Women-s Rights.pptx.pdf on the aspect of human rights

Women’s Rights
are
Human Rights.

Women’s Rights- an overview across the
world.
Group- F
Submitted by-
Name- Narzis Tasnim Chowdhury Autree
Reg. No- 21211037
Couse Title & Code- Human Rights & Humanitarian Law
LAW-307
Submitted to-
Ms. Tania Mostari
Lecturer
Department of Law & Human Rights
University of Asia Paciﬁc

Basic concept of women’s
rights
Introduction
01
Historical
development
02
Timeline from 1945 to
2015
Contents
Elements of Women’s
rights
03
The extent of women’s rights.

Introductio
n
Women's rights are the rights and entitlement claimed for
women worldwide. These are the fundamental human
rights that were enshrined by the United Nations for every
human being on the planet nearly 70 years ago through the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
Despite the universal recognition, in some countries, these
rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local
custom, and behaviour, whereas in others, they are ignored
and suppressed.

Historical Development
In 1945,
First international
instrument to address
gender equality
Article 1(3).
In 1979,
Adoption of CEDAW by
UNGA which is also
known as “International
Bill of Rights for Women”
In 1995,
Beijing conference on a
comprehensive plan to
achieve global legal
equality
In 1946,
Creation of UNCSW as a
mechanism to promote and
monitor issues relating to
CP rights and ESC rights.
In 1993,
To address urgent need for the
universal application to
women of the rights and
principles.
UN Charter UNCSW CEDAW DEVAW 4th
WCW

● 1975
- First World Conference on Women in Mexico
● 1994
- Establishment of the UN Special Rapporteur on violence
against women, its causes and consequences
● 2008
- The UN Security Council Resolution 1820 recognises
sexual violence as a threat to security and peace.
● 2015
- The Agenda2030 declares the equality of the genders to
be a Sustainable Development Goal.
Other developments

Example- Right
to life,
Movement,
Right to work
etc.
Initiatives to
ensure
participation to
empower
women
Example- Share
of women in
parliament,
Compulsory
education etc.
Elements of Women’s right
Empower
Equality
Access to
opportunities
without
discrimination

Civil and Political
Rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights
that protect individuals' freedom from
infringement and which ensure one's ability
to participate in the civil and political life of
the society and state without discrimination
or repression. UDHR and ICCPR both are
the prominent international instrument that
recognizes civil and political rights.
For women, these include the right to-
• live free from violence and
discrimination;
• to be educated;
• to own property;
• to vote; and to earn an equal wage, etc.

Universal Right to vote in Asian
subcontinent
No universal right in Saudi
Arabia
30% state over the world has
around 40% women in
parliament

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Social Security
Article 9 of ICESCR
Fair condition of
work
Fair wages, Equal
opportunity to be promoted,
safe and healthy condition.
Right to Health
Special protection to mothers
before and after childbirth.
physical and mental health.
Economic, social and cultural rights are socio-economic human rights, such as the
rights to adequate food, to adequate housing, to education, to health, to social
security, to take part in cultural life, to water and sanitation, and to work UDHR and
ICESCR are the primary document of ESC Rights.

Till to the year 2023
almost 180 state
around the world
recognized and
ensured economic,
social and cultural
rights of women such
as- equal pay,
substantial paid leave
to mothers, domestic
violence sanction etc.

Women Rights in Modern
Time
Voting rights
Many places around the world
where it is diﬃcult for women to
exercise this right.
Example- Syria, Pakistan,
Afghanistan etc.
Sexual & Reproductive
Rights
Equal access to health services
like contraception and safe
abortions, without fear of
gender-based violence,
including rape and other sexual
violence, female genital
mutilation, forced marriage,
forced pregnancy, forced
abortion, or forced
sterilization.
Example- Argentina, Ireland
etc.
Freedom of Movement
Many women face real
challenges such as, not allowed
to have their own passports, or
have to seek permission from a
male guardian in order to
travel. Example- Saudi Arab

Submitted to
Tania Mustari
Lecturer
University of Asia Pacific
Submitted by
Sumiya Rahman Anha
ID: 21211040
Course: Human Right And Humanitarian
Law
Course Code: Law-307
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
“Women's
rights are
human
rights,
and
human
rights are
women’s
rights.”
— Hillary
Clinton

CONTENTS
Women’s Rights under the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR)
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions
on Women’s Workplace Rights
Regional Conventions and Protocols for Women’s

.
Women’s Rights under the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Definition: Fundamental rights belonging to every
individual, regardless of gender, nationality, or status.
Key Aspects: Equality, dignity, freedom, and justice.
Context: Human rights as the foundation of women's
rights initiatives globally.
Recognizes the inherent
dignity and equal rights of all
humans, regardless of gender.

