAction(this::guess); // use method reference
...
}
void guess(ActionEvent event) {
Button button = (Button) event.getSource();
button.setText("You love Lambda!");
}
Method References
If a lambda only calls a method,

Method References
• Method references let us reuse a method as a lambda expression
FileFilter x = (File f) -> f.canRead();
FileFilter x = File::canRead;

Constructor References
 Same concept as a method reference
– For the constructor
Factory<List<String>> f = ArrayList<String>::new;
Factory<List<String>> f = () -> return new ArrayList<String>();
Equivalent to

Four Kinds of Method References
1) Reference to a static method:
ContainingClass::staticMethodName
2) Reference to an instance method of a particular object:
ContainingObject::instanceMethodName
3) Reference to an instance method of an arbitrary object of a particular type:
ContainingType::methodName
4) Reference to a constructor:
ClassName::new

Default Methods
 Provide a mechanism to add new methods to existing interfaces
– Without breaking backwards compatability
– Gives Java multiple inheritance of behaviour, as well as types
 but not state!
public interface Set<T> extends Collection<T> {
... // The existing Set methods
default Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return Spliterators.spliterator(this, Spliterator.DISTINCT);
}
}

Static Methods In Interfaces
 Previously it was not possible to include static methods in an interface
 Static methods, by definition, are not abstract
– @FunctionalInterface can have zero or more static methods
static <T> Predicate<T> isEqual(Object target) {
return (null == target)
? Objects::isNull
: object -> target.equals(object);
}

Streams API
 Most business logic is about aggregate operations
– “Most profitable product by region”
– “Group transactions by currency”
 As we have seen, up to now, Java mostly uses external iteration
– Inherently serial
– Frustratingly imperative
 Java SE 8’s answer: Streams
– With help from Lambdas
Aggregate Operations

Stream Overview
 Abstraction for specifying aggregate computations
– Not a data structure
– Can be infinite
 Simplifies the description of aggregate computations
– Exposes opportunities for optimization
– Fusing, laziness and parallelism
High Level

Stream Overview
 A stream pipeline consists of three types of things
– A source
– Zero or more intermediate operations
– A terminal operation
 Producing a result or a side-effect
Pipeline
int sum = transactions.stream().
filter(t -> t.getBuyer().getCity().equals(“London”)).
mapToInt(Transaction::getPrice).
sum();
Source
Intermediate operation
Terminal operation

Stream Overview
 The filter and map methods don’t really do any work
– They set up a pipeline of operations and return a new Stream
 All work happens when we get to the sum() operation
– filter()/map()/sum() fused into one pass on the data
 For both sequential and parallel pipelines
Execution
int sum = transactions.stream().
filter(t -> t.getBuyer().getCity().equals(“London”)). // Lazy
mapToInt(Transaction::getPrice). // Lazy
sum(); // Execute the pipeline

Stream Sources
 From collections and arrays
– Collection.stream()
– Collection.parallelStream()
– Arrays.stream(T array) or Stream.of()
 Static factories
– IntStream.range()
– Files.walk()
 Roll your own
– java.util.Spliterator()
Many Ways To Create

Stream Sources
 Access to stream elements
 Decomposition (for parallel operations)
– Fork-join framework
 Stream characteristics (See Spliterator javadoc)
– ORDERED
– DISTINCT
– SORTED
– SIZED
– SUBSIZED
– NONNULL
– IMMUTABLE
– CONCURRENT
Manage Three Aspects

Stream Intermediate Operations
 Uses lazy evaluation where possible
 Can affect stream characteristics
– map() preserves SIZED but not DISTINCT or SORTED
 Some operations fuse/convert to parallel better than others
– Stateless operations (map, filter) fuse/convert perfectly
– Stateful operations (sorted, distint, limit) fuse/convert to varying
degrees

Stream Terminal Operations
 Invoking a terminal operation executes the pipeline
– All operations can execute sequentially or in parallel
 Terminal operations can take advantage of pipeline characteristics
– toArray() can avoid copying for SIZED pipelines by allocating in
advance

Optional<T>
 Indicates that reference may, or may not have a value
– Makes developer responsible for checking
– A bit like a stream that can only have zero or one elements
Reducing NullPointerException Occurences
Optional<GPSData> maybeGPS = Optional.of(gpsData);
maybeGPS = Optional.ofNullable(gpsData);
maybeGPS.ifPresent(GPSData::printPosition);
GPSData gps = maybeGPS.orElse(new GPSData());
maybeGPS.filter(g -> g.lastRead() < 2).ifPresent(GPSData.display());

java.util.function Package
 Predicate<T>
– Determine if the input of type T matches some criteria
 Consumer<T>
– Accept a single input argumentof type T, and return no result
 Function<T, R>
– Apply a function to the input type T, generating a result of type R
 Plus several more

Stream Example 1
Convert words in list to upper case
List<String> output = wordList.
stream().
map(String::toUpperCase).
collect(Collectors.toList());

Stream Example 2
Find words in list with even length
List<String> output = wordList.
stream().
filter(w -> (w.length() & 1 == 0).

Stream Example 3
 BufferedReader has new method
– Stream<String> lines()
Count lines in a file
long count = bufferedReader.
lines().
count();

Stream Example 4
Find the length of the longest line in a file
int longest = reader.
lines().
mapToInt(String::length).
max().
getAsInt();

Stream Example 5
Collect all words in a file into a list
List<String> output = reader.
lines().
flatMap(line -> Stream.of(line.split(REGEXP))).
filter(word -> word.length() > 0).

Stream Example 6
List of words lowercased, in aphabetical order
List<String> output = reader.
lines().
flatMap(line -> Stream.of(line.split(REGEXP))).
filter(word -> word.length() > 0).
map(String::toLowerCase).
sorted().
collect(toList());

Annotations On Java Types
 Annotations can currently only be used on type declarations
– Classes, methods, variable definitions
 Extension for places where types are used
– e.g. parameters
 Permits error detection by pluggable type checkers
– e.g. null pointer errors, race conditions, etc
public void process(@notnull List data) {…}

Concurrency Updates
 Scalable update variables
– DoubleAccumulator, DoubleAdder, etc
– Multiple variables avoid update contention
– Good for frequent updates, infrequent reads
 ConcurrentHashMap updates
– Improved scanning support, key computation
 ForkJoinPool improvements
– Completion based design for IO bound applications
– Thread that is blocked hands work to thread that is running

Parallel Array Sorting
 Additional utility methods in java.util.Arrays
– parallelSort (multiple signatures for different primitives)
 Anticipated minimum improvement of 30% over sequential sort
– For dual core system with appropriate sized data set
 Built on top of the fork-join framework
– Uses Doug Lea’s ParallelArray implementation
– Requires working space the same size as the array being sorted

Date And Time APIs
 A new date, time, and calendar API for the Java SE platform
 Supports standard time concepts
– Partial, duration, period, intervals
– date, time, instant, and time-zone
 Provides a limited set of calendar systems and be extensible to others
 Uses relevant standards, including ISO-8601, CLDR, and BCP47
 Based on an explicit time-scale with a connection to UTC

Base64 Encoding and Decoding
 Currently developers are forced to use non-public APIs
– sun.misc.BASE64Encoder
– sun.misc.BASE64Decoder
 Java SE 8 now has a standard way
– java.util.Base64.Encoder
– java.util.Base64.Decoder
– encode, encodeToString, decode, wrap methods

Nashorn JavaScript Engine
 Lightweight, high-performance JavaScript engine
– Integrated into JRE
 Use existing javax.script API
 ECMAScript-262 Edition 5.1 language specification compliance
 New command-line tool, jjs to run JavaScript
 Internationalised error messages and documentation

Removal Of The Permanent Generation
 No more need to tune the size of it
 Current objects moved to Java heap or native memory
– Interned strings
– Class metadata
– Class static variables
 Part of the HotSpot, JRockit convergence
Permanently

