polly/utils/0001-Add-llvm.codegen-intrinsic.patch

From 7e36390f24f6ceaea7bc2ba4adcd55d06cf73439 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yabin Hu <yabin.hwu@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Nov 2012 16:08:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Add llvm.codegen intrinsic.

The llvm.codegen intrinsic generates code for embedded LLVM-IR
strings. Each call to the intrinsic is replaced by a pointer to
the newly generated target code. The code generation target can be
different to the one of the parent module.
---
 docs/LangRef.html                                  |   36 +++
 include/llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h                      |    3 +
 include/llvm/InitializePasses.h                    |    1 +
 include/llvm/Intrinsics.td                         |    4 +
 lib/CodeGen/CMakeLists.txt                         |    1 +
 lib/CodeGen/CodeGen.cpp                            |    1 +
 lib/CodeGen/CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp                   |  227 ++++++++++++++++++++
 lib/CodeGen/Passes.cpp                             |    3 +
 lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAGBuilder.cpp   |    2 +
 lib/Target/LLVMBuild.txt                           |    2 +-
 lib/VMCore/Verifier.cpp                            |   10 +
 .../CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/embedded-codegen-ptx.ll |   28 +++
 test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/lit.local.cfg          |    5 +
 13 files changed, 322 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 lib/CodeGen/CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp
 create mode 100644 test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/embedded-codegen-ptx.ll
 create mode 100644 test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/lit.local.cfg

diff --git a/docs/LangRef.html b/docs/LangRef.html
index cfc1c7d..eae069e 100644
--- a/docs/LangRef.html
+++ b/docs/LangRef.html
@@ -243,6 +243,7 @@
           <li><a href="#int_prefetch">'<tt>llvm.prefetch</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
           <li><a href="#int_pcmarker">'<tt>llvm.pcmarker</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
           <li><a href="#int_readcyclecounter">'<tt>llvm.readcyclecounter</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#int_codegen_intrinsic">'<tt>llvm.codegen</tt>' Intrinsic</a></li>
         </ol>
       </li>
       <li><a href="#int_libc">Standard C Library Intrinsics</a>
@@ -7249,6 +7250,41 @@ LLVM</a>.</p>
 
 </div>
 
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<h4>
+  <a name="int_codegen_intrinsic">'<tt>llvm.codegen</tt>' Intrinsic</a>
+</h4>
+
+<div>
+
+<h5>Syntax:</h5>
+<pre>
+  declare i8* @llvm.codegen(i8* &lt;IRString&gt;, i8* &lt;MCPU&gt;, i8* &lt;
+  Features&gt;)
+</pre>
+
+<h5>Overview:</h5>
+<p>The '<tt>llvm.codegen</tt>' intrinsic uses the LLVM back ends to generate
+   code for embedded LLVM-IR strings. The code generation target can be
+   different to the one of the parent module.</p>
+
+<h5>Arguments:</h5>
+<p><tt>IRString</tt> is a string containing LLVM-IR.</p>
+<p><tt>MCPU</tt> is the name of the target CPU.</p>
+<p><tt>Features</tt> is the string representation of the additional target
+   features.</p>
+
+<h5>Semantics:</h5>
+<p>The '<tt>llvm.codegen</tt>' intrinsic transforms a string containing LLVM IR
+   to target assembly code. Calls to the intrinsic are replaced by a pointer to
+   the newly generated target code. In case LLVM can not generate code (e.g. the
+   target is not available), the call to the intrinsic is replaced by a i8 NULL
+   pointer.Users of this intrinsic should make sure the target triple is
+   properly set in the &lt;IRString&gt;. Inputs to both &lt;MCPU&gt; and
+   &lt;Features&gt; parameters can be null pointers.</p>
+
+</div>
+
 </div>
 
 <!-- ======================================================================= -->
diff --git a/include/llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h b/include/llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h
index 44c9676..57b3aa2 100644
--- a/include/llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h
+++ b/include/llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h
@@ -432,6 +432,9 @@ namespace llvm {
   /// branch folding).
   extern char &GCMachineCodeAnalysisID;
 
