Primitive wrappers allow primitive values like integers and floats to be treated as objects by wrapping them in classes like Integer and Float. This allows primitives to be added to collections and returned from methods that return objects. The wrapper classes provide utility methods for converting between primitive types and for converting between primitives and their string representations in different bases like binary and hexadecimal.
Encapsulation isolates the internal complexity of an object's operation from the rest of the application. Inheritance allows one class to reuse the state and behavior of another class. Polymorphism allows a client to treat different objects in the same way even if they were created from different classes and exhibit different behaviors.
vectors.(join ALL INDIA POLYTECHNIC (AICTE)).pptxVivekSharma34623
Vectors implement a dynamic array that can hold objects of any type and number. Vectors are similar to arrays but are synchronized and contain legacy methods like Enumeration and Iterator. Vectors can be created with or without specifying an initial size. Methods like add(), addElement(), and capacity() allow adding elements and retrieving the vector's capacity. Wrapper classes allow primitive types to be used as objects and stored in collections by "wrapping" the primitive in a class like Integer or Float. Boxing and unboxing convert between primitive types and their corresponding wrapper class objects.
This document provides an overview of variables and functions in C++. It discusses basic variable types like integers and strings, and how variable type determines valid operations. It also covers compound types like references and pointers. The document defines functions and their usage, explaining how to write and call functions. Function basics covered include return types, parameters, and defining versus declaring functions. Implicit and explicit type conversions are also summarized.
C/C++ Programming interview questions and answers document discusses key concepts in C++ including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, destructors, copy constructors, references, virtual functions, abstract classes, and memory alignment. The document provides definitions and examples to explain each concept.
The document discusses Java wrapper classes. Wrapper classes wrap primitive data types like int, double, boolean in objects. This allows primitive types to be used like objects. The main wrapper classes are Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Character, Boolean, Double, Float. They provide methods to convert between primitive types and their wrapper objects. Constructors take primitive values or strings to create wrapper objects. Methods like parseInt() convert strings to primitive types.
Wrapper classes allow primitive data types to be used as objects. The key reasons for wrapper classes are:
1) Collections like ArrayList only support objects, so wrapper classes allow primitive types to be stored.
2) Wrapper classes have useful methods to manipulate primitive values as objects.
3) There are eight wrapper classes that correspond to the eight primitive types: Integer, Double, Character, etc. These classes have methods like parse, toString, and type conversion methods.
This document is a project report submitted by Nikita Totlani for their BCA degree. The project discusses wrapper classes in Java, which allow primitive data types like int and float to be used in collections. It covers converting between primitive and object types, parsing strings, and auto-boxing/unboxing features. The document also demonstrates nesting methods, where one method calls another method in the same class. Code examples and outputs are provided.
Mobile Software Engineering Crash Course - C02 Java PrimerMohammad Shaker
This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java concepts like object-oriented programming, the Java Virtual Machine, primitive data types, variables, control flow, classes and objects, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, collections, multithreading, design patterns, and more. It also includes code examples and references to Oracle's Java documentation for further reading.
This document is a project report submitted by Aanchal Gupta on wrapper classes and nesting of methods in Java. It discusses wrapper classes for converting primitive data types to object types. It also covers methods for converting between primitive types and wrapper class types, as well as between numbers and strings. The document then explains autoboxing and unboxing in Java 5.0 for automatic conversion between primitive types and wrapper classes. Finally, it discusses nesting of methods, where one method can call another method in the same class.
Objective Min-heap queue with customized comparatorHospital emerg.pdfezhilvizhiyan
Objective: Min-heap queue with customized comparator
Hospital emergency room assign patient priority base on symptom of the patient. Each patient
receives an identity number which prioritizes the order of emergency for the patient. The lower
the number is, the higher the emergency will be.
Use java.util.PriorityQueue to write a java program to create the emergency room registration
database. The patient.txt is the input file for patient record. Download patient.txt, Patient.java to
perform following specifications:
(a)Load all records from the input file.
(b)At the end, print the list in assigned priority order.
