Zika Virus - Effects & Treatment
- 1. ZIKA VIRUS By: Dr. Ayesha Zaheer
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. • Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). • Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms. • Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects. What is Zika?
- 4. • Before 2015, Zika outbreaks occurred in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. • Currently outbreaks are occurring in many countries and territories. Where has Zika been found? Areas with Risk of Zika
- 6. • Zika can be spread through » Mosquito bites » From a pregnant woman to her fetus » Sex with an infected person » Laboratory exposure • Zika may be spread through blood transfusion. • No reports of infants getting Zika through breastfeeding. How is Zika spread?
- 7. • Many people with Zika will not have symptoms or will only have mild symptoms. • Symptoms last several days to a week. • People usually don’t get sick enough to go to the hospital. • People very rarely die of Zika. How does Zika affect people?
- 8. • For people with symptoms, the most common symptoms of Zika are » Fever » Rash » Headache » Joint pain » Conjunctivitis (red eyes) » Muscle pain What are the symptoms?
- 10. • Zika virus can pass from a pregnant woman to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. • It is not known how often this happens. How can Zika affect pregnancies?
- 11. • Infection during pregnancy can cause damage to the brain, microcephaly, and congenital Zika syndrome • Linked to other problems, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects • No evidence that past infection will affect future pregnancies once the virus has cleared the body How can Zika affect pregnancies?
- 12. • Congenital Zika syndrome » Distinct pattern of birth defects in fetuses and infants of women infected during pregnancy » Associated with 5 types of birth defects not seen or rarely seen with other infections during pregnancy • Severe microcephaly (small head size) resulting in a partially collapsed skull • Decreased brain tissue with brain damage • Damage to the back of the eye with a specific pattern of scarring and increased pigment • Limited range of joint motion, such as clubfoot • Too much muscle tone restricting body movement soon after birth How can Zika affect pregnancies?
- 13. • At each prenatal care visit, all pregnant women should be asked if they » Traveled to or live in an area with risk of Zika » Had sex without a condom with a partner who lives in or traveled to an area with risk of Zika Assessing pregnant women for possible Zika exposure
- 15. • GBS is an uncommon sickness of the nervous system in which a person’s own immune system damages the nerve cells, causing muscle weakness, and sometimes, paralysis. • GBS is strongly associated with Zika but only a small proportion of people with recent Zika infection get GBS. • CDC is continuing to investigate the link between GBS and Zika to learn more. Does Zika cause Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?
- 16. TESTING
- 17. • A doctor or other healthcare provider will ask about any recent travel and any signs and symptoms. • A blood or urine test can confirm a Zika infection. How is Zika diagnosed?
- 18. • Anyone who has or recently had Zika symptoms » And lives in or traveled to any area with risk of Zika, or » Had unprotected sex with a partner who lives in or traveled to any area with risk of Zika Who should be tested for Zika?
- 19. • Pregnant women who live in or frequently travel to areas with risk of Zika • Pregnant women who have a fetus with prenatal ultrasound findings consistent with congenital Zika virus infection and » Live in or traveled to any area with risk of Zika, or » Had unprotected sex with a partner who lives in or traveled to any area with risk of Zika Who should be tested for Zika?
- 20. CDC recommends laboratory testing for • All infants born to mothers with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection during pregnancy • Infants who have abnormal clinical or neuroimaging findings suggestive of congenital Zika syndrome and a mother with a possible exposure to Zika virus, regardless of maternal Zika virus testing results Testing babies for Zika
- 21. WHAT TO DO IF YOU GET INFECTED
- 22. • There is no specific medicine or vaccine for Zika virus infection. • Treat the symptoms » Rest » Drink fluids to prevent dehydration » Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) » Take acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to reduce fever and pain How is Zika treated?
- 23. • Protect yourself from mosquito bites. During the first week of illness, Zika virus can be found in blood. • The virus can be passed from an infected person to a mosquito through bites. • An infected mosquito can spread the virus to other people. What to do if you have Zika
- 24. SURVEILLANCE
- 25. • Healthcare providers should report cases to their local, state, or territorial health department. • State and territorial health departments are encouraged to report confirmed cases to CDC through ArboNET, the national surveillance system for arboviral diseases. • Pregnant women with any lab evidence of possible Zika virus infection should be reported to the US Zika Pregnancy Registry. Reporting of Zika in the United States 2017 Case Counts in the US
- 27. • CDC established the US Zika Pregnancy Registry to collect information and learn more about pregnant women in the US with Zika and their infants. • Data will be used to » Update recommendations for clinical care » Plan for services for pregnant women and families affected by Zika » Improve prevention of Zika infection during pregnancy • Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System is used in Puerto Rico. US Zika Pregnancy Registry https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html https://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html
- 28. PREVENTION Protect from mosquito bites
- 29. Zika is primarily spread through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus mosquito. Take steps to protect yourself and others.