+  /// CodeGenIntrinsic Pass - Create target code for embedded LLVM-IR strings.
+  FunctionPass *createCodeGenIntrinsicPass();
+
   /// Deleter Pass - Releases GC metadata.
   ///
   FunctionPass *createGCInfoDeleter();
diff --git a/include/llvm/InitializePasses.h b/include/llvm/InitializePasses.h
index e06b892..fe8655e 100644
--- a/include/llvm/InitializePasses.h
+++ b/include/llvm/InitializePasses.h
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ void initializeCorrelatedValuePropagationPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDAEPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDAHPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDCEPass(PassRegistry&);
+void initializeCodeGenIntrinsicPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDSEPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDeadInstEliminationPass(PassRegistry&);
 void initializeDeadMachineInstructionElimPass(PassRegistry&);
diff --git a/include/llvm/Intrinsics.td b/include/llvm/Intrinsics.td
index d3a548c..a60d2bb 100644
--- a/include/llvm/Intrinsics.td
+++ b/include/llvm/Intrinsics.td
@@ -238,6 +238,10 @@ def int_readcyclecounter : Intrinsic<[llvm_i64_ty]>;
 // guard to the correct place on the stack frame.
 def int_stackprotector : Intrinsic<[], [llvm_ptr_ty, llvm_ptrptr_ty], []>;
 
+//===----------------- Code Generation for Embedded LLVM-IR ---------------===//
+def int_codegen  : Intrinsic<[llvm_ptr_ty],
+                              [llvm_ptr_ty, llvm_ptr_ty, llvm_ptr_ty]>;
+
 //===------------------- Standard C Library Intrinsics --------------------===//
 //
 