Given Code:
//*******************************************************************
// Patient.java
//*******************************************************************
public class Patient
{
private int id;
private String name;
private String emergencyCase;
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a customer with the specified id number.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public Patient (int number, String custName,String er )
{
id = number;
name = custName;
emergencyCase = er;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string description of this customer.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
return \"Patient priority id: \" + id+\" Patient name: \"+name+\" Symptom: \"+emergencyCase;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public int getId()
{
return id;
}
public String getCase()
{
return emergencyCase;
}
}
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
/** A bunch of utility functions. */
class DSutil {
/** Swap two Objects in an array
@param A The array
@param p1 Index of one Object in A
@param p2 Index of another Object A
*/
public static void swap(E[] A, int p1, int p2) {
E temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the Objects in an array.
@param A The array
*/
// int version
// Randomly permute the values of array \"A\"
static void permute(int[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
public static void swap(int[] A, int p1, int p2) {
int temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the values in array A */
static void permute(E[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
/** Initialize the random variable */
static private Random value = new Random(); // Hold the Random class object
/** Create a random number function from the standard Java Random
class. Turn it into a uniformly distributed value within the
range 0 to n-1 by taking the value mod n.
@param n The upper boun.
The document discusses autoboxing and unboxing in Java. Autoboxing converts primitive data types like int to their wrapper class equivalents like Integer. Unboxing performs the reverse conversion from wrapper classes to primitives. This allows primitive values to be added to collections which only accept objects. While this improves code readability and flexibility, it can reduce performance due to memory overhead and increased garbage collection. Examples of both autoboxing and unboxing are provided but not described in detail.
The document summarizes several Java 5 features including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, typesafe enums, varargs, static imports, and annotations. It provides examples and explanations of each feature.
JavaScript objects must implement certain standard properties and methods. Objects have a prototype property that is either an object or null, and prototype chains must have finite length. The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of a variable or value. JavaScript supports basic types like undefined, null, boolean, number, string, and object. Functions are objects that can be called, and have properties like length and arguments. Variables declared with var have function scope, while variables assigned without var have global scope. Arrays, objects, and functions can be declared using various syntaxes. JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance rather than classes.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of objects and protocols in CPython. Some key points:
- Everything in Python is an object, with a common header including a reference count and pointer to its type. Types are defined by TypeObjects which store metadata like function pointers.
- Protocols like Number, Sequence, Mapping are defined by slots on TypeObjects like tp_as_number and tp_as_sequence. These allow objects to support common operations even if they are different types, through duck typing.
- Magic methods fill in protocol slots, so e.g. a class with a __len__ method will support the len() operation by filling tp_as_sequence->sq_length. This provides a
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special chara.pdfKUNALHARCHANDANI1
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special characteristics to an element.
Static elements are allocated storage only once in a program lifetime in static storage area. And
they have a scope till the program lifetime. Static Keyword can be used with following, Static
variable in functions Static Class Objects Static member Variable in class Static Methods in class
Static variables inside Functions Static variables when used inside function are initialized only
once, and then they hold there value even through function calls. These static variables are stored
on static storage area , not in stack. void counter() { static int count=0; cout << count++; } int
main(0 { for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 1 2 3 4 Let\'s se the same program\'s
output without using static variable. void counter() { int count=0; cout << count++; } int main(0
{ for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 0 0 0 0 If we do not use static keyword, the
variable count, is reinitialized everytime when counter() function is called, and gets destroyed
each time when counter() functions ends. But, if we make it static, once initialized count will
have a scope till the end of main() function and it will carry its value through function calls too.
