smith - waterman algorithm.pptx
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The Smith-Waterman (S-W) algorithm is a dynamic programming method for local sequence alignment, allowing for the identification of similar regions between nucleotide or protein sequences. It optimizes similarity length by comparing sequences of varying lengths and utilizes a scoring system with a substitution matrix and gap penalties, ensuring optimal local alignments are achieved. The traceback procedure starts from the highest scoring cell and continues until a score of zero is reached, revealing the most similar segments.
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Tissue-Culture-Fundamentals-and-Applications.pdf.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document explores the fundamentals and applications of tissue culture, detailing techniques, historical significance, and its transformative impact on biology and medicine. It covers various types of tissue culture including plant, animal, and microbial cell cultures, along with cell line establishment and maintenance, organ culture, and tissue engineering. Additionally, it discusses the importance of sterilization, media preparation, and the role of cryopreservation in cell banking and regenerative medicine.
Avian Ecology and habitat selection.(power point)ppt
Avian Ecology and habitat selection.(power point)pptDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses avian ecology, focusing on community ecology, habitat selection, and the impact of various factors on bird populations. It highlights the importance of vegetation structure for avian diversity, explains how birds reduce competition through geographic and habitat segregation, and provides methods for habitat assessment and bird census techniques. The document stresses measuring species diversity and understanding habitat preferences to aid in bird conservation and predict environmental changes.
Bird sexual selection and Migration (Biodiversity powerpoint)ppt
Bird sexual selection and Migration (Biodiversity powerpoint)pptDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses sexual selection and migration in birds, emphasizing the methods males use to attract females, such as colorful plumage, song, nest building, and dance. It explains how these traits, which can evolve through sexual selection, can lead to speciation and variations within species. Additionally, it covers the reasons behind bird migration, types of migration, migratory routes known as flyways, and the numerous threats migrants face, including habitat loss and climate change.
Bird Census Techniques (BIODIVERSITY power point)
Bird Census Techniques (BIODIVERSITY power point)Dr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses various bird census techniques aimed at understanding bird populations and their habitats. It details different methods such as descriptive studies, population monitoring, habitat assessment, and management experiments, highlighting their advantages, potential errors, and the scales at which they can be applied. The techniques range from large-scale methods like Christmas bird counts to smaller, more precise methods like point counts and mist-netting, each with specific applications and accuracy considerations.
PCR-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (POWER POINT)
PCR-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (POWER POINT)Dr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document describes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a technique for amplifying specific DNA regions using oligonucleotide primers and DNA polymerase. It covers details about primer selection, specificity, and the use of electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for analyzing DNA. Additionally, it touches on fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) for imaging active organisms, highlighting various methods for targeting specific DNA sequences.
PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)Act, 1996, (BIODIVERSITY)
PESA (Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)Act, 1996, (BIODIVERSITY)Dr. Vimal Priya subramanian The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA) aims to ensure self-governance for tribal communities in India's scheduled areas by empowering gram sabhas with significant decision-making authority over various local matters and resources. Enacted to extend the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment to these regions, PESA recognizes and safeguards the traditional rights and cultural identity of tribal communities. However, challenges in implementation, such as partial enforcement and lack of political will, hinder the effectiveness of PESA in enhancing self-governance in tribal areas.
Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992-BIODIVERSITY
Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992-BIODIVERSITYDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document outlines regulations for zoos in India, including recognition application procedures, animal health and welfare standards, and operational guidelines to ensure the conservation of wildlife. It mandates that zoos provide proper habitats, veterinary care, and nutritious food while preventing cruelty and ensuring the safety of both animals and visitors. Additionally, it specifies management requirements such as staffing, enclosures, and waste disposal to maintain a healthy environment for animals and visitors alike.
