Latin america overview
- 1. Key Concepts to Remember About Latin America By Mrs. Cullen
- 4. Geography and Its Effects • Location – Latin America is that part of the Western Hemisphere south of the United States – Contains four regions: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, and South America – Effects of Location:
- 5. Regionalism • People feel more loyalty to their local areas than they do to their country • Caused by geography by:
- 6. Resources • Has a variety of resources including oil in Venezuela • Venezuela belongs to: • Effects of having resources:
- 7. Important Geographic Effects Features Mountains - Andes, Sierra Causes regionalism Madres Hinders farming, settling, trading Terrace farming? Plains - pampas, llanos Rainforests - Amazon Isthmus - Panama Desert - Atacama Rivers - Amazon, Rio de Janeiro, Orinoco
- 11. Early Civilizations • What does the term Pre-Columbian mean? • What does the term Mesoamerican mean?
- 12. The Maya Location Guatemala Achievements How They Adapted to Their Environment Reasons for Decline Disease? Invasion?
- 14. The Aztecs Location Mexico Achievements How They Adapted to Their Environment Reasons for Decline
- 16. The Inca Location Peru, South America Achievements How They Adapted to Their Environment Reasons for Decline
- 18. Cultural Terms • Latin America is culturally diverse - has been affected by Native American, African, Asian, and European cultures
- 19. Cultural Terms • Machismo - traditional attitude of male superiority • Patriarchal - male dominates the family
- 20. Cultural Terms • Roman Catholic Church - important institution in Latin America since the 1500s • Traditionally supported the governments (including the corrupt ones)
- 21. Cultural Terms • Liberation theology: Catholic nuns and priests who encourage Latin American people to fight for social justice (even though the Pope does not approve of their actions)
- 22. Cultural Diffusion • Latin America has experienced cultural diffusion through the mixing of ideas from African slaves, European settlers, Asian immigrants and Native Americans • Examples of Cultural Diffusion:
- 23. European Colonialism 1500-1825 • Political Aspects •Spanish king was absolute monarch •Appointed Viceroys (governors) torun the colonies • •Appointed audiencias (court/spies) to monitor the activities of the viceroy
- 24. European Colonialism 1500-1825 • Economic Aspects •Mercantilism - •Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade •Encomienda •Repartimiento - Native Americans work part of the year for the Spanish •Peonage - cycle of debt that kept Native Americans stuck working for Spanish
- 26. European Colonialism 1500-1825 • Social Aspects • Peninsulares = • Creoles/Criollos = • Mestizos & Mulattos = • Native Americans = • (Bartholomew de las Casas) • African slaves = worked on plantations
- 27. Independence Movements late 1700s-early 1800s • Causes:
- 28. Independence Movements late 1700s-early 1800s • Toussaint L’Ouverture – Freed ________________ – Miguel Hidalgo • Led rebellions in _________________
- 30. Independence Movements late 1700s-early 1800s • Simon Bolivar “The Liberator” – Freed ____________________ – Gran Colombia = _______________ • Jose de San Martin – Freed __________________ – “Knight of the Andes”
- 31. Problems in Latin America Following Independence • Caudillos/Dictators & Juntas – Democracy requires educated citizens and compromise; most people were uneducated; easier for a dictator to take control • Economies reliant on one or two cash crops = • Power of the Oligarchy – Three groups that held the most power • 1. – 2. » 3.