Article 1: Equality in Dignity and Rights – All
human beings are born free and equal.
Article 2: Freedom from Discrimination – Rights and
freedoms without discrimination of any kind,
including based on sex.
Article 7: Equality before the Law – All are equal
before the law and are entitled to equal protection
without discrimination.
Article 16: Marriage and Family Rights – Equal
rights in marriage, with free choice of spouse and
equal rights during marriage and its dissolution.
Article 23: Right to Work and Equal Pay – Includes
the right to just work conditions and equal pay for
equal work
Core Articles Supporting Women’s Rights
“Equalit
y for
women
is
progres
s for
all.”
— UN
Women
Slogan

“
1
Adoption Year: 1979, United Nations
Purpose: Known as the International Bill of Rights for Women, aiming to eliminate
discrimination against women in all forms.
Structure: 30 Articles covering civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
General framework of the Convention
Administration and interpretation
Specific substantive issues
Committee and Procedures
Articles 6-16
Articles 17-23
Articles 24-30
Articles 1-5

General framework of the Convention
1. Definition of Discrimination
2. Policy Measures:
3. Requirement for states to establish
anti-discrimination laws.
4. Equality: Recognition of women’s fundamental
equality with men.
5. Temporary Special Measures: Affirmative
actions for equality.

Major Rights Covered in
CEDAW (Articles 6-16)
Article 6: Trafficking and exploitation protection.
Article 7: Equal rights in political/public life.
Article 8: Participation at the international level
Article 9: Nationality
Article 10: Education rights and anti-stereotyping in curriculum.
Article 11: Employment rights, including equal pay and protection
from discrimination
• Right to Work
• Equal Pay
• Choice of Profession
• Social Security
• Non-Discrimination

“
Women’s Rights under the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR)
Article 2: Non-Discrimination – Requires States to respect
and ensure rights for all individuals without discrimination,
including based on sex.
Article 3: Equal Rights of Men and Women – Ensures
equal enjoyment of all civil and political rights for both men
and women.
Article 23: Family Rights – Protects the family as a
fundamental unit and upholds equal rights in marriage,
including for women.
Article 26: Equality before the Law – Guarantees equal
protection by the law and prohibits discrimination,
reinforcing gender equality in all civil and political matters.
CoreArticles
Protecting Women’s
Rights

Article 12: Healthcare and Family Planning
Article 13: Economic and Social Benefits
•Family Benefits
•Financial Credit
•Recreation and Culture
Article 14: Rural Women
•Living Conditions
•Development Planning
•Basic Services
Article 15: Equality before the Law
•Legal Equality
•Contract Rights
•Property Ownership
•Residence Choice

Article 16: Marriage and Family
•Equality in Marriage
•Family Planning.
•Property Rights
Reservations must not contradict the "object and
purpose" of the treaty, as outlined in the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 19)
Reservations
Clause
Purpose: Allows countries to exclude or modify specific treaty
provisions upon ratification to align with national laws, religious
beliefs, or cultural practices.
Example:
Application in CEDAW: Countries like Bangladesh use reservations on
articles that conflict with Sharia law or cultural norms (e.g., Articles 2
and 16
Article 16(1)(c) and (f): Marriage and Family Life
Article 2: Policy Measures to Eliminate Discrimination
WHAT IS
RESERVATIO
N?

Women’s Rights under the International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
CoreArticles
Protecting Women’s
Rights
Article 2: Non-Discrimination – States must ensure rights are
exercised without discrimination, including on the basis of sex.
Article 3: Equal Rights of Men and Women – Guarantees equal
rights for men and women to enjoy all economic, social, and cultural
rights in the Covenant.
Article 7: Right to Just and Favorable Work Conditions – Ensures
fair wages, equal pay for equal work, and safe work conditions for all,
directly supporting gender equality in employment.
Article 10: Protection and Assistance to Families – Recognizes
family as a fundamental social unit, ensuring special protection for
mothers and children.
Article 12: Right to Health – Promotes the right to physical and
mental health, emphasizing equal access to healthcare for women,
including maternal health services.

Women’s Rights in the
Workplace under International
Labour Organization ( ILO)
Convention
Convention No. 100: Equal Remuneration Convention (1951)
– Ensures equal pay for equal work regardless of gender,
establishing wage equality in workplaces.
Convention No. 111: Discrimination (Employment and
Occupation) Convention (1958) – Prohibits discrimination
based on gender, ensuring fair treatment in hiring, training, and
promotion.
Convention No. 156: Workers with Family Responsibilities
Convention (1981) – Promotes policies that enable men and
women with family responsibilities to participate equally in
work, without discrimination.
Convention No. 183: Maternity Protection Convention (2000)
– Provides rights to maternity leave, health protection, and
non-discrimination for pregnant workers and new mothers.
Major ILO Conventions Supporting
Women’s Rights

EXAMPLE
Prohibition of Forced and Child Labour
ILO Conventions:
o Convention No. 29: Forced Labour (1930)
o Convention No. 138: Minimum Age (1973)
o Convention No. 182: Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999)
Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006:
o Section 34: Prohibits forced labor in any form.
o Section 44: Sets the minimum employment age at 14; restricts hazardous
work for those under 18.