JavaFX 8
New Theme
4
Caspian
vs
Modena

Modena

JavaFX 8
 Customisable
– Configurable key combinations to exit full screen mode
– Ability to prevent user exiting full screen mode
Improvements To Full Screen Mode
// Set the key combination that the user can use to exit
stage.setFullScreenExitKeyCombination(KeyCombination.NO_MATCH);
// Setup the click handler so we can escape from full screen
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(0, 0, 250, 250);
r.setOnMouseClicked(e -> stage.setFullScreen(false));
// Set full screen again
stage.setFullScreen(true);

JavaFX 8
 New API for printing
– Currently only supported on desktop
 Any node can be printed
Printing Support
PrinterJob job = PrinterJob.createPrinterJob(printer);
job.getJobSettings().setPageLayout(pageLayout);
job.getJobSettings().setPrintQuality(PrintQuality.HIGH);
job.getJobSettings().setPaperSource(PaperSource.MANUAL);
job.getJobSettings().setCollation(Collation.COLLATED);
if (job.printPage(someRichText))
job.endJob();

JavaFX 8
 DatePicker
 TreeTableView
New Controls

The JavaFX DatePicker is designed with the new
Calendaring APIs in Java 8 using java.time
DatePicker

Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.55 55
DatePicker

DatePicker
import java.time.LocalDate; // From new Date/Time API
...
LocalDate ld;
DatePicker dp = new DatePicker();
dp.setOnAction(e -> {
ld = dp.getValue();
System.out.println("Date selected " + ld);
});

Date Picker

TreeTableView
UI control with combined TreeView and TableView controls functionality
58

JavaFX 8
 Gestures
– Swipe
– Scroll
– Rotate
– Zoom
 Touch events and touch points
Touch Support

Touch Gestures

Handling Touch (TouchEvent/TouchPoint)
 A TouchEvent contains information about
a touch, including:
– Event type: Pressed, released, moved, or
stationary
– Touch points: The TouchPoint instances
that represent each of the points that were
touched
 Each TouchEvent has a unique ID to identify the
events and touch points in a multi-touch action

Responding to Touch Events

JavaFX 8
 Predefined shapes
– Box
– Cylinder
– Sphere
 User-defined shapes
– TriangleMesh, MeshView
 PhongMaterial
 Lighting
 Cameras
3D Support

Creating Primitive Shapes and Materials

Placing a Texture on a Sphere
65

Placing a Texture on a Sphere
66

3D Lights
■ Lights are nodes in the scene graph
■ PointLight
■ AmbientLight
■ Default light provided if no active lights
67

Lights, Camera, Action!

Example 3D multi-touch app:
ZenGuitar3D

Compact Profiles
Approximate static footprint goals
Compact1 Profile
Compact2 Profile
Compact3 Profile
Full JRE 54Mb
30Mb
16Mb
11Mb

Java SE Embedded
 Optimised binary for embedded use from devices to gateways
 Latest Java innovations in the smallest footprint
 Use of compact profiles
– Approximate JRE size 20.4Mb (ARM v7 VFS, Hard Float)
 Compact profile 1: 10.4Mb
 JavaFX: 10Mb
 Production ready binary for popular platforms that run Linux
– ARM v6/7 with Hard floating point
– Raspberry Pi is one of the reference platforms

Java ME 8:
Building The Internet of
Things

Java ME 8 Focus
Java ME EmbeddedJava Card
SECURITY SMALL EMBEDDED MEDIUM EMBEDDED LARGE EMBEDDED DESKTOP SERVER
50KB-1MB
1MB-10MB
10MB-100MB
Footprint
Java SE Embedded
Java Embedded Suite
Oracle Event Processing Embedded
100MB+
Java SE
ARM Cortex M3/M4
ARM Cortex-A