diff --git a/lib/CodeGen/CMakeLists.txt b/lib/CodeGen/CMakeLists.txt
index 7a20ff6..8e1ab9a 100644
--- a/lib/CodeGen/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/lib/CodeGen/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ add_llvm_library(LLVMCodeGen
   CalcSpillWeights.cpp
   CallingConvLower.cpp
   CodeGen.cpp
+  CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp
   CodePlacementOpt.cpp
   CriticalAntiDepBreaker.cpp
   DeadMachineInstructionElim.cpp
diff --git a/lib/CodeGen/CodeGen.cpp b/lib/CodeGen/CodeGen.cpp
index a53f6f8..702ee18 100644
--- a/lib/CodeGen/CodeGen.cpp
+++ b/lib/CodeGen/CodeGen.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ using namespace llvm;
 void llvm::initializeCodeGen(PassRegistry &Registry) {
   initializeBranchFolderPassPass(Registry);
   initializeCalculateSpillWeightsPass(Registry);
+  initializeCodeGenIntrinsicPass(Registry);
   initializeCodePlacementOptPass(Registry);
   initializeDeadMachineInstructionElimPass(Registry);
   initializeEarlyIfConverterPass(Registry);
diff --git a/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp b/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf8aa54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/CodeGen/CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+//===-- CodeGenIntrinsic.cpp - CodeGen Intrinsic --------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This file implements the llvm.codegen intrinsic.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h"
+#include "llvm/CallingConv.h"
+#include "llvm/IRBuilder.h"
+#include "llvm/IntrinsicInst.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/AsmParser/Parser.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetRegisterInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormattedStream.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Host.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/SourceMgr.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/TargetRegistry.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/Triple.h"
+
+using namespace llvm;
+
+namespace {
+  /// ASMGenerator generates target-specific assembly code from LLVM IR.
+  class ASMGenerator {
+  public:
+    ASMGenerator() {}
+
+    /// generate - Generates a target code string from a LLVM IR Value.
+    bool generate(Value *IRStr, Value *MCPUStr, Value *FeaturesStr,
+                  std::string &ASM);
+
+  private:
+    bool getStringFromConstantExpr(Value *ConstData, std::string &Out) const;
+  };
+
+  /// CodeGenIntrinsic - This pass replaces each call to the llvm.codegen
+  /// intrinsic with a string generated by ASMGenerator.
+  class CodeGenIntrinsic : public FunctionPass {
+  public:
+    static char ID;
+
+    CodeGenIntrinsic();
+    const char *getPassName() const;
+    virtual bool runOnFunction(Function &F);
+  };
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+static bool getTargetMachineFromModule(Module *M, const StringRef &TripleStr,
+                                       const StringRef &MCPU,
+                                       const StringRef &Features,
+                                       TargetMachine *&TM) {
+  std::string ErrMsg;
+  const Target *TheTarget = TargetRegistry::lookupTarget(TripleStr, ErrMsg);
+  if (!TheTarget) {
+    errs() << ErrMsg << "\n";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  TargetOptions Options;
+  TM = TheTarget->createTargetMachine(TripleStr, MCPU, Features, Options);
+  assert(TM && "Could not allocate target machine!");
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool createASMAsString(Module *New, const StringRef &Triple,
+                              const StringRef &MCPU, const StringRef &Features,
+                              std::string &ASM) {
+  TargetMachine *Target;
+  if (!getTargetMachineFromModule(New, Triple, MCPU, Features, Target)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Build up all of the passes that we want to do to the module.
+  PassManager PM;
+
+  // Get the data layout of the new module. If it is empty, return false.
+  const std::string &ModuleDataLayout = New->getDataLayout();
+  if (ModuleDataLayout.empty())
+    return false;
+
+  {
+    raw_string_ostream NameROS(ASM);
+    formatted_raw_ostream FOS(NameROS);
+
+    // Ask the target to add backend passes as necessary.
+    int UseVerifier = true;
+    if (Target->addPassesToEmitFile(PM, FOS, TargetMachine::CGFT_AssemblyFile,
+                                    UseVerifier)) {
+      errs() << "CodeGen Intrinsic: target does not support generation of this "
+             << "file type!\n";
+
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    PM.run(*New);
+    FOS.flush();
+  }
+
+  delete Target;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool ASMGenerator::getStringFromConstantExpr(Value *ConstData,
+                                             std::string &Out) const {
+  bool Result = false;
+  if (ConstantExpr *U = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(ConstData)) {
+    Value *R = U->getOperand(0);
+    if (GlobalVariable *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(R)) {
+      Constant *C = GV->getInitializer();
+      if (ConstantDataArray *CA = dyn_cast<ConstantDataArray>(C)) {
+        Out = CA->getAsString();
+        Result = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return Result;
+}
+
+bool ASMGenerator::generate(Value *IRStr, Value *MCPUStr, Value *FeaturesStr,
+                            std::string &ASM) {
+  std::string Kernel;
+  if (!getStringFromConstantExpr(IRStr, Kernel))
+    return false;
+
+  std::string MCPU;
+  if (!getStringFromConstantExpr(MCPUStr, MCPU))
+    MCPU = "";
+
+  std::string Features;
+  if (!getStringFromConstantExpr(FeaturesStr, Features))
+    Features = "";
+
+  SMDiagnostic ErrorMessage;
+  LLVMContext Context;
+  std::auto_ptr<Module> TempModule(
+    ParseAssemblyString(Kernel.c_str(), 0, ErrorMessage, Context));
+
+  Triple TheTriple(TempModule->getTargetTriple());
+  const std::string TripleStr = TheTriple.getTriple();
+  if(TripleStr.empty()) {
+    errs() << "error: Target triple isn't set correctly for the new module.\n";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return createASMAsString(TempModule.get(), TripleStr.data(), MCPU.data(),
+                           Features.data(), ASM);
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+INITIALIZE_PASS(CodeGenIntrinsic, "codegen-intrinsic", "CodeGen Intrinsic",
+                false, false)
+
+FunctionPass *llvm::createCodeGenIntrinsicPass() {
+  return new CodeGenIntrinsic();
+}
+
+char CodeGenIntrinsic::ID = 0;
+
+CodeGenIntrinsic::CodeGenIntrinsic()
+  : FunctionPass(ID) {
+}
+
+const char *CodeGenIntrinsic::getPassName() const {
+  return "Lowering CodeGen Intrinsic.";
+}
+
+bool CodeGenIntrinsic::runOnFunction(Function &F) {
+  bool MadeChange = false;
+  Module *M = F.getParent();
+  if (Function *CG = M->getFunction("llvm.codegen")) {
+    for (Function::use_iterator I = CG->use_begin(), E = CG->use_end();
+         I != E; ++I) {
+      if (CallInst *CI = dyn_cast<CallInst>(*I)) {
+        if (&F != CI->getParent()->getParent())
+          continue;
+
+        std::string ASM;
+        ASMGenerator *Generator = new ASMGenerator();
+        IRBuilder<> Builder(CI->getParent(), CI);
+        Value *St;
+        if (!Generator->generate(CI->getArgOperand(0), CI->getArgOperand(1),
+                                 CI->getArgOperand(2), ASM)) {
+          Type *Ty= CG->getReturnType();
+          St = Constant::getNullValue(Ty);
+        } else {
+          // FIXME: Is this actually dangerous as WritingAnLLVMPass.html claims?
+          //        Seems that, short of multithreaded LLVM, it should be safe;
+          //        all that is necessary is that a simple Module::iterator loop
+          //        not be invalidated. Appending to the GlobalVariable list is
+          //        safe in that sense.
+          //
+          //        All the output passes emit globals last. The ExecutionEngine
+          //        explicitly supports adding globals to the module after
+          //        initialization.
+          //
+          //        Still, if it isn't deemed acceptable, then this
+          //        transformation needs to be a ModulePass (which means it
+          //        cannot be in the  'llc' pipeline  (which uses a
+          //        FunctionPassManager (which segfaults (not asserts) if
+          //        provided a ModulePass))).
+          St = Builder.CreateGlobalStringPtr(ASM, "ASM");
+        }
+        CI->replaceAllUsesWith(St);
+        CI->eraseFromParent();
+        // We should erase the unused globals from current module. But we
+        // can't do this within a FunctionPass.
+        MadeChange = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return MadeChange;
+}
diff --git a/lib/CodeGen/Passes.cpp b/lib/CodeGen/Passes.cpp
index 526d994..1de0c63 100644
--- a/lib/CodeGen/Passes.cpp
+++ b/lib/CodeGen/Passes.cpp
@@ -369,6 +369,9 @@ void TargetPassConfig::addIRPasses() {
 