EXAMPLE
Maternity Protection
ILO Conventions:
• Convention No. 183: Maternity Protection (2000)
Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006:
• Section 46: Grants 16 weeks of paid maternity leave (8 weeks
before and 8 weeks after childbirth).
• Section 47: Prohibits employers from dismissing a woman during
maternity leave.
“Why We Picket”
“There
is no
limit to
what
we, as
women,
can
accompl
ish.”
—
Michelle
Obama

Regional Conventions and Protocols
on Women’s Rights
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights – Protocol on the Rights of Women in
Africa (Maputo Protocol, 2003)
Legal Reference: Adopted by the African Union in 2003 as a supplement to the African
Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Focus: Known as the Maputo Protocol, this protocol emphasizes comprehensive rights for
African women in equality, health, education, and protection from violence.
Provisions:
• Article 5: Prohibits harmful practices, including female genital mutilation (FGM), and
calls for legislative measures to eliminate such practices.
• Article 6: Ensures women’s equal rights in marriage and family matters.
• Articles 16 and 21: Provides rights to health and education, as well as inheritance
rights to ensure women’s economic empowerment.

South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) Gender
Equality and Empowerment
Initiatives
Legal Reference: SAARC Social Charter (2004) and additional frameworks, including the
SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for
Prostitution (2002).
Focus: SAARC countries promote gender equality and women’s empowerment through
regional dialogue, policy collaboration, and action plans.
Initiatives:Trafficking: SAARC Convention (2002) addresses trafficking of women and
children, aiming to protect victims and prosecute traffickers.Economic Empowerment:
Regional strategies focus on economic empowerment for women, supporting equal
participation in economic growth and development.Health and Education: The SAARC Social
Charter emphasizes health equity and access to education for women and girls across the
region.

Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and
Combating Violence Against Women and
Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention, 2011)
Legal Reference: Adopted by the Council of Europe in 2011 and entered into force in
2014.
Focus: Aims to prevent and combat all forms of violence against women and
domestic violence across Europe.
Provisions:
Article 33: Criminalizes psychological violence, recognizing its impact on women’s
mental health.
Article 34: Criminalizes stalking as a form of violence.
Article 36: Prohibits sexual violence, including rape.
Article 38: Criminalizes female genital mutilation (FGM), requiring states to legislate
and prosecute those involved.
Article 40: Criminalizes sexual harassment to protect women’s dignity in public and
professional spaces

Submitted by
Mehdi Hasan
Tipu ID:
21211040
Course: Human Right And Humanitarian
Law
Submitted to
Tania
Mustari
Lecturer
LEGAL FRAMEWORK

1.Women'
'
s rights under the Convention on the rights of
the child ( CRC)
2. Women'
'
s rights under refugee law
3.UN security Council resolutions on women, peace and
security
4.Women'
'
s rights and the sustainable development goals
(Sdgs)
5. Rights of indigenous women
6. Beijing declaration and platform for action (1995)
Contents

Key Points:
Special Protections for Girls
The CRC, adopted in 1989, ensures equal rights for all children, with
extra protection for girls due to their unique needs and risks.
Rights to Education, Health, Protection, and Safety
Article 28: All children, regardless of gender, have the right to
education, aiming to reduce gender gaps.
Article 24: Right to healthcare, including access to maternal and child
health services.
Article 19: Protection from all forms of abuse, violence, and
exploitation.
Article 34: Protection from sexual abuse and exploitation.
Article 35: Prevents child trafficking, labor, and exploitation.
Article 16: Right to privacy, including protection from forced or child
marriage.
Women's rights under the convention on
the rights of the children

Women’s Rights under Refugee Law
Refugee Convention (1951) and 1967 Protocol
*Defines who is a refugee and their rights, including
protection for women.
*Calls for gender-sensitive approaches when granting asylum.
*Gender-Based Persecution and Protection for Women
*Protects women from violence, sexual abuse, and forced
marriage.
*Countries must offer protection to women facing gender-based
harm.
*Challenges and Protections for Women and Girls
*Women and girls face higher risks of violence, trafficking, and
lack of services.
*NGOs and international groups provide safe spaces,
healthcare, and legal support.

The UN Security Council (UNSC) has passed several
key resolutions on Women, Peace, and Security to
address the impact of conflict on women and
promote their role in peacebuilding
1.Resolution 1325 (2000): This was the first resolution, recognizing the unique
challenges women face in conflicts and emphasizing their role in
peacebuilding and security. It calls for women’s participation in peace talks
and protection from violence.
2.Resolution 1820 (2008): Focuses on sexual violence in conflict, recognizing it as
a tool of war. It urges prevention and accountability for such crimes.
3.Resolution 1888 (2009): Strengthens efforts to combat sexual violence in
conflicts and calls for the creation of special roles within the UN to lead these
efforts.
4. Resolution 2242 (2015): Highlights the importance of considering gender in security efforts,
including countering terrorism, and encourages women’s involvement in all peace and security decisions.
Together, these resolutions create a global framework to protect women in conflict, ensure their participation in
peace processes, and hold violators accountable.

Women’s Rights and Sustainable
Development
Introduction to SDGs
17 goals adopted in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure
prosperity for all by 2030.Gender equality is key to achieving all SDGs.
Key SDG Goals for Women’s Rights
#Goal 5: Gender Equality – End discrimination and empower women.
#Goal 3: Good Health – Promote women’s health and access to care.
#Goal 4: Quality Education – Equal education for girls.
#Goal 8: Decent Work – Equal job opportunities and fair wages.
#Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities – Reduce gender-based inequalities.
*Role of Women’s Rights in Sustainable Development
*Empowering women drives economic growth and reduces poverty.
*Women are vital for environmental and community progress.
Challenges & Opportunities
Gender equality faces cultural and socio-economic barriers.Promoting women’s
rights leads to stronger, more resilient communities.
Visuals SDG icons (5, 3, 4, 8, 10). Infographic linking women’s rights to
sustainable development.

1.United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP):
Article 21: Indigenous women have the right to improve their social and
economic conditions, including in employment, education, and health.
Article 22: Focus on addressing violence and discrimination against
Indigenous women and children.
Article 44: Equal rights for Indigenous men and women, supporting
gender equality.
2. Cultural and Land Rights:
Article 11: Right to practice and preserve cultural traditions, languages,
and heritage.
Article 26: Protection of land rights, vital for the economic security of
Indigenous women.
Article 31: Right to control and maintain cultural heritage, supporting women's
role in preserving traditions.
3. Challenges Faced by Indigenous Women:
Indigenous women face violence, discrimination, and limited access to
resources. International efforts aim to empower them and ensure equal
opportunities.
Rights of indigenous women

The beijing declaration and platform
for action
(1995)
Introduction to the Beijing Declaration - Adopted at the Fourth World Conference on
Women in Beijing, 1995.
A global agenda for advancing gender equality and women’s
empowerment. Supported by 189 countries, committing to gender
equality actions.
Twelve Critical Areas of Concern
1. Women and Poverty: Tackling economic inequality.
2. Education and Training: Equal access to education.
3. Women and Health: Improving healthcare, including reproductive rights.
4. Violence against Women: Preventing gender-based violence.
5. Women and Armed Conflict: Protecting women in conflicts.
6. Women and the Economy: Ensuring equal pay and economic rights.
7. Women in Leadership: Promoting women in decision-making roles.
8. Institutional Support: Creating laws to advance gender equality.
9. Human Rights: Protecting women’s human rights globally.
10. Women and the Media: Promoting positive media portrayals of women.
11. Women and the Environment: Supporting women’s roles in sustainability.
12. The Girl Child: Protecting girls' rights and preventing exploitation.
Legacy and Impact: One of the most influential frameworks for women's rights.
Continues to shape global policies and initiatives on gender equality. Infographic highlighting the 12
areas of concern.

Topic
Worldwide Protection Mechanism and Existing
Legal Framework and Implementation
Mechanism for Protecting Women’s rights in
Bangladesh
Name: Itteashaf Naime Tarafdar
Registration ID: 21211041

A worldwide protection mechanism for protecting women's rights
requires a multi-tiered approach that ensures accountability, provides
justice and creates systemic safeguards to prevent violations. For
effective protection and redress, these systems must operate effectively
at the local, national, regional, and international levels.
Protection
mechanism
International Treaties and Conventions, International Human Rights Laws, binding legal
Instruments, Declarations, Resolutions and International Bodies
Regional Instruments and Regional Human Rights Bodies
Reporting Mechanisms
International Criminal Court(ICC), International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Constitution, National Legislations, National Human Rights Commissions or Institutions,
NGOs, Civil Society Organizations

❑ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) is often referred as international bill of rights for
women which provides specific protections against gender-based violence
and discrimination and recognizes women's rights. A Committee was
established under Article 17 of the CEDAW, which is responsible for
fulfilling the mandate and implementation of this Convention.
❑ Optional Protocol to the CEDAW: The Optional Protocol basically
complements CEDAW. It creates new compliance mechanisms which
express two procedures.
i. Communications procedure (Article 2 – 7) : A communications
procedure allows individual women, or group of individuals, to submit
claims for violations of rights protected under the Convention, to the
Committee. The Protocol establishes that in order for individual
communications to be admitted for consideration by the Committee, a
number of criteria must be met, including those domestic remedies must
have been exhausted.
International
Treaties and
Conventions

i. Inquiry Procedure (Article 8-9): The Protocol also creates an inquiry procedure
which enabling the Committee to initiate inquiries into situations of grave or
systematic violations of women’s rights and to provide recommendations and to seek
information about measures taken in response to such an inquiry from the state party
concern.
▪ Pre-Condition: States must be parties to conventions and protocols and all domestic
channels must be exhausted. Although States upon ratification or accession can declare
that they do not accept the inquiry procedure. (Article 10).

