Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the death of neurons leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and inability to perform daily activities. Symptoms include worsening memory, confusion, and changes in personality, with progression resulting in severe impairment and reliance on care. Diagnosis involves medical history, cognitive tests, and imaging, with risk factors including age, genetics, and certain health conditions.
Alzheimer's Disease
- 2. What is Alzheimer’s Disease It is the most common type of Dementia. Dementia- This is a common term which is used to explain a variation of diseases and condition that flourish when nerve cells in the brain (called neurons) die or no longer function normally. Due to death or not functioning properly neurons causes changes in memory, behavior and ability to think clearly. These brain changes ultimately impair an individual’s ability to carry out such basic bodily functions like walking and swallowing. This disease is ultimately incurable. This disease occurs mainly in people with old age and it can be linked genetically Dementia are usually define on the criteria given in the Diagnostic and Statistical of mental disorders fourth edition (DSM- IV) 9/22/2014 2
- 3. Signs ≤ Worsening ability to remember new information. because the first neurons to die and malfunction are usually neurons in brain region involved in forming new memories. ≤Memory loss ≤Challenges in planning or solving problems ≤Confusion with time or place ≤Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationship ≤New problems with words in speaking or writing ≤Decreased or poor judgment ≤Withdrawal from work or social activities ≤Changes in mood and personality ≤Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps ≤Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, at work or at leisure. 9/22/2014 3
- 4. Mild Alzheimer's Moderate Alzheimer’s Server Alzheimer’s As the disease progresses, the individual’s cognitive and functional abilities decline. Alzheimer's people are more vulnerable to infections , including pneumonia is the very common infection of the lungs. 9/22/2014 4
- 5. In advanced Alzheimer's , people will forget certain basic activities of daily living called as ADLs such as α Bathing αDressing αEating αUsing the bathroom αLost their ability to communicate αFailed to recognize loved ones αBecome bed- bound αReliant on around- the- clock care. 9/22/2014 5
- 6. Causes Ageing Environmental Factors Family History and Genetics 9/22/2014 6
- 7. Risk Factors Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Hyperlipidemia Smoking Alcohol Depression and chronic kidney disease Metabolic Syndrome and folate deficiency Trace mineral, chemical and environmental exposure Head Trauma Elevated homocysteine , Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 9/22/2014 7
- 8. These are some risk factors which you cannot be modified Ὠ Increased Age ὨFemale gender ὨApoE- genotype ὨIntracellular trafficking 9/22/2014 8
- 9. Diagnosis Most commonly made by an individual’s primary care physicians. Physicians obtains a medical and family history , including psychiatric history and history of cognitive and behavioral changes. The physicians also asks a family member or other person close to the individual to provide input. The physicians conducts cognitive tests and physical and neurological examinations and undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRL). In 2011 ,The national institute on aging ( NIA) and the Alzheimer's association proposed new criteria and guidelines for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. In 2012, the NIA and the Alzheimer’s Association also proposed new guidelines to help pathologists describe and categorize the brain changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 9/22/2014 9
- 10. Stages of Alzheimer's disease There are a number of stages of Alzheimer diseases ① Stage 1 appears - Normal ① Stage 2 – Very Mild – No noticeable cognitive decline ① Stage 3- Mild – Mild function deficit ① Stage 4- Moderate – Family and friends notice problems ①Stage 5- Moderately Server ① Stage 6- Server ① Stage 7- Very Server ① Stage 8- Terminal – Loss of speech , locomotion , consciousness and death 9/22/2014 10
- 11. How Your Doctor Could Spot The Signs Blood- Samples of blood are examined for tell – tale changes in proteins linked to Alzheimer's . There might be more or less of them or they could be present in a mutant form. Brain- Scans can show if key areas of the brain including its ‘ memory ‘ hub are shrinking. They also measures levels of amyloid the protein that clogs the brain in Alzheimer's. Eyes- Damage to the delicate cells at the back of the eye directly corresponds with brain cell death . Memory- Memory test that can be taken at home in 15 minutes and can spot the signs of Alzheimer's. 9/22/2014 11
- 12. Prepared by Sakshi Dubey Thank you for viewing this presentation Freelance Senior Article and Medical Writer [email protected] 9/22/2014 12
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