- 32. Relationship with the United States • Monroe Doctrine = US told Europe that they were not allowed to reestablish colonies in Latin America
- 33. Relationship with the United States • Spanish-American War 1898 – US assisted Cuba in breaking away from Spanish colonialism – US obtained:
- 34. Relationship with the United States • Roosevelt Corollary – US established itself as the “policeman of the Western Hemisphere”
- 35. Relationship with the United States • Good Neighbor Policy/Alliance for Progress – Efforts by the US to help Latin American nations improve standard of living – US tries to improve its image
- 36. Relationship with the United States • NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement • Involves USA, Mexico, and Canada • Removes tariffs on trade among these three countries
- 39. Other Aspects on NAFTA
- 40. Cuban Revolution 1959 • Causes – Cuba was ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista
- 41. Cuban Revolution 1959 • Effects: – Cuba becomes a communist government under Fidel Castro
- 43. Reactions to Communist Cuba • 1961 - Bay of Pigs Invasion – US supported and trained Cuban refugees to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro – Did not succeed
- 44. Reactions to Communist Cuba • 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis
- 46. Effects of the Fall of the Soviet Union on Cuba
- 47. History of Nicaragua Movie Clip
- 48. Civil War in Nicaragua late 1970s-1980s • Somoza family dictators ruled from 1936-1970s • 1978 – assassination of Pedro Chamorro, publisher of opposition newspaper, sparked uprising which toppled the Somoza government • 1979 – Sandinistas came to power under Daniel Ortega – wanted a socialist type of state to improve lives of people
- 49. Civil War in Nicaragua • Sandinistas vs. Contras • USA supported Contras – military force trying to overthrow Sandinistas • 1990 – Violetta Chamorro is elected President; has people from both the Contras and the Sandinistas in her government
- 51. El Salvador • Smallest, most densely populated Central American nation • Coffee cultivation important • Largely dominated by few wealthy families • Civil war – protest against long years of corrupt military governments & economic unfairness
- 52. El Salvador • 1979 – government tries a US-backed program to distribute land to peasants – turned 472 privately-owned plantations into cooperative farms • Divided the population • Terrorist groups formed – death squads & guerrillas • 1980s – 70,000+ people killed • Over 500,000 people homeless • 1989 – murder of Jesuit priests and nuns
- 53. Death Squads in El Salvador • Death squads common in 1970s and 1980s - military groups who made people “disappear” in the middle of the night
- 55. El Salvador • Archbishop Oscar Romero was assassinated while saying mass for his support of liberation theology
- 56. • Liberation theology: Catholic nuns and priests who encourage Latin American people to fight for social justice (even though the Pope does not approve of their actions)
- 58. Puerto Rico’ Position as a Commonwealth • Are citizens of USA • Are not allowed to vote for president • Do not pay federal income taxes • Debate in PR on whether to become the 51st state, stay a commonwealth, or declare independence
- 59. Panama • The Canal – The Beginning: Who built the canal? • December 31, 1999 - Control of the Panama Canal Zone passed from the US to Panama – Still a major international trade route
- 61. Panama - Manuel Noriega • Panamanian President involved in drug trafficking between Colombia and USA • US Marines entered Panama to apprehend Noriega • Surrounded him in a church - played loud music to get him to leave the church • Still in a Miami jail?
- 62. Show Haiti Movie Clips
- 68. US Involvement in Haiti - 1990s • Causes: – Haiti’s first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrow by military general Raoul Cedras
- 69. US Involvement in Haiti - 1990s • Effects – Three years later former US President Jimmy Carter helped arrange Cedras’ withdrawal from Haiti and Aristide’s return to power
- 70. Colombia • One Crop Economy - It’s a problem!
- 71. Colombia • Narcoterrorism - It’s a problem!
- 72. Drug Cartels • Gangster organizations – established an illegal but highly profitable drug trade • 2 main centers/cartels – Medellin & Cali • Use bribery, murder, bombings as terrorist techniques to keep power
- 74. Drug Trafficking • 1989 – US govt gave Colombian govt military equipment and advisers in war against cocaine • In return, US wanted heads of drug cartels to be EXTRADICTED to US (turned over to stand trial) • Didn’t work – drug cartels increased terrorism
- 75. Brazil & Deforestation • What is deforestation?
- 76. Brazil & Deforestation • Causes:
- 77. Brazil & Deforestation • Effects: