Artix Linux is a fast, customizable and user-friendly Linux distribution based on Arch Linux. It is now more stable and secure than its predecessors while using real init systems instead of systemd. Artix Linux can be installed either by console (text-based) or GUI installer. Although GUI installers are an easier and faster option at least for beginners and novice users. In this article, we'll cover installation of Artix Linux via GUI installer method. Besides there are some pre-requisites that you need to have on your system before beginning the installation, which we'll cover next. Prerequisites Ensure that VirtualBox is installed ... Read More

Yum repository is a central database of software that is used for installation/upgrade of packages on a Red Hat/CentOS based Linux server. This repository includes software that are used by system as well as for user level programs. An administrator can set-up a custom local yum repository instead of using the default ones provided by the OS for several reasons like: to provide normal or specialized software packages possibly in a restricted network environment; to maintain version levels across a set of servers; to optimize network bandwidth usage; to adhere to organization policy for maintaining security or possibly a combination ... Read More

Apache HTTP server (often called Apache) is an open-source, cross-platform web server developed by Apache Software Foundation. It is one of the most popular web servers available used for hosting web sites and serving web content. By default, Apache works on port 80/tcp for HTTP and 443/tcp for HTTPS. There are situations (like security considerations, port conflicts with other programs or need to run multiple web servers) where one may need to modify these default ports which the web server listens on. Changing Apache Port on Linux Read this tutorial to learn how to change HTTP port for Apache on ... Read More

Secure Copy Protocol (scp) helps to securely transfer files between hosts on a network. It relies on SSH (secure shell) using SFTP protocol to create a secure connection and encrypt the data during transit whether it is a single file or whole directory. scp uses the same authentication as SSH and provides the same security as a login session. It'll prompt for password or passphrases, if required. If SSH keys are configured between local and remote systems for the involved user(s), scp can run without any prompts to the user. This article will show you how you can ... Read More

VirtualBox is an open-source, cross-platform virtualization tool by Oracle which allows us to create and run multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single physical machine. As a Type-2 Hypervisor, VirtualBox is installed on top of an operating system such as Windows, Linux or Mac and provides both headless interface and GUI (Graphical User Interface) for creating and managing virtual machines. Installing VirtualBox Step-by-step process for installing VirtualBox on a CentOS 9 machine is as follows: Initially, check if your system supports virtualization with the command below: $ lscpu | grep -i virtualization Virtualization type: full $ In case, there’s ... Read More

On all Linux-based systems, PATH is the name of a crucial environment variable which is used by shell to look for executable files before running any command. The PATH variable contains a list of directories where different system and user-based programs are available. This variable sometimes needs to be updated to include additional custom directories, to allow running executables from new location without specifying the absolute path of the executable (or first changing to its parent directory). For example, instead of specifying the absolute path for Python like /usr/bin/python3, you can simply write python3 because /usr/bin is part of the ... Read More

In any Linux terminal, you usually get a prompt to type commands and get their outputs. For some commands and scripts, you may need inputs which are usually provided by the user by typing on the terminal. For normal commands or text inputs, we can see whatever is typed on the terminal. But there are some cases where we don't want to display these input text on screen for security reasons, like preventing any sensitive information such as passwords, keys or personal data from getting exposed. Linux terminal allows us to prevent printing of typed characters on screen for this ... Read More

DNS is the backbone of modern Internet infrastructure. DNS stands for Domain Name System which is a system that translates domain names into IP addresses. There are different types of DNS queries and hierarchy of DNS servers that resolve DNS queries. Like any query, DNS queries also introduces some latency which could affect application performance and end-user satisfaction, if the delay adds up significantly. What is DNS Caching? DNS caching is a critical mechanism that improves network performance and reduces unnecessary network traffic. By storing previously resolved domain names locally, DNS cache helps speed up web browsing, network applications, and ... Read More

The userspace is the area or space where all the applications executed by the user are located, such as the terminal, web browser, text editor, etc. In simple terms, the userspace is an area with resources for user processes to run. This space has limited access to the hardware, a separate memory, and user privileges. It has its own components, such as: Shell − The command-line interface. User Libraries − Provide the interface for system calls. Daemons − Background processes. Utilities and Tools − Tools like grep and vim, which run inside the userspace. Applications running in the ... Read More

Bash script is a language that has multiple functionalities and capabilities, and as a programmer, keeping track of and remembering all the language syntax, especially if it's not your day-to-day language, is hard. For this purpose, we use comments, which allow us to simplify and demonstrate what a part of the code does. Writing comments is not necessary or obligatory, but it's a good practice, and here's why we use comments in code − Remember the code − Sometimes you write code and forget it for some time. When you come back, you might not remember why you wrote ... Read More