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1.2.3 The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse and Unit Step Se-Quences

The document discusses the unit impulse and unit step sequences and functions. The unit impulse sequence δ[n] is 1 when n=0 and 0 otherwise. The unit step sequence u[n] is 1 for n ≥ 0 and 0 for n < 0. In continuous time, the unit step function u(t) is 1 for t > 0 and 0 for t < 0, while the unit impulse function δ(t) is undefined at t = 0 and 0 otherwise. There are relationships between the unit impulse and unit step, such as the unit impulse being the derivative of the unit step. The unit impulse has key properties like sifting and scaling in both discrete and continuous time.

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Gina Brown
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46 views

1.2.3 The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse and Unit Step Se-Quences

The document discusses the unit impulse and unit step sequences and functions. The unit impulse sequence δ[n] is 1 when n=0 and 0 otherwise. The unit step sequence u[n] is 1 for n ≥ 0 and 0 for n < 0. In continuous time, the unit step function u(t) is 1 for t > 0 and 0 for t < 0, while the unit impulse function δ(t) is undefined at t = 0 and 0 otherwise. There are relationships between the unit impulse and unit step, such as the unit impulse being the derivative of the unit step. The unit impulse has key properties like sifting and scaling in both discrete and continuous time.

Uploaded by

Gina Brown
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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17

1.2.3

The DiscreteTime Unit Impulse and Unit Step Sequences

Unit impulse sequence (or unit impulse or unit sample)


!
1,
n=0
[n] =
0,
n != 0
(also referred to as Kronecker delta function)
[n]

Unit step sequence (unit step)


u[n] =

1,
0,

n0
n<0

u[n]

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

18
!

Relation between [n] and u[n]


First order difference
[n] = u[n] u[n 1]
Running sum
u[n] =

n
"

[m]

m=

Sampling property of unit impulse


x[n][n n0] = x[n0][n n0]

1.2.4

The ContinuousTime Unit Impulse and Unit Step


Functions

Unit step function (unit step)


u(t) =

1,
0,

t>0
t<0

u(t)
1
0

Note: discontinuity at t = 0
!

Unit impulse function (unit impulse, Dirac delta impulse)


!
?,
t=0
(t) =
0,
t != 0

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

19

Remark:
We use the short-hand notation:
dx(t)
= x(t)

dt
!

Relation between (t) and u(t)


First order derivative
(t) = u(t)

Running integral
u(t) =

#t

( ) d

Formal difficulty: u(t) is not differentiable in the conventional sense


because of its discontinuity at t = 0.
!

Some more thoughts on (t)


Consider functions u (t) and (t) instead of u(t) and (t):
(t)

u (t)
1

where

(t) = u (t)
#t
u (t) =
( ) d

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

20

Limit 0
u(t) = lim u (t)
0

(t) :
3 (t)
1
3

2 (t)
1
2

1 (t)

1
1

3 2

Observe: Area under (t) always 1


(t) is an infinitesimally narrow impulse with area 1.
(t) = lim (t)
0
#
( ) d = 1

Representation
(t t0 )

(t)

a(t)
a

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

t0

21

Properties
Sampling property (x(t) continuous at t = t0)
#

x( )( t0) d = x(t0)

x(t)(t t0) = x(t0)(t t0)

Linearity
#

(a( ) + b( ))x( ) d =

#
a( )x( ) d + b( )x( ) d

= (a + b)x(0)
a(t) + b(t) = (a + b)(t)

Time scaling (a IR)


#

(a )x( ) d =

1
1
()x(/a) d = x(0)
|a|
|a|

(at) =

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

1
(t)
|a|

22

Differentiation and derivative


#

#
$
)x( ) d = (t)x(t)$$
( )x(
) d = x(0)

)x( ) d = x(0)
(

= (t)
t(t)
Remark:
More formal discussion of the unit impulse (t) in text books on
generalized functions or distributions.

Lampe, Schober: Signals and Communications

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