![REFERENCES
• The public health Emergency Operations Center report on microcephaly.
Epidemiological Week 46 of 2015. Brazil Ministry of Health. Available at:
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20925-
ministerio-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico
• 2. Epidemiological Bulletin. Colombia National Institute of Health.
Epidemiological Week 46 of 2015. Available at: http://www.ins.gov.co/boletin-
epidemiologico/Boletn%20Epidemiolgico/2015%20Boletin%20epidemiologico%2
0semana%2045.pdf
• 3. The public health Emergency Operations Center report on microcephaly.
Epidemiological Week 47 of 2015. Brazil Ministry of Health. Available at:
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/COES-
Microcefalias---Informe-Epidemiol--gico---SE-47---30nov2015.pdf
• 4. Brazil Ministry of Health. Microcephaly – Ministry of Health releases
epidemiological bulletin [Internet]. Available at:
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20805-
ministerio-da-saude-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/5d8b9b07-87b2-4ec6-935a-110fb73e7986-160320195725/85/ZIKA-VIRUS-18-320.jpg)
ZIKA VIRUS
- 2. OUTLINE: • Definition. • Brief history • Countries affected • Mode of transmission • Symptoms • Population at risk • Complications • Diagnosis • Treatments • Prevention • References
- 3. DEFINITION: • Zika is a viral disease caused by an arbovirus of the flavivirus family. • Is a mosquito-borne single-stranded RNA virus related to dengue virus • The disease is characterize by: – acute febrile illness similar to dengue fever, – rash, – inflammation of the joints – conjunctivitis.
- 4. BRIEF HISTORY: • Zika virus was first isolated from a rhesus monkey in Uganda’s Zika Forest in 1947. • The virus is common in: – West and Central Africa – but also occurs in Pakistan, India, Vietnam, – Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia – and Micronesia.
- 5. BRIEF HISTORY: • It was isolated for the first time from humans in Nigeria in 1968. • In recent years the virus has spread throughout the Pacific, with outbreaks in: – the Cook Islands – New Caledonia – French Polynesia – Easter Island.
- 6. BRIEF HISTORY • Only a few imported cases have been reported in Australia, with no locally acquired infections.
- 7. Countries/territories with reported cases of Zika virus infection in the past nine months and past two months, as of 19 January 2016 • Barbados • Bolivia • Brazil • Cape Verde • Colombia • Ecuador • El Salvador • Fiji* • Puerto Rico • Saint Martin • Samoa • Solomon Islands* • Suriname • French Guiana • Guadeloupe • Guatemala • Guyana • Haiti • Honduras • Maldives* • Martinique • Mexico • New Caledonia* • Panama • Paraguay • Thailand • Venezuela
- 8. MODES OF TRANSMISSION : • Zika is a disease of monkeys and humans transmitted by mosquitoes: – Aedes africanus isthe vector in forest areas in Africa, while – Aedes aegypti, the dengue mosquito, is the probable vector in other areas. • Aedes albopictus mosquitoes can also transmit the virus. • Aedes mosquitoes are aggressive daytime biters and feed both indoors and outdoors.
- 9. MODES OF TRANSMISSION • Zika virus can be transmitted locally from: • A pregnant mother to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. • Person -to-person through blood or sexual contact
- 10. SYMPTOMS: • Clinical symptoms last for 4-7 days and include: – headache – muscle aches – Maculopapular rash – fever – Conjunctivitis – joint pain mainly joints of the hands and feet) – diarrhoea.
- 11. POPULATION AT RISK: • Anyone who is living in or traveling to an area where Zika virus is found. • Anyone who has not been previously exposed to the virus.
- 12. COMPLICATIONS: • Guillain-Barré syndrome: – An increase cases has been documented in areas where the virus is endemic. – direct causal relationship has not been established • Microcephaly: – Avialable data suggests a positive correlation between newborn babies of infected mothers and microcephaly • Intracranial Calcification.
- 15. DIAGNOSIS • Zika virus RNA detected by RT-PCR in any clinical specimen within the first 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms, • Serological test to detect Zika virus IgM with confirmatory neutralizing antibody titers that are ≥4-fold higher than dengue virus neutralizing antibody titers in serum. • Testing would be considered inconclusive if Zika virus neutralizing antibody titers are < 4-fold higher than dengue virus neutralizing antibody titers. • Serological tests are useful only after five days
- 16. • There is no specific treatment for the infection but it can be managed symptomatically. • Currently there is no vaccination for the virus. • However, work has already begun in developing one but might take about 10-12 years . TREATMENT
- 17. PREVENTION • Eliminate potential breeding sites of mosquitoes • Personal protection equipments such as: – Wearing loose, light-coloured protective clothing in outdoor situations, covering feet, legs and arms. – Avoid scents on the body, such as perfume, deodorants and sweat, since these can attract mosquitoes. • Sleep under insecticide treated bed nets. • Although there is no travel restriction imposed on the affected regions by WHO; pregnant women are advised not travel to Zika virus endemic regions within their first trimester.
- 18. REFERENCES • The public health Emergency Operations Center report on microcephaly. Epidemiological Week 46 of 2015. Brazil Ministry of Health. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20925- ministerio-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico • 2. Epidemiological Bulletin. Colombia National Institute of Health. Epidemiological Week 46 of 2015. Available at: http://www.ins.gov.co/boletin- epidemiologico/Boletn%20Epidemiolgico/2015%20Boletin%20epidemiologico%2 0semana%2045.pdf • 3. The public health Emergency Operations Center report on microcephaly. Epidemiological Week 47 of 2015. Brazil Ministry of Health. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/COES- Microcefalias---Informe-Epidemiol--gico---SE-47---30nov2015.pdf • 4. Brazil Ministry of Health. Microcephaly – Ministry of Health releases epidemiological bulletin [Internet]. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/index.php/cidadao/principal/agencia-saude/20805- ministerio-da-saude-divulga-boletim-epidemiologico.
- 19. REFERENCES • 5. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic – 24 November 2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2015. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/zika-microcephaly-Brazil-rapid-risk- assessment-Nov-2015.pdf • 6. Information provided by the Brazil International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP). July 2015. • 7. Fiocruz Pernambuco answers questions about Zika virus. Agencia Fiocruz de Noticias. Available at: http://www.agencia.fiocruz.br/fiocruz-pernambuco-esclarece-d%C3%BAvidas-sobre- v%C3%ADrus-zika • 8. Bulletin hebdomadaire international du 5 au 11 mars 2014. N°442. Available at: http://www.invs.sante.fr/Publications-et-outils/Bulletin-hebdomadaire-international/Tous-les- numeros/2014/Bulletin-hebdomadaire-international-du-5-au-11-mars-2014.-N-442 • 9. Dengue. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. World Health Organization, 2009. WHO/HTM/NTD/DEN/2009.1