If you don\'t initialize a static variable, they are by default initialized to zero. Static class Objects
Static keyword works in the same way for class objects too. Objects declared static are allocated
storage in static storage area, and have scope till the end of program. Static objects are also
initialized using constructors like other normal objects. Assignment to zero, on using static
keyword is only for primitive datatypes, not for user defined datatypes. class Abc { int i; public:
Abc() { i=0; cout << \"constructor\"; } ~Abc() { cout << \"destructor\"; } }; void f() { static Abc
obj; } int main() { int x=0; if(x==0) { f(); } cout << \"END\"; } Output : constructor END
destructor You must be thinking, why was destructor not called upon the end of the scope of if
condition. This is because object was static, which has scope till the program lifetime, hence
destructor for this object was called when main() exits. Static data member in class Static data
members of class are those members which are shared by all the objects. Static data member has
a single piece of storage, and is not available as separate copy with each object, like other non-
static data members. Static member variables (data members) are not initialied using constructor,
because these are not dependent on object initialization. Also, it must be initialized explicitly,
always outside the class. If not initialized, Linker will give error. class X { static int i; public:
X(){}; }; int X::i=1; int main() { X obj; cout << obj.i; // prints value of i } Once the definition for
static data member is made, user cannot redefine it. Though, arithmetic operations can be
performed on it. Static Member Functions These functions work for the .
Receiver types allow functions to be declared that operate on a specific receiver type. This includes function types with receivers, which define interfaces for functions, and function literals with receivers, which implement those interfaces. Examples show how Bundle.apply uses a function literal with Bundle as the receiver to configure a Bundle instance. This is a common pattern in Kotlin for building objects through fluent APIs.
Ctypes provides an easy way to extend Python with functions from C libraries without needing to write C code or dependencies like SWIG. It works by dynamically loading shared libraries and allowing Python functions to call C functions. Ctypes abstracts away the complexities of type conversions and memory management to make the process simple. Developers can write Python callback functions, define C structures and unions in Python, and interface with C libraries using just a few lines of Python code. This makes ctypes a popular modern alternative for creating Python bindings for C code.
The document discusses operator overloading in Kotlin using the example of a Coin enum and Wallet class. It defines a Coin enum with values for common coins (PENNY, NICKEL, etc) that each have a cents value. A Wallet class is defined with a plusAssign operator function that allows adding Coin values to the wallet amount. Examples are shown incrementing a wallet variable by adding Coin values like QUARTER to demonstrate operator overloading.
Wrapper classes allow primitive data types to be used as objects. The key reasons for wrapper classes are:
1) Collections like ArrayList only support objects, so wrapper classes allow primitive types to be stored.
2) Wrapper classes have useful methods to manipulate primitive values as objects.
3) There are eight wrapper classes that correspond to the eight primitive types: Integer, Double, Character, etc. These classes have methods like parse, toString, and type conversion methods.
This document is a project report submitted by Nikita Totlani for their BCA degree. The project discusses wrapper classes in Java, which allow primitive data types like int and float to be used in collections. It covers converting between primitive and object types, parsing strings, and auto-boxing/unboxing features. The document also demonstrates nesting methods, where one method calls another method in the same class. Code examples and outputs are provided.
Mobile Software Engineering Crash Course - C02 Java PrimerMohammad Shaker
This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java concepts like object-oriented programming, the Java Virtual Machine, primitive data types, variables, control flow, classes and objects, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, collections, multithreading, design patterns, and more. It also includes code examples and references to Oracle's Java documentation for further reading.
This document is a project report submitted by Aanchal Gupta on wrapper classes and nesting of methods in Java. It discusses wrapper classes for converting primitive data types to object types. It also covers methods for converting between primitive types and wrapper class types, as well as between numbers and strings. The document then explains autoboxing and unboxing in Java 5.0 for automatic conversion between primitive types and wrapper classes. Finally, it discusses nesting of methods, where one method can call another method in the same class.
Objective Min-heap queue with customized comparatorHospital emerg.pdfezhilvizhiyan
Objective: Min-heap queue with customized comparator
Hospital emergency room assign patient priority base on symptom of the patient. Each patient
receives an identity number which prioritizes the order of emergency for the patient. The lower
the number is, the higher the emergency will be.
Use java.util.PriorityQueue to write a java program to create the emergency room registration
database. The patient.txt is the input file for patient record. Download patient.txt, Patient.java to
perform following specifications:
(a)Load all records from the input file.
(b)At the end, print the list in assigned priority order.
