Toyota Takashi Shimazu wcef2018
- 1. Takashi Shimazu World Circular Economy Forum 2018 Oct. 23rd Yokohama Pacifico Technical Challenge for CO2 recycling aiming the circular economy
- 2. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Artificial Photosynthesis 3. Current and future research 4. Summary
- 4. Toyota Motor Corporation and other 53 companies Company profile cooperative research Universities, Research Organizations and Companies R&D request R&D result Company Outline (Aug, 2018) Established : 1960 Employees : 997 Ground : ~300,000 m2 TOYOTA group
- 5. Key messages from WCEF2017 Reducing pollution Carbon neutral New technologies Make waste a valuable resource R&D’s roleCompany’s role UN SDGs Business and cities Save natural resources Factor in CE to mainstream Source: SITRA https://www.sitra.fi/en/articles/10-key-takeaways-wcef2017/
- 6. From a linear to a circular economy CO2 Fossil fuel Renewable fuel H2
- 7. TOYOTA Environmental Challenge 2050 New Vehicle Zero CO2 Emissions Challenge Life Cycle Zero CO2 Emissions Challenge Plant Zero CO2 Emissions Challenge Challenge of Minimizing and Optimizing Water Usage Challenge of Establishing a Recycling- based Society and Systems Challenge of Establishing a Future Society in Harmony with Nature Source: TOYOTA https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environment/challenge2050/ (announced in 2015)
- 8. From a linear to a circular economy Renewable fuel H2 Source: TOYOTA https://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environment/challenge2050/
- 9. The aim of artificial photosynthesis sunlight fuel CO2 no waste Artificial Photosynthesis water from sunlight, water, CO2 to organic matter CO2 chemical material plastic ・ Reducing CO2 ・ Carbon neutral ・ Make CO2 a valuable resource
- 11. Conversion of CO2 to organic matter utilizing solar energy - CO2 Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates + H2O Solar panel Electrolyzer
- 12. From natural to artificial photosynthesis Light absorber ( Light to Electricity ) Oxidation reaction Reduction reaction ( Electricity to Chemical ) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Reaction mechanism of artificial photosynthesis Requirement Selective CO2 reduction (Prevention of H2 generation) Iridium oxide Cobalt compound etc. Titanium dioxide, Bismuth vanadate Tungsten trioxide etc. H2O oxidation photoelectrode Oxidation catalyst Light absorber CO2 reduction photoelectrode
- 13. CO2 reduction in two compartment device TiO2 photoelectrode J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011) Indium phosphide ( Light absorver ) Ruthenium complex polymer ( CO2 reduction catalyst) CO2 reduction photoelectrode Metal complex & semiconductor Solar to chemical energy conversion efficiency 0.04% CO2 HCOOH H2O in 2011
- 14. Requirements for monolithic device O2 HCOOH CO2 H2O Metal complex Selectivity for preventing H2 generation & O2reduction Selectivity for preventing formate oxidation to CO2 0 e- h+ H2O oxidation catalyst CO2 reduction catalyst Light absorber Semiconductor junction for efficient electron transfer Triple junction amorphous silicon cell (3jn-a-Si) Iridium oxide Ru complex polymer modified on carbon
- 15. CO2 photoreduction by monolithic device Solar to chemical energy conversion efficiency CO2 HCOOH H2O 0.04% 4.6% Simplification Artificial leaf Energy Environ. Sci., (2015) our work
- 16. History of artificial photosynthesis device at TCRDL 2011 2012 20152013 2014 Solartochemicalenergyconversionefficiency(%) 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Solarenergyconversionefficiency ofnaturalplants 0.04% Corn 0.8% Sugarcane 2.6% Rice 1% 4.6%𝑆𝐶𝐸(%) = 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 100 Two-compartment cell Monolithic device
- 17. 3. Current and future research Approaches aiming for the societal implementation • Reducing the cost of catalyst for large-scale application • Diversification of CO2 products for usability
- 18. From noble metal to earth-abundant catalyst 8×106 USD/t Source of cost: https://www.metalary.com/ 3×107 USD/t Materials Cost $/cm2 Light absorber (3jn-a-Si) 3.4 × 10-2 CO2 reduction catalyst (as RuCl3) 1.3 × 10-2 H2O oxidation catalyst (as K2IrCl6) 1.3 × 10-2 * 3jn-a-Si: Triple junction amorphous silicon
- 19. Catalysts consisting of earth-abundant metals Fe55.845 26 H2O oxidation catalystCO2 reduction catalyst Ir192.217 77 Mn54.938 25 Ru101.07 44 ACS catal. (2018) 8×106 USD/t 3×107 USD/t2×103 USD/t 6×101 USD/t Sustainable Energy & Fuels (2017) Syngas Higher activity The combination of these catalysts for new artificial photosynthesis device is under investigation.
- 20. Thermal process （Multistep） HCOOHWater Get CO2 emission to zero at industry Thermal process Demonstration of alcohol or alkene production SCE 4.6% (1x1cm2) DME Synthetic gasoline or Diesel fuel CO2 Development of noble catalyst The challenge for paradigm shift Organic feedstock Drugs and medicines Chemical products Resin feedstock Multi-electron reduction Syngas CO+H2
- 21. Reformed gas from natural gas (Ni, 800 ºC, 2MPa) Proposal for the project of MOE in Japan CO2+H2O Artificial photosynthesis Gasoline Diesel fuel Existing thermal process Novel process at ambient temperature Ethylene Various Chemicals Disposal ⇒Burnout CO2 Crude oil Naphtha Demonstration in a labo-scale Methanol Syngas CO+H2 Target: Solar-to-syngas efficiency 10% Utilization of combustion heat Recycling
- 22. Summary We encourages researches aiming for the circular economy. We are researching the artificial photosynthesis reaction to realize a carbon neutral society. We are seeking a suitable road to the societal implementation of artificial photosynthesis.