BENTHAM and Hooker classification.ppt
BENTHAM and Hooker classification.pptDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Bentham and Hooker’s classification of the plant kingdom organizes plants into a hierarchical system based on similarities, with categories including species, genus, family, order, class, and division. Their natural classification system, introduced in the 19th century, offers a comprehensive approach by grouping plants based on shared traits and relationships but does not adequately reflect their evolutionary links. Despite its merits, such as accuracy and natural organization, the system faces criticism for potential misplacement of families and the exclusion of certain floral characteristics.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.pptx
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) developed a modern system of plant taxonomy based primarily on molecular evidence, beginning with its first version published in 1998, followed by updates in 2003, 2009, and 2016. The classification aims to address previous deficiencies by ensuring groups are monophyletic and focuses on establishing a consensus among systematic botanists regarding flowering plant relationships. APG publications have gained significant influence, leading major herbaria to adopt its classification system, which now recognizes 64 orders and 416 families in flowering plants.
Research aproaches.pptx
Research aproaches.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document emphasizes the significance of research in fostering inquiry, critical thinking, and the acquisition of knowledge across various fields, from academia to professional careers. It outlines different research methods and techniques, distinguishing between data collection, statistical analysis, and evaluation methods, while noting that research methodology encompasses the broader understanding of applying these techniques effectively. Additionally, it highlights the necessity for researchers to grasp the rationale and logic behind their chosen methods to ensure validity in their studies.
Forest Rights Act 2006.ppt
Forest Rights Act 2006.pptDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The Forest Rights Act (2006) in India recognizes the rights of scheduled tribes and traditional forest dwellers over forest resources, which were historically denied due to colonial laws. It aims to empower these communities by providing rights to land and resources, promoting self-governance, and ensuring livelihood security while integrating conservation efforts. The act faces challenges regarding implementation and the adequacy of claims processing, which sometimes leads to continued evictions and disputes over land rights.
chloroplast inheritance.ppt
chloroplast inheritance.pptDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritances are forms of extranuclear or cytoplasmic inheritance, where genes outside the nucleus, primarily from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria, are transmitted to the offspring. There are three main patterns of extranuclear inheritance: vegetative segregation, uniparental inheritance, and biparental inheritance, which differ in how organellar DNA is passed from parents to offspring. Maternal inheritance is a common mode in many organisms, especially for mitochondrial DNA, where the offspring inherits organelles exclusively from the mother.
nitrogen metabolism(1).vimalsubbu.pptx
nitrogen metabolism(1).vimalsubbu.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Nitrogen metabolism is crucial for plant growth, as nitrogen is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Plants obtain nitrogen from various sources, including atmospheric nitrogen, nitrates, and organic compounds, with certain bacteria and legumes playing a vital role in biological nitrogen fixation. The process involves complex biochemical reactions where nitrogen is converted into usable forms, primarily through the catalysis of specially adapted enzymes within root nodules.
ginkoales.pptx
ginkoales.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian This document provides information about the order Ginkgoales. It discusses that Ginkgoales is an ancient order of gymnosperms that is now only represented by one surviving species, Ginkgo biloba, known as the living fossil. The document describes the morphological features and life cycle of G. biloba, including its fan-shaped leaves, dioecious reproduction, and development of male microsporangia and female megasporangia. It also notes the economic and medicinal uses of G. biloba as an ornamental shade tree and treatment for memory problems.
Conservation strategies
Conservation strategiesDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses conservation strategies employed by the IUCN, highlighting in-situ and ex-situ methods for protecting biodiversity. In-situ conservation focuses on protecting species within their natural habitats through national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, while ex-situ strategies involve preserving species in controlled environments like zoos and botanical gardens. It emphasizes the pros and cons of each approach, addressing their effectiveness and challenges in maintaining ecological integrity and managing human impact.
Mushroom cultivation.pptx
Mushroom cultivation.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Mushrooms are fast-growing fungi with a basic structure that includes a stipe and cap and are cultivated from various waste materials. They offer advantages over conventional protein sources by being easy to grow and converting waste into fertile soil, with many edible species being commercially significant. Proper cultivation involves several steps, including spawn production, substrate preparation, maintenance of mushroom beds, and harvesting, with mushrooms providing high nutritional value and various health benefits.
GIS VIMAL SUBBU.17.08.2022.pptx
GIS VIMAL SUBBU.17.08.2022.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses remote sensing as the observation of objects from a distance, using different wavelengths of radiation without direct contact. It outlines the principles of remote sensing, types (passive and active), components of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and applications in vegetation classification, forest resource management, and soil studies. Key aspects include the use of electromagnetic spectrum and the role of various data types and tools in enhancing understanding and management of natural resources.