Java ME 8 Platform Overview
Java VM
Additional
APIs
(Examples)
Java ME Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) 8 (JSR 360)
Additional
Optional APIs
On-Device I/O
Access
Vertical Specific
APIs
Location
Messaging
Wireless
Communication
Web Services
Protocols and
Data Conversion
Sensors
Additional
Optional JSRs
Security and
Management
Use Case Software
(e.g. smart pen)
Use Case Software
(e.g. wireless module)
Use Case Software
(e.g. control unit)
Use Case Software
(e.g. smart meter)
Application Platform
Java ME Embedded Profile
(MEEP) 8 (JSR 361)
On-Device I/O
Access
Device I/O
API
SATSA
(JSR 177)
Security and Trust
Services
Generic Connection
Framework
GCF 8

Java ME 8 Key Features
 Aligned with Java SE 8
– Language, libraries, VM
 Designed for embedded
– Fully headless operation
– Remote software provisioning and management
 Highly portable and scalable
– Minimum RAM footprint of 1Mb
 Consistent across devices

Java ME 8 Key Features
 Advanced application platform
– Multi-application model
 Modularised software services
– Faster and more flexible software development and deployment
 Multi-client domains (“partitioning”)
– Different clients can have different security domains
 Access to peripheral devices (Device I/O API)
 Compatible with JCP/JSR standard APIs

Connected Limited Device Configuration 8
Language Alignment with SE 8
VM Alignment with SE 8
Library Alignment with SE 8
Compact Configuration for very small devices
GCF 8 to provides flexible networking
Developer leverage of tools, APIs and knowledge
CLDC 8 Key Features

Generic Connection Framework 8
 SecureServerConnection
 SecureDatagramConnection
 ModemConnection
 UDPMulticastConnection
 CommConnection
 HttpConnection
 HttpsConnection
 SecureConnection
 ServerSocketConnection
 SocketConnection
 UDPDatagramConnection
Substantially Increased Range of Connection Types

MEEP 8
Java ME Embedded Profile (MEEP) 8
Architecture
CLDC 8
javax.
microedition.
midlet
NEW
UPDATED
javax.
microedition.
io
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
event
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
key
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
lui
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
media
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
power
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
rms
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
swm
(optional)
javax.
microedition.
cellular
(optional)
Application or Service

NetBeans 8:
The IDE For Java 8

Tools for Java SE 8
 Quickly convert
anonymous
inner
classes
to lambdas
Lambda Expressions

Tools for Java SE 8
 Static analysis
to ensure
safe transformation,
automatically
add cast
for correct type
Lambda Expressions

Tools for Java SE 8
 Editor support for
functional
operations
over collections
Internal Iterators via Java 8 Streams
1
2
3

Tools for Java SE 8
 Smoothly convert
to internal iterators
via hints and tips
Internal Iterators via Java 8 Streams

Tools for Java SE 8
 Quickly add explicit
parameter types for
readability
Explicit Parameter Types For Lambda Expressions

Tools for Java SE 8
 Easily convert
from lambdas
to method references
Method References

Tools for Java SE 8
 Specify a scope
for upgrading to Java 8
– All/current projects
– Specific package
– Specific class
 Run converters
 Visually preview
proposals for
refactoring
Refactoring in Batch Mode

Tools for Java SE Embedded 8
 Full Development Cycle support
against a remote platform
– Intuitive development
– One-click deploy
– Remote debugging
– Comprehensive remote profiling
 Complete end to end integration
for Raspberry Pi and other
embedded devices,
– e.g.Web Services.
Seamless Integration

Tools for Java ME Embedded 8
 Java ME 8 CLDC
Platform Emulator
 Intuitive tools and editors
for JDK 8 on Java ME
 Simple customization
of optional packages
Seamless Integration

Where Next?

Java 8
Learn More & Resources

Conclusions
 Java SE 8 adds powerful new features to the core
– Lambda expressions, streams and functions
– New controls, stylesheet and 3D support in JavaFX
 Java ME 8 focused on embedded development
– Device I/O APIs
 NetBeans 8, ready for Java 8 development
– Lambda support, embedded support
 Java continues to evolve

Java 9 And Beyond
 Modularisation of the Java platform
– Project Jigsaw
 Foreign function interface
– Like JNI
 Enhanced volatiles
Java Never Stops

What's New in Java 8

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