International Human Rights Laws and Bodies
▪ Some human rights laws allow states parties or individuals to initiate a procedure against another state
party which doesn’t fulfilling its obligations under the instrument or engage any kind of activities that
grossly violate women's human rights. Notable among these are,
i. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): Article 41 of ICCPR provides
Inter-state complaint procedure. If a state party doesn’t fulfill it’s obligation or grossly violates
women's human rights, other state parties can bring that matter to the Human Rights Committee which
is established under Article 28 which shall forward its views to the State Party concern.
ii. The first Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: This Protocol allows individuals to file complaints to the
Human Rights Committee if they believe their rights have been violated. It can only be used when all
domestic channels have been exhausted. The Committee shall forward its views to the State Party
concerned and to the individual.
❑ International Bodies: These worldwide organizations or bodies are crucial to safeguarding the rights
of women. Among these, notable are : Human Rights Council (HRC), UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR), UN Women, CEDAW Committee etc.
Organization like HRC receives complaint, lodged by any individuals as well as NGOs and also
appoints experts to investigate and make recommendations on women's rights and collaborates with
UN bodies, such as UN Women, to strengthens these efforts.

Regional Instruments and Human Rights Bodies
Regional Instruments : Several regional instruments and mechanisms exist to protect
women's rights and to prevent violation against women. Notable among these are,
❑ African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) and Protocol to the
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa
(Maputo Protocol)
❑ Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of
Violence Against Women)
❑ American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
❑ European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
❑ The ASEAN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
These regional instruments also provides various complaint procedures like
inter-state complaint procedure and individual complaint procedure which can be
filed to relevant commission and court.

I. Inter-state Complaint Procedure : Article 45 of ACHR and Article 47 of ACHPR express the
procedure which can be filed to the relevant commission. And Article 33 of ECHR states that, Any
High Contracting Party may refer to the Court any alleged breach of the provisions of the
Convention and the Protocols thereto such as violation of women’s human rights by another High
Contracting Party.
II. Individual Complaint Procedure :
a) Under Article 34 of the European Convention Court may receive applications from any person,
non-governmental organization or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by
one of the High Contracting Parties.
b) Article 44 of the American Convention on Human Rights allows petitions to be brought
unconditionally before its supervisory body, the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights.

International instruments, such as treaties and conventions are considered as soft law and often
not strictly binding upon state parties and their proper implementation is not fully possible due
to lack of strong enforcement mechanisms as there is no International police force. Because of
State Sovereignty principle, a state can choose whether or not to adhere to specific provisions
by reservations or declaration when ratifying international instruments which sometimes
creates complexity.
International instruments can only be properly implemented when signatory states ratify them
and incorporate them into national law. This involves adopting specific provisions in their
constitution and creating specialized legislation for women.
Soft Law & Reservation
Ratification & Adaptation
Lack of Enforcement
&
Requirement of Adaptation for Proper Implementation
National Human Rights Commission of
various countries play an important role in
preventing violations of women's rights by
fulfilling each of their functions.
NGOs and civil society organizations advocate for
women's rights, provides services like shelter,
legal aid and psychological support to victimized
women, and monitor government’s activities to
ensure women’s protection and gender equality.
National Human Rights
Council
NGOs and Civil Society Organizations

Regional bodies like the Inter-American
Commission Human Rights (IACHR), African
Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
(ACHPR), and the European Court of Human
Rights (ECHR) provide additional avenues for
protecting women's rights.
Regional Human Rights Bodies
Since 2000, the UN Security Council has adopted 10 key resolutions on women,
peace, and security.
These resolutions form the foundation for the women, peace and security agenda.
Among these most important one is, Resolution 1325, which recognizes the
disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and girls and promote the human
rights of women and girls and provides special measures to protect women and girls
from gender-based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse by
prosecuting perpetrators, ensuring that survivors of sexual violence have equal
protection under the law and access to justice.
UN
Security
Council
Resolutions

Most of the treaties on women's rights include a system of
periodic reporting to ensure accountability of signatory State
parties for protecting the women’s rights and fulfilling the
mandate of those treaties. States parties to them are obliged to
report periodically to a supervisory body on the
implementation at the domestic level of the treaty in question.
For example : Article 16 of ICESCR, Article 40 of ICCPR,
Article 18 of CEDAW, Article 44 of CRC, Article 73 of
CMW set out a reporting procedure.
Reporting Mechanisms

International Criminal
Court (ICC)
The International Criminal Court
(ICC) plays a significant role in
prosecuting individuals for crimes
against women such as rape and
sexual slavery, particularly in
situations of armed conflict. The
Rome Statute, which established the
ICC, includes provisions on sexual
and gender-based crimes as war
crimes and crimes against humanity.
This mechanism seeks justice for
women who have been subjected to
such grossly abuses during conflicts.
International Court of
Justice (ICJ)
The International Court of Justice
(ICJ) plays an indirect role in
protecting women's rights by providing
advisory opinions and adjudicating
state disputes related to international
law, including gender equality and
discrimination. However, its
jurisdiction is limited to state disputes,
and it lacks enforcement power. Thus,
its role is more about interpreting and
shaping international law than direct
intervention in women's rights
violations.

Existing Legal Framework for Protecting Women’s rights in
Bangladesh
Bangladesh has established a wide range of legal safeguards to protect women's rights,
including constitutional guarantees, and enact specific laws to address gender-based
violence, discrimination and punishment for offences in accordance with the provisions of
many international instruments on women's rights to which Bangladesh is a signatory party.
The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 1972: Article 28 guarantees
gender equality and prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex and ensuring equal
rights for women in all spheres of State and public life. Article 28 (4) allows the state to
take special measures for the advancement of women, children and other backward groups
of the society and 29(3) allow for special consideration for women, children, and any
backward sections of citizens to ensure adequate representation in the service of the
republic. This two Articles basically talks about the positive discrimination for women.
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights through Article 44 and 102
Constitutional Safeguards

❑ Crucial Laws of Bangladesh for Protection of Women
Nari O Shishu Nirjatan Daman Ain, 2000
Penal Code, 1860
Domestic Violence (Protection and Prevention) Act, 2010
Bangladesh Labour Law, 2006
Dowry Prevention Act, 2018
The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 2017
The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961
Some other laws which protects women from particular types of crimes are,
▪ Acid Crime Prevention Act, 2002
▪ Pornography Control Act, 2012
▪ Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012

Implementation Mechanism for Protecting Women’s rights in Bangladesh
The legislature, executive, and judicial departments of Bangladesh play a key role in implementing
and protecting the rights of women.
❑ The legislature branch enacts various kinds of laws for recognizing women's rights and to protect
women’s rights.
❑ The executive branch is responsible for implementing those laws and preventing violations against
women, such as Bangladesh Police, the core law enforcement agency of Bangladesh, which
prevents violations against women and ensures the safety of women. Also, women can get
redressal by complaining to the police if they face any untoward incident.
❑ The judicial branch in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in protecting women's rights through the
interpretation and application of laws to try the offenses committed against women and upholding
constitutional guarantees of gender equality. If any woman's fundamental rights got violated, she
can seek justice or remedy at the High Court Division of Bangladesh in accordance with Article 44
and 102 of the Constitution. In addition to that, by filing a case or petition in the lower courts or
relevant tribunals, women can get justice for various crimes committed against them and ascertain
their specific rights.
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of Bangladesh protects
women's human rights by monitoring human rights, advocating for policy
reforms, and seeking reports and information from the disciplinary forces, the
law- enforcing agencies, and governmental authorities on any alleged violation
of women's human rights. The Commission can inquiry or investigation into
any matter related to violation of women's human rights and enjoys the power
of a civil court. It educates the public, supports legal action, and collaborates
with NGOs and international bodies for protection of women's human rights.
National Human Rights Commission
(NHRC)

CASES ON VIOLATION OF WOMEN'S
RIGHTS
Submitted To
Tania Mustari
Lecturer
University Of Asia Pacific
Submitted By
Jannatul Kobra
3rd
year,2nd
semester
Reg:21211042

SOME CASES RELATED TO WOMEN'S RIGHTS VIOLENCE
INCLUDE:
1.Human Trafficking
2. Sexual Harassment
3.Female Genital Mutilation
4. Sexual Assault
5.Acid Attacks
This Type Of Crime Is Seen A Lot In Bangladesh And Abroad. Below Is A
Case Of Human Trafficking From Darjeeling To Delhi - Story Of A Young
Girl Who Was Trafficked-