Given Code:
//*******************************************************************
// Patient.java
//*******************************************************************
public class Patient
{
private int id;
private String name;
private String emergencyCase;
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a customer with the specified id number.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public Patient (int number, String custName,String er )
{
id = number;
name = custName;
emergencyCase = er;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string description of this customer.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
return \"Patient priority id: \" + id+\" Patient name: \"+name+\" Symptom: \"+emergencyCase;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public int getId()
{
return id;
}
public String getCase()
{
return emergencyCase;
}
}
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
/** A bunch of utility functions. */
class DSutil {
/** Swap two Objects in an array
@param A The array
@param p1 Index of one Object in A
@param p2 Index of another Object A
*/
public static void swap(E[] A, int p1, int p2) {
E temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the Objects in an array.
@param A The array
*/
// int version
// Randomly permute the values of array \"A\"
static void permute(int[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
public static void swap(int[] A, int p1, int p2) {
int temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the values in array A */
static void permute(E[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
/** Initialize the random variable */
static private Random value = new Random(); // Hold the Random class object
/** Create a random number function from the standard Java Random
class. Turn it into a uniformly distributed value within the
range 0 to n-1 by taking the value mod n.
@param n The upper boun.
The document discusses autoboxing and unboxing in Java. Autoboxing converts primitive data types like int to their wrapper class equivalents like Integer. Unboxing performs the reverse conversion from wrapper classes to primitives. This allows primitive values to be added to collections which only accept objects. While this improves code readability and flexibility, it can reduce performance due to memory overhead and increased garbage collection. Examples of both autoboxing and unboxing are provided but not described in detail.
The document summarizes several Java 5 features including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, typesafe enums, varargs, static imports, and annotations. It provides examples and explanations of each feature.
JavaScript objects must implement certain standard properties and methods. Objects have a prototype property that is either an object or null, and prototype chains must have finite length. The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of a variable or value. JavaScript supports basic types like undefined, null, boolean, number, string, and object. Functions are objects that can be called, and have properties like length and arguments. Variables declared with var have function scope, while variables assigned without var have global scope. Arrays, objects, and functions can be declared using various syntaxes. JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance rather than classes.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of objects and protocols in CPython. Some key points:
- Everything in Python is an object, with a common header including a reference count and pointer to its type. Types are defined by TypeObjects which store metadata like function pointers.
- Protocols like Number, Sequence, Mapping are defined by slots on TypeObjects like tp_as_number and tp_as_sequence. These allow objects to support common operations even if they are different types, through duck typing.
- Magic methods fill in protocol slots, so e.g. a class with a __len__ method will support the len() operation by filling tp_as_sequence->sq_length. This provides a
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special chara.pdfKUNALHARCHANDANI1
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special characteristics to an element.
Static elements are allocated storage only once in a program lifetime in static storage area. And
they have a scope till the program lifetime. Static Keyword can be used with following, Static
variable in functions Static Class Objects Static member Variable in class Static Methods in class
Static variables inside Functions Static variables when used inside function are initialized only
once, and then they hold there value even through function calls. These static variables are stored
on static storage area , not in stack. void counter() { static int count=0; cout << count++; } int
main(0 { for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 1 2 3 4 Let\'s se the same program\'s
output without using static variable. void counter() { int count=0; cout << count++; } int main(0
{ for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 0 0 0 0 If we do not use static keyword, the
variable count, is reinitialized everytime when counter() function is called, and gets destroyed
each time when counter() functions ends. But, if we make it static, once initialized count will
have a scope till the end of main() function and it will carry its value through function calls too.
If you don\'t initialize a static variable, they are by default initialized to zero. Static class Objects
Static keyword works in the same way for class objects too. Objects declared static are allocated
storage in static storage area, and have scope till the end of program. Static objects are also
initialized using constructors like other normal objects. Assignment to zero, on using static
keyword is only for primitive datatypes, not for user defined datatypes. class Abc { int i; public:
Abc() { i=0; cout << \"constructor\"; } ~Abc() { cout << \"destructor\"; } }; void f() { static Abc
obj; } int main() { int x=0; if(x==0) { f(); } cout << \"END\"; } Output : constructor END
destructor You must be thinking, why was destructor not called upon the end of the scope of if
condition. This is because object was static, which has scope till the program lifetime, hence
destructor for this object was called when main() exits. Static data member in class Static data
members of class are those members which are shared by all the objects. Static data member has
a single piece of storage, and is not available as separate copy with each object, like other non-
static data members. Static member variables (data members) are not initialied using constructor,
because these are not dependent on object initialization. Also, it must be initialized explicitly,
always outside the class. If not initialized, Linker will give error. class X { static int i; public:
X(){}; }; int X::i=1; int main() { X obj; cout << obj.i; // prints value of i } Once the definition for
static data member is made, user cannot redefine it. Though, arithmetic operations can be
performed on it. Static Member Functions These functions work for the .