- 30. • Here’s what you can do to help control mosquitoes outside your home » Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or throw out items that hold water. » Tightly cover water storage containers. » Use larvicides to kill larvae in containers of water that cannot be emptied and will not be used for drinking. » Use an outdoor insect spray made to kill mosquitoes in areas where they rest. » If you have a septic tank, repair cracks or gaps. Control mosquitoes outside
- 31. • Here’s what you can do to help control mosquitoes inside your home: » Use window and door screens. » Use air conditioning when possible. » Once a week, empty, scrub, turn over, or throw out items that hold water. » If you have mosquitoes inside your home, use an indoor insect fogger or indoor insect spray. • When using insecticides, always follow label directions. Control mosquitoes inside
- 32. • Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents. » Use a repellent with one of the following active ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane- diol, or 2-undecanone. • Always follow the product label instructions. • Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing. • If also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen before applying insect repellent. Wear insect repellent
- 33. • Cover up exposed skin » Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. • Treat clothing and gear » Use permethrin* to treat clothing and gear or buy pre-treated items. » See product information to learn how long the protection will last. » Do not use permethrin products directly on skin. * Permethrin is not effective in Puerto Rico. Create a barrier between you and mosquitoes
- 34. • For babies and children » Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs. » For children older than 2 months, use insect repellent on exposed skin. » Cover crib, stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting. Protect your family
- 35. • Applying insect repellent on children » Do not apply repellent onto hands, eyes, mouth, and cut or irritated skin. » Adults: Spray onto your hands and then apply to a child’s face. » Do not use insect repellent on babies younger than 2 months old. » Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol on children younger than 3 years old. Protect your family
- 37. • Zika can be passed through sex from a person who has Zika to his or her sex partners. » Sex includes vaginal, anal, and oral sex and the sharing of sex toys. » Zika can be passed through sex before symptoms start, during, and after symptoms end. » It can be passed even if the infected person does not have symptoms at the time or never develops symptoms. • Zika virus can stay in semen longer than in vaginal fluids, urine, and blood. About sexual transmission
- 38. • Not having sex eliminates the risk of getting Zika from sex. • Condoms can reduce the chance of getting Zika from sex. » Includes male and female condoms. » Condoms should be used from start to finish, every time during vaginal, anal, and oral sex and the sharing of sex toys. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/pdfs/mm6529e2.pdf Protect your partner
- 39. Protect your partner • People with a partner who traveled to an area with risk of Zika can use condoms or not have sex » If the traveler is female: For at least 8 weeks after return, or after start of symptoms or diagnosis » If the traveler is male: For at least 6 months after return, or after start of symptoms or diagnosis • People living in an area with risk of Zika can use condoms or not have sex.
- 40. During pregnancy • Pregnant couples in which one or both partners live in or traveled to an area with risk of Zika should: » Use condoms from start to finish every time they have sex (oral, vaginal, or anal) or not have sex during the pregnancy. » Not share sex toys during the pregnancy.
- 41. If you’re thinking about having a baby Exposure from travel to or sex without a condom with someone who lives in or traveled to an area with a CDC Zika travel notice Women Men Wait at least 2 months after symptoms start or last possible exposure before trying to get pregnant. Wait at least 6 months after symptoms start or last possible exposure before trying to conceive with your partner.
- 42. If you’re thinking about having a baby Exposure from travel to or sex without a condom with someone who lives in or traveled to an area with risk of Zika but without a CDC Zika travel notice Women Men If no symptoms, talk with a healthcare provider about plans for pregnancy. If no symptoms, talk with a healthcare provider about plans for pregnancy. Wait at least 2 months after symptoms start before trying to get pregnant. Wait at least 6 months after symptoms start before trying to get pregnant.
- 43. People living in or frequently traveling to any area with risk of Zika Women Men If no symptoms, talk with a healthcare provider about plans for pregnancy. If no symptoms, talk with a healthcare provider about plans for pregnancy. Wait at least 2 months after symptoms start before trying to get pregnant. Wait at least 6 months after symptoms start before trying to get pregnant. If you’re thinking about having a baby
- 45. • If you are pregnant, do not travel to areas with risk of Zika. • If you must travel, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider and strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during the trip. Travel guidance for pregnant women
- 46. • If you travel to an area with risk of Zika » Strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites. » Use condoms or do not have sex during the trip. Protect yourself while traveling
- 47. • Stay in places with air conditioning and with window and door screens. • Use a bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms are not available or if sleeping outdoors. Protect yourself while traveling
Editor's Notes
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