   addPass(createGCLoweringPass());
 
+  // Generate target code for embedded LLVM-IR strings.
+  addPass(createCodeGenIntrinsicPass());
+
   // Make sure that no unreachable blocks are instruction selected.
   addPass(createUnreachableBlockEliminationPass());
 }
diff --git a/lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAGBuilder.cpp b/lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAGBuilder.cpp
index 56e774c..97006c0 100644
--- a/lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAGBuilder.cpp
+++ b/lib/CodeGen/SelectionDAG/SelectionDAGBuilder.cpp
@@ -5169,6 +5169,8 @@ SelectionDAGBuilder::visitIntrinsicCall(const CallInst &I, unsigned Intrinsic) {
   case Intrinsic::donothing:
     // ignore
     return 0;
+  case Intrinsic::codegen:
+    llvm_unreachable("failed to lower codegen intrinsic!");
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/Target/LLVMBuild.txt b/lib/Target/LLVMBuild.txt
index eb6c779..a54f57c 100644
--- a/lib/Target/LLVMBuild.txt
+++ b/lib/Target/LLVMBuild.txt
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ parent = Libraries
 type = Library
 name = Target
 parent = Libraries
-required_libraries = Core MC Support
+required_libraries = Core MC Support AsmParser
 
 ; This is a special group whose required libraries are extended (by llvm-build)
 ; with every built target, which makes it easy for tools to include every
diff --git a/lib/VMCore/Verifier.cpp b/lib/VMCore/Verifier.cpp
index 3782957..896772a 100644
--- a/lib/VMCore/Verifier.cpp
+++ b/lib/VMCore/Verifier.cpp
@@ -1952,6 +1952,16 @@ void Verifier::visitIntrinsicFunctionCall(Intrinsic::ID ID, CallInst &CI) {
     Assert1(isa<ConstantInt>(CI.getArgOperand(1)),
             "llvm.invariant.end parameter #2 must be a constant integer", &CI);
     break;
+  case Intrinsic::codegen:
+    Assert1(isa<ConstantExpr>(CI.getArgOperand(0)),
+            "llvm.codegen parameter #1 must be a constant expression", &CI);
+    Assert1(isa<ConstantExpr>(CI.getArgOperand(1)) ||
+            isa<ConstantPointerNull>(CI.getArgOperand(1)),
+            "llvm.codegen parameter #2 must be a constant expression", &CI);
+    Assert1(isa<ConstantExpr>(CI.getArgOperand(2)) ||
+            isa<ConstantPointerNull>(CI.getArgOperand(2)),
+            "llvm.codegen parameter #3 must be a constant expression", &CI);
+    break;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/embedded-codegen-ptx.ll b/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/embedded-codegen-ptx.ll
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73d34e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/embedded-codegen-ptx.ll
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+; RUN: llc < %s -march=x86 | FileCheck %s
+
+; ModuleID = 'embedded-codegen-ptx.ll'
+target datalayout = "e-p:32:32:32-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i32:32:32-i64:32:64-f32:32:32-f64:32:64-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-f80:32:32-n8:16:32-S128"
+target triple = "i386-pc-linux-gnu"
+
+@llvm_kernel = private unnamed_addr constant [1940 x i8] c"target triple = \22nvptx-unknown-unknown\22\0A\0Adefine internal ptx_kernel void @gpu_codegen.ptx_subfn(i8* %ptx.Array) {\0Aptx.setup:\0A  %0 = bitcast i8* %ptx.Array to [128 x [128 x i32]]*\0A  %1 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.nctaid.x()\0A  %2 = zext i32 %1 to i64\0A  %3 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.nctaid.y()\0A  %4 = zext i32 %3 to i64\0A  %5 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ntid.x()\0A  %6 = zext i32 %5 to i64\0A  %7 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ntid.y()\0A  %8 = zext i32 %7 to i64\0A  %9 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ctaid.x()\0A  %10 = zext i32 %9 to i64\0A  %11 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ctaid.y()\0A  %12 = zext i32 %11 to i64\0A  %13 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.tid.x()\0A  %14 = zext i32 %13 to i64\0A  %15 = call i32 @llvm.ptx.read.tid.y()\0A  %16 = zext i32 %15 to i64\0A  br label %ptx.loop_body\0A\0Aptx.exit:                                         ; preds = %polly.stmt.for.body3\0A  ret void\0A\0Aptx.loop_body:                                    ; preds = %ptx.setup\0A  %p_gpu_index_i = mul i64 %12, %2\0A  %17 = add i64 %p_gpu_index_i, %10\0A  %p_gpu_index_j = mul i64 %16, %6\0A  %18 = add i64 %p_gpu_index_j, %14\0A  br label %polly.stmt.for.body3\0A\0Apolly.stmt.for.body3:                             ; preds = %ptx.loop_body\0A  %19 = trunc i64 %17 to i32\0A  %p_mul = shl nsw i32 %19, 7\0A  %20 = trunc i64 %18 to i32\0A  %p_add = add nsw i32 %p_mul, %20\0A  %21 = trunc i64 %17 to i32\0A  %22 = trunc i64 %18 to i32\0A  %p_arrayidx4 = getelementptr inbounds [128 x [128 x i32]]* %0, i32 0, i32 %21, i32 %22\0A  store i32 %p_add, i32* %p_arrayidx4\0A  br label %ptx.exit\0A}\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.nctaid.x() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.nctaid.y() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ctaid.x() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ctaid.y() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ntid.x() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.ntid.y() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.tid.x() nounwind readnone\0A\0Adeclare i32 @llvm.ptx.read.tid.y() nounwind readnone\0A\00"
+
+@.str = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c"%s\00", align 1
+
+define i32 @gpu_codegen() nounwind {
+entry:
+  %0 = call i8* @llvm.codegen(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([1940 x i8]* @llvm_kernel, i32 0, i32 0), i8* null, i8* null)
+  %call = call i32 (i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([3 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i32 0), i8* %0)
+  ret i32 0
+}
+
+define i32 @main() nounwind {
+entry:
+  %call = call i32 @gpu_codegen()
+  ret i32 0
+}
+
+declare i8* @llvm.codegen(i8*, i8*, i8*) nounwind
+
+declare i32 @printf(i8*, ...) nounwind
+
+; CHECK: gpu_codegen_2E_ptx_subfn
diff --git a/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/lit.local.cfg b/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/lit.local.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7180c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/CodeGen/X86/EmbeddedCG/lit.local.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+config.suffixes = ['.ll', '.c', '.cpp']
+
+targets = set(config.root.targets_to_build.split())
+if not 'NVPTX' in targets:
+    config.unsupported = True
-- 
1.7.6.5