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
"Tina's Father Came To Me One Night And Informed That His 14-year-old Daughter Was Missing. Something Told Me That It Was A Case Of
Human Trafficking That Needed Urgent Attention. We Filed A Complaint With The Local Police Station And My Ngo-marg Also Investigated The
Case. Has Started As A Starting Point, I Went To Tina's School And Talked To Her Friends. After Talking To 25 Girls I Was Able To Gather Bits
And Pieces Of Information. I Was Told That He Lost His Mother, And That His Father, An Alcoholic, Used To Beat Him. A Boy Named Rajan
Used To Spend Long Hours On The Phone. Her Friends From School Gave Us Information About Four Other Boys She Used To Talk To. We
Talked To Each Of These Guys And Narrowed Down Our Search. We Then Showed His Picture To All The Taxi Stands Around And One Of The
Drivers Recognized Him. He Drove Her From Darjeeling To Siliguri And She Said That During The Drive She Was Constantly Talking To A Man
Named Rajan Who Was Based In Delhi.
This Case Haunts Me. I Went To The Local Police Station And At The Same Time I Contacted Tina's Grandmother. One Day Her Grandmother
Called Me And Said That She Had Received A Call From Tina Who Was In Chandigarh. I Traced The Number. Tina Actually Called From Delhi. I
Contacted The CBI In Delhi And They Have Been Informed About This Case. Once We Got His Location, The CBI Conducted A Raid And He
Was Rescued. Mankind In Action For Rural Growth Is A Non-governmental Organization Based In Darjeeling, West Bengal.
This Region Of Northeastern India Is Vulnerable To Human Trafficking. Many Young Women And Girls Are Trafficked To Delhi, Maharashtra,
Haryana And Punjab For Prostitution And Forced Marriage. West Bengal Has Also Emerged As A Hub For Agents And Traffickers Who Send
Women And Children As Forced Labor To The Middle East. Lack Of Awareness, Lack Of Job Opportunities And Frequent Natural Disasters Push
Women And Children Into The Hands Of Traffickers. Tina Was Also Easily Lured By A Trafficker With False Promises Of Work In A Big City. It
Has Taken Several Steps To Prevent And Combat Human Trafficking. These Include The Creation Of 225 Specialized Anti-trafficking Units
Across The Country, Sensitization Programs For Police And Training For Prosecutors.

ACID ATTACKS
The Year Was 2012, And Masuda Monir Was 15 Years Old. She Had A Life Like Any Other
Teenager; Full Of Laughter And Innocence. She Wanted To Finish Her Studies And Build A
Career Someday. But Things Began To Change When A Man Started Stalking Her And
Harassing Her In Many Ways. He Even Made Lewd Proposals To Her. Iwhen She Rejected
Him, He Began To Threaten Her. Masuda Was Scared, But Did Not Stop Going To School.
One Day, Her Screams Echoed Through The Streets, Drawing The Attention Of Passersby.
Someone Threw Acid At Her Face. She Was Rushed To The Rangpur Medical College
Hospital. The Following Day, A Team From BRAC Arrived At The Hospital. They Took Her
To The Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF) In Banani, Dhaka, Where She Remained Under
Their Specialised Care. Masuda Himself Goes Blind

INGAABRAMOVA V BELARUS (29 AUGUST 2011)
• Fact : The District Court Of Belarus Found Inga Abramova Guilty Of
“Minor Hooliganism” For Hanging Ribbons And Posters Calling For
Participation In The “European March,” And Ordered Her To Serve
Five Days Administrative Arrest. Abramova Claimed That A Male
Staff Member Subjected Her To A Body Search, Touched Her
Inappropriately, And Threatened To Strip Her Naked. Abramova Said
,The Facility Housed Persons Detained On Criminal Charges As Well
As Those Under Administrative Arrest. Among Other Things,
Abramova Also Claimed That: She Was Only Fed Twice A Day; The
Heating System Was Turned Off, Despite Almost Freezing
Temperatures; There Was Inadequate Light And Ventilation; Other
Prisoners And Male Staff Could Watch Her Use The Toilet; And She
Was Subjected To Frequent Humiliating Comments. After
Unsuccessful Attempts To Obtain Redress At The Domestic Level,
Abramova Submitted A Communication To The Committee In Which
She Alleged Violations Of Articles 2(a)-2(b), 2(e)-2(f), 3 And 5(a). Of
CEDAW, Read In Conjunction With Article 1. In Further Submissions
To The Committee, The Author Reiterated That Her Communication
Was Primarily Concerned With The Discrimination She Faced As A
Woman Detained In The Aforementioned Facility, Rather Than The
Conditions Of Detention Herself.
Decision :
The Committee Found That Belarus' Treatment Of Inga Abramova
Constituted Discrimination And Sexual Harassment In Violation Of
Articles 2(a)-2(b), 2(e)-2(f), 3 And 5(a) Of CEDAW. In Conjunction
With Article 1 And The Committee's General Recommendation No.
19. In Reaching Its Determination, The Committee Also Considered
Rule 53 Of The Standard Minimum Rules For The Treatment Of
Prisoners And The United Nations Convention On The Treatment Of
Women Prisoners And Non-custodial Measures. For Female Criminals.