Exotics
ExoticsDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Exotic plants, defined as non-native species introduced from foreign countries, are often preferred in regions like India for their superior wood quality, fast growth, and greater adaptability compared to indigenous species. While they provide significant economic benefits and productivity in forestry, issues such as initial failure, pest attacks, and adverse environmental conditions can lead to plantation failures. Furthermore, some exotics may cause ecological problems like soil poisoning and alteration of water supply quality.
man made forests-Vims.pptx
man made forests-Vims.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian The document discusses various classifications of man-made forests, including industrial forests, agroforestry, social forestry, and multipurpose forests. It emphasizes the importance of forest management systems that integrate agricultural practices, enhance environmental sustainability, and support local communities. Additionally, it addresses the challenges posed by monoculture and highlights the benefits of diversifying forest uses to include recreational, ecological, and economic functions.
Two-component regulatory system.pptx
Two-component regulatory system.pptxDr. Vimal Priya subramanian Two-component regulatory systems are a basic stimulus-response mechanism that allow organisms to sense and respond to environmental conditions. They typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses stimuli and a response regulator that mediates the cellular response through gene expression. Two-component systems are widespread in prokaryotes but relatively rare in eukaryotes. Signal transduction occurs through phosphorylation cascades between the histidine kinase and response regulator. These systems enable bacteria to adapt to various environments, stresses, and growth conditions.
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Paper - 107: The Twentieth Century Literature: From World War II to the End of the Century
Submitted Date: April 4, 2025
Paper Name: The Twentieth Century Literature: From World War II to the End of the Century
Topic: From Watchdog to Lapdog: Ishiguro’s Fiction and the Rise of “Godi Media” in Post-2014 Indian Journalism
[Please copy the link and paste it into any web browser to access the content.]
Video Link: https://youtu.be/kIEqwzhHJ54
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- 1. Smith and waterman algorithm Vimal Priya Subramanian
- 2. WhatisS-W algorithm?? The S-W algorithm performs in local sequence alignment for determining two similar regions between two strings nucleotide sequences or protein sequence. Instead of looking for entire sequence, S-W algorithm compares sequence of all possible lengths and optimizes similarity length.
- 3. The algorithm was first proposed by Temple F. Smith and Michael S. Waterman in 1981. Like the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, of which it is a variation, Smith–Waterman is a dynamic programming algorithm. As such, it has the desirable property that it is guaranteed to find the optimal local alignment with respect to the scoring system being used (which includes the substitution matrix and the gap-scoring scheme). The main difference to the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is that negative scoring matrix cells are set to zero, which renders the (thus positively scoring) local alignments visible. Traceback procedure starts at the highest scoring matrix cell and proceeds until a cell with score zero is encountered, yielding the highest scoring local alignment.
- 4. Substitution matrix and gap penalty schemes A substitution matrix assigns each pair of bases or amino acids a score for match or mismatch. Usually matches get positive scores, whereas mismatches get relatively lower scores. A gap penalty function determines the score cost for opening or extending gaps. It is suggested that users choose the appropriate scoring system based on the goals. In addition, it is also a good practice to try different combinations of substitution matrices and gap penalties.
- 5. Scoringmatrix The dimensions of the scoring matrix are 1+length of each sequence respectively. All the elements of the first row and the first column are set to 0. The extra first row and first column make it possible to align one sequence to another at any position, and setting them to 0 makes the terminal gap free from penalty.
- 8. Scoring Score each element from left to right, top to bottom in the matrix, considering the outcomes of substitutions (diagonal scores) or adding gaps (horizontal and vertical scores). If none of the scores are positive, this element gets a 0. Otherwise the highest score is used and the source of that score is recorded.
- 11. Traceback Starting at the element with the highest score, traceback based on the source of each score recursively, until 0 is encountered. The segments that have the highest similarity score based on the given scoring system is generated in this process. To obtain the second best local alignment, apply the traceback process starting at the second highest score outside the trace of the best alignment.