zika.ppt community medicine presantation

ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE
Dr. R. N. Mahore
Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine
G. R. Medical College Gwalior

Introduction
 Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in
Uganda in 1947 through a network that monitored yellow fever.
 The first human Zika Fever infection was identified in Nigeria in
1954.
 The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika infection was
reported from Island of Yap in 2007.
 In July 2015, Brazil reported an association between Zika virus
infection and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
 In October 2015, Brazil reported an association between Zika virus
infection and microcephaly.
 World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika Virus Disease as
a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on
1st February 2016.

Problem statement
 Currently, WHO has reported 22 countries and territories
in Americas from where local transmission of Zika virus
has been reported.
 Zika virus disease has the potential for further
international spread given the wide geographical
distribution of the mosquito vector, a lack of immunity
among population in newly affected areas and the high
volume of international travel.
 As of now, the disease has not been reported in India.
However, the mosquito that transmits Zika virus, namely
Aedes aegypti, that also transmits dengue virus, is widely
prevalent in India

 India has recorded its
biggest outbreak of Zika virus to date with more than 100 cases of
Zika reported to WHO in October 2018 from the state ofRajasthan.
Incubation period: Ranges from 3 to 14 days.
Zika virus infection may also trigger a range of neurological
complications ranging from Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathy
to myelitis, particularlyin adults and older children. Transplacental
transmission may lead to microcephaly, that is caused by
underlying abnormal brain development or loss of brain tissue.
Child outcomes vary according to the extent of brain damage.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy is also responsible for other
congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newbornsuch as including
limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye
abnormalities, and hearing loss apart from fetal loss, stillbirth and
preterm birth, collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome.
Zika-related complications are estimated to be manifested in

 Diagnosis
Suspicion of Zika virus infection should be made in people
who are either living in or visiting the areas in which virus
transmission and vector of the disease, i.e. Aedes mosquitoes
are identified. However, a confirmed diagnosis should be made
using nucleic acid testing (NAT) and serologyfor rising titers of
IgM levels detection using body fluids, including blood, urine or
semen.

zika.ppt community medicine presantation

Agent factor
 Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus
(arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
 The virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus, family
Flaviviridae, and is closely related to other flaviviruses of
public health relevance including dengue, chikungunya,
yellow fever and West Nile viruses.
 The reservoir of infection is not known

Mode of transmission
 Primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected
Aedes species mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus)
 Extrinsic incubation period - 7-10 days
 Maternal fetal
 Sexual transmission from an infected person to his or her
partners.
 Blood transfusion.
 There are no reports of transmission of Zika virus
infection through breastfeeding.
 Zika virus has been detected in breast milk.
 Based on available evidence, the benefits of
breastfeeding outweigh any possible risk

Clinical picture
 The incubation period of Zika virus disease is not clear,
but is likely to be a few days.
 The symptoms are similar to other arbovirus infections
such as dengue, and include fever, skin rashes,
conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and
headache.
 These symptoms are usually mild and last for 2-7 days.
 Only one out of four infected people develops symptoms
of the disease.

 Zika virus disease should be suspected in patients
reporting with acute onset of fever, maculo-papular rash
and arthralgia, among those individuals who travelled to
areas with ongoing transmission during the two weeks
preceding the onset of illness.
 Based on the available information of previous outbreaks,
severe forms of disease requiring hospitalization is
uncommon and fatalities are rare.

Diagnosis
 Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR (polymerase
chain reaction) and virus isolation from blood samples.
 Diagnosis by serology is not recommended.

Prevention
 Aedes mosquitoes and their breeding sites pose a
significant risk factor for Zika virus infection.
 Prevention and control relies on reducing mosquitoes
through source reduction (removal and modification of
breeding sites) and reducing contact between
mosquitoes and people.

Treatment
 Zika virus disease is usually relatively mild and requires
no specific treatment.
 People sick with Zika virus should get plenty of rest,
drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever with
paracetamol.
 If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and
advice.
 There is currently no vaccine available.

 NCDC, Delhi and National Institute of Virology (NIV) ,
Pune, have the capacity to provide laboratory diagnosis
of Zika virus disease in acute febrile stage.
 These two institutions would be the apex laboratories to
support the outbreak investigation and for confirmation
of laboratory diagnosis.
 Ten additional laboratories would be strengthened by
ICMR to expand the scope of laboratory diagnosis.
 RT- PCR test would remain the standard test.
 As of now there is no commercially available test for
Zika virus disease.

zika.ppt community medicine presantation

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