VERTIDO V THE PHILIPPINES (1 SEPTEMBER 2010)
• Fact : A Filipino Woman Serving As The Executive Director Of The
Davao City Chamber Of Commerce In The Philippines Has Accused
The President Of The Chamber Of Commerce Of Rape. The Accused
Offered To Take The Writer Home After A Business Meeting, To
Which He Agreed. The Accused Then Took Him To A Nearby Hotel
And Forced Him Into His Hotel Room. The Author Claimed That He
Pinned Her To The Bed And Choked Her Until She Lost
Consciousness. When The Author Regained Consciousness, The
Accused Raped Her. The Writer Finally Succeeds In Freeing Himself
And Escapes From The Hotel Room. The Accused Then Followed Her
And Accepted Her Offer To Take Her Home. Within 24 Hours Of
Being Raped, The Author Underwent A Medical And Legal
Examination For Rape. He Reported The Case To The Police Within 48
Hours Of The Incident And Filed A Complaint Against The Accused.
The Case Was Initially Dismissed After A Lower Court Found A Lack
Of Probable Cause. The Author Filed An Appeal With The Secretary
Of Justice Which Reversed The Dismissal And Ordered That The
Accused Be Charged With Rape. Proceedings Were Delayed And The
Case Remained In The Trial Court From 1997-2005 Women.
• Decision : Article 4 Of The Convention Requires An Author To
Exhaust All Domestic Remedies Prior To Submitting A Claim
To The Committee. The Committee Declared The
Communication Admissible On The Basis That The Author Was
Not Entitled To The Remedy Of Certiorari In The Filipino
Criminal Legal System. Certiorari Is Only Available As A
Remedy To Those Represented By The Office Of The Solicitor
General And Not To Individual Victims. The State Parties
Violated Its Obligation To Prevent Gender Stereotypes Under
Articles 2(f) & 5(a) Of The Convention Articles 2(f) And 5(a) Of
The Convention Require States Parties To Take Appropriate
Measures To Amend Or Repeal Existing State Laws,
Regulations And Practices That Constitute Discrimination
Against Women. Article 5(a) Specifically Requires States Parties
To 'Modify Social And Cultural Patterns Of Behavior Of Men
And Women With A View To Eliminating Prejudices And
Customs... Or Stereotyped Roles For Men And Women.

CHALLENGES AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Submitted To
Tania Mustari
Lecturer
Submitted By
Munny Hasan
Reg:21211043
3rd
year,2nd
semester

Women's Rights Face Many Challenges Around The
World, Including:
Violence Against Women A Pervasive Violation Of Human
Rights That Is A Major Obstacle To Gender Equality. Domestic
Violence Is A Form Of Violence Against Women That Occurs
Within Relationships.
Violence Against Women
A Pervasive Violation Of Human
Rights That Is A Major Obstacle To
Gender Equality. Domestic Violence Is
A Form Of Violence Against Women
That Occurs Within Relationships.
Child Marriage
A Serious Human Rights Crisis That
Disproportionately Affects Girls.
Discrimination Against Women
And Girls
The UN Working Group On The Issue
Of Discrimination Against Women And
Girls Has Expressed Concern About
Challenges To Women's Rights
Stemming From Economic Crisis,
Austerity Measures, And Cultural And
Religious Conservatism.
Female Genital Mutilation
An Act Of Violence Against Women
And Girls That Is Considered An
Affront To Human Rights.
Reproductive Rights
An Integral Part Of Women's
Rights That Is Upheld By
International Agreements. The UN
Affirms That Access To Safe And
Legal Abortions Is A Fundamental
Human Right.
Poverty
A Prevalent Social Justice And
Health Issue That Stunts The
Freedom And Life Potential Of
Women And Girls.

Recommendations For Protecting Women's Rights
Reproductive Rights: Women Should Have The Right To Make Decisions About Their Reproductive Health And Rights.
Women's Leadership: Women's Representation And Leadership Can Lead To Better Environmental Outcomes.
Equal Employment: Women Should Have Equal Opportunities In The Workplace.
Property Rights: Women Should Have The Right To Acquire Property During Marriage And Manage It Freely.
Right To Education: Education Can Help Prevent Gender Discrimination And Increase Productivity.
Freedom Of Movement: Women Should Have The Freedom To Move Around Freely.
Legal Rights: Women Should Be Made Aware Of Their Legal Rights And Provided With Them.
Workplace Harassment: Laws Should Be In Place To Address Sexual Harassment In The Workplace.
Other Recommendations Include: Removing Discriminatory Laws And Regulations Increasing Funding For Women's
And Girls' Programming Training Global Humanitarian And Local Health-care Workers.

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