Receiver types allow functions to be declared that operate on a specific receiver type. This includes function types with receivers, which define interfaces for functions, and function literals with receivers, which implement those interfaces. Examples show how Bundle.apply uses a function literal with Bundle as the receiver to configure a Bundle instance. This is a common pattern in Kotlin for building objects through fluent APIs.
Ctypes provides an easy way to extend Python with functions from C libraries without needing to write C code or dependencies like SWIG. It works by dynamically loading shared libraries and allowing Python functions to call C functions. Ctypes abstracts away the complexities of type conversions and memory management to make the process simple. Developers can write Python callback functions, define C structures and unions in Python, and interface with C libraries using just a few lines of Python code. This makes ctypes a popular modern alternative for creating Python bindings for C code.
The document discusses operator overloading in Kotlin using the example of a Coin enum and Wallet class. It defines a Coin enum with values for common coins (PENNY, NICKEL, etc) that each have a cents value. A Wallet class is defined with a plusAssign operator function that allows adding Coin values to the wallet amount. Examples are shown incrementing a wallet variable by adding Coin values like QUARTER to demonstrate operator overloading.
Cyber law governs information technology and the digital circulation of information. It encompasses aspects of contract, intellectual property, privacy, and data protection laws. Cyber law is important because it recognizes electronic documents and supports e-commerce transactions while also providing a legal structure to address cyber crimes. The key areas of cyber law include fraud, copyright, defamation, harassment and stalking, freedom of speech, trade secrets, and contracts related to terms of service agreements.
This paper proposes a shoulder inverse kinematics (IK) technique. Shoulder complex is comprised of the sternum, clavicle, ribs, scapula, humerus, and four joints.
its all about Artificial Intelligence(Ai) and Machine Learning and not on advanced level you can study before the exam or can check for some information on Ai for project
In tube drawing process, a tube is pulled out through a die and a plug to reduce its diameter and thickness as per the requirement. Dimensional accuracy of cold drawn tubes plays a vital role in the further quality of end products and controlling rejection in manufacturing processes of these end products. Springback phenomenon is the elastic strain recovery after removal of forming loads, causes geometrical inaccuracies in drawn tubes. Further, this leads to difficulty in achieving close dimensional tolerances. In the present work springback of EN 8 D tube material is studied for various cold drawing parameters. The process parameters in this work include die semi-angle, land width and drawing speed. The experimentation is done using Taguchi’s L36 orthogonal array, and then optimization is done in data analysis software Minitab 17. The results of ANOVA shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle,5 mm land width and 6 m/min drawing speed yields least springback. Furthermore, optimization algorithms named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are applied which shows that 15 degrees die semi-angle, 10 mm land width and 8 m/min drawing speed results in minimal springback with almost 10.5 % improvement. Finally, the results of experimentation are validated with Finite Element Analysis technique using ANSYS.
☁️ GDG Cloud Munich: Build With AI Workshop - Introduction to Vertex AI! ☁️
Join us for an exciting #BuildWithAi workshop on the 28th of April, 2025 at the Google Office in Munich!
Dive into the world of AI with our "Introduction to Vertex AI" session, presented by Google Cloud expert Randy Gupta.
Data Structures_Linear data structures Linked Lists.pptxRushaliDeshmukh2
Concept of Linear Data Structures, Array as an ADT, Merging of two arrays, Storage
Representation, Linear list – singly linked list implementation, insertion, deletion and searching operations on linear list, circularly linked lists- Operations for Circularly linked lists, doubly linked
list implementation, insertion, deletion and searching operations, applications of linked lists.
ADVXAI IN MALWARE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK: BALANCING EXPLAINABILITY WITH SECURITYijscai
With the increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in malware analysis there is also an increased need to
understand the decisions models make when identifying malicious artifacts. Explainable AI (XAI) becomes
the answer to interpreting the decision-making process that AI malware analysis models use to determine
malicious benign samples to gain trust that in a production environment, the system is able to catch
malware. With any cyber innovation brings a new set of challenges and literature soon came out about XAI
as a new attack vector. Adversarial XAI (AdvXAI) is a relatively new concept but with AI applications in
many sectors, it is crucial to quickly respond to the attack surface that it creates. This paper seeks to
conceptualize a theoretical framework focused on addressing AdvXAI in malware analysis in an effort to
balance explainability with security. Following this framework, designing a machine with an AI malware
detection and analysis model will ensure that it can effectively analyze malware, explain how it came to its
decision, and be built securely to avoid adversarial attacks and manipulations. The framework focuses on
choosing malware datasets to train the model, choosing the AI model, choosing an XAI technique,
implementing AdvXAI defensive measures, and continually evaluating the model. This framework will
significantly contribute to automated malware detection and XAI efforts allowing for secure systems that
are resilient to adversarial attacks.
The Fluke 925 is a vane anemometer, a handheld device designed to measure wind speed, air flow (volume), and temperature. It features a separate sensor and display unit, allowing greater flexibility and ease of use in tight or hard-to-reach spaces. The Fluke 925 is particularly suitable for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) maintenance in both residential and commercial buildings, offering a durable and cost-effective solution for routine airflow diagnostics.
We introduce the Gaussian process (GP) modeling module developed within the UQLab software framework. The novel design of the GP-module aims at providing seamless integration of GP modeling into any uncertainty quantification workflow, as well as a standalone surrogate modeling tool. We first briefly present the key mathematical tools on the basis of GP modeling (a.k.a. Kriging), as well as the associated theoretical and computational framework. We then provide an extensive overview of the available features of the software and demonstrate its flexibility and user-friendliness. Finally, we showcase the usage and the performance of the software on several applications borrowed from different fields of engineering. These include a basic surrogate of a well-known analytical benchmark function; a hierarchical Kriging example applied to wind turbine aero-servo-elastic simulations and a more complex geotechnical example that requires a non-stationary, user-defined correlation function. The GP-module, like the rest of the scientific code that is shipped with UQLab, is open source (BSD license).
Lidar for Autonomous Driving, LiDAR Mapping for Driverless Cars.pptxRishavKumar530754
LiDAR-Based System for Autonomous Cars
Autonomous Driving with LiDAR Tech
LiDAR Integration in Self-Driving Cars
Self-Driving Vehicles Using LiDAR
LiDAR Mapping for Driverless Cars
Lidar for Autonomous Driving, LiDAR Mapping for Driverless Cars.pptxRishavKumar530754
Ad
Wraper class slide in advance Java programming
2. Autoboxing :
The automatic conversion of primitive data type into its corresponding wrapper
class is known as autoboxing, for example, byte to Byte, char to Character, int to
Integer, long to Long, float to Float, boolean to Boolean, double to Double, and
short to Short.
3. Example: Primitive to Wrapper
//Java program to convert primitive into objects
//Autoboxing example of int to Integer
class Auto
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20;
Integer i=Integer.valueOf(a); //Converting int into Integer
//converting int into Integer explicitly
Integer j=a; //autoboxing, now compiler will write Integer.valueOf(a) internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}
}
Output:
20 20 20
4. Unboxing :
The automatic conversion of wrapper type into its corresponding primitive type is
known as unboxing. It is the reverse process of autoboxing.
5. Example: Wrapper to Primitive
//Java program to convert object into primitives
//Unboxing example of Integer to int
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Integer a=new Integer(8); //Converting Integer to int
int i=a.intValue(); //converting Integer to int explicitly
int j=a; //unboxing, now compiler will write a.intValue() internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}
}
Output:
8 8 8
6. A. Conversion function (data type to object type) using .valueOf() function
Example :
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 20;
String str = "22";
System.out.println(String.valueOf(x) + str);
}}
O/P : 2022