BÀI GIẢNG DẠNG VĂN BẢN (SCRIPT)

Môn học: Ngữ pháp

Chương 8: The Infinitive and the ‘-ing’ form
Chủ đề 8.2: The -ing form

Slide NỘI DUNG:

1 Introduction and goals of section 8.2
Hello everyone! We are going to learn about the ‘-ing’ form.
2 The goals of this section are identifying different functions of the ‘-ing’ forms
and applying them in the appropriate context.

3 There are two basic forms of the ‘-ing’ form: present, and past or perfect ‘-ing’
4 form. The -ing form is not used with progressive or continuous meaning.
For example:
Present -ing form
I hate asking people their age.
I hate being asked my age
Present or past -ing form
I’m proud of completing the race.
I disliked having been ignored.
5 There are three functions that an -ing form can perform in a sentence. It can serve
as a verb_ing, an adjective, or a noun (also called gerund).
A verb_ing in continuous tenses
She is playing with her children.
They were having dinner at this time yesterday.
An adjective
It is the most famous shopping mall.
She is an amazing girl.
 A noun
My favorite sport is swimming. (subject complement)
Swimming is good for health. (subject)
My sister enjoys swimming. (object)
Her classmates are excellent at swimming. (object of preposition)
When -ing form is functioned as a noun, it can play the roles of subject, object,
and complement.
6 Verbs that are usually followed by the -ing form include avoid, admit, consider,
deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, keep on,
go on, carry on, mind, miss, practice, put off, risk, etc.
For example:
She avoids meeting her mom.
The boy admitted stealing money.
7 Phrases that are followed by the -ing form are:
After preposition
be used to/ get used to/ be accustomed to
It’s no good
It’s no use
It’s worth
It’s (just) not worth
There’s no point in
What’s the use/ point of
There’s nothing worse than
can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand
have fun
have a good time
have trouble
have difficulty
have a problem
spend time/money
waste time/money
find noun/ pronoun + V_ing
go + V_ing
(sports, activities)

For example
He left the restaurant without paying.
She got used to living in a big city.
It’s no good trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
It’s no use worrying about what happened. There’s nothing you can do about it.
It’s a nice town. It’s worth spending a few days there.
Our flight was very early in the morning, so it wasn’t worth going to bed.
There’s no point in having a car if you never use it.
What is the use/ point of having a car if you never use it?
There’s nothing worse than feeling ill in a strange place.
She can’t help laughing when she saw it.
I can’t stand waiting for buses.
We had great fun comparing our baby photographs.
I had no trouble finding a place to stay.
People sometimes have difficulty reading my writing.
Did you have a problem getting a visa?
He spent hours trying to repair the clock.
I waste a lot of time doing nothing.
Men always found her extremely attractive.
go sailing, go swimming, go fishing, go riding, go hiking, go surfing, go scuba
diving, go skiing, go jogging, go camping
8 There are some verbs, phrases, or structures which can be followed by both the
infinitive or the -ing form with sometimes the same meaning, and sometimes
different meanings.
Let’s talk about verbs of perception such as watch, see, look at, notice, observe,
hear, listen to, feel, smell, catch, etc. With these verbs, both infinitive and gerund
can be used with different meanings.
Look at two sentences on the slide:
1. She watched him enter the building.
2. She watched him entering the building.
In the first sentence, it means that she watched him enter the building from start
to finish, or in other words, she watched the whole action of his entering the
building.
In the second sentence, she didn’t watch the whole action. When she came, he
was entering the building. So, she only saw him in the middle of the action.
8 After certain adjectives, both infinitive and the -ing form can be used with exactly
the same meaning.
It’s difficult to speak English well.
It’s difficult speaking English well.
It was pleasant to lie in the sun.
It was pleasant lying in the sun.
8 Verbs such as start, begin, continue, intend, bother can be followed by both
infinitive and gerund with the same meaning.
For example:
It started raining.
It started to rain.
It’s starting to rain. (not usually It’s starting raining.)
It continues raining.
It continues to rain.
 John intends buying a house.
John intends to buy a house.
Don’t bother locking the door.
Don’t bother to lock the door.
9 However, there are some verbs which can be used with both infinitive and gerund
with different meanings.
Let’s take remember as the first example.
Remember to save your work often, just in case your computer crashes.
Remember to infinitive means “do not forget to do something”. When we use
gerund after remember “I remember meeting her once. It must have been five
years ago.”, this means to have a memory of something we did before.
Regret to infinitive means “I am sorry I have to say” and regret doing
something means “regret something which happed in the past”. For example:
British Airways regret to announce the cancellation of flight.
I have always regretted not having studied hard at school
Go on to do something means “do something new” and go on doing means
“continue doing something”
For example:
After discussing the economy, the president went on to talk about foreign policy.
The president paused for a moment and then went on talking.
Try to do something means “make an effort to do something” and try doing
something means do it as an experiment.
For example:
I tried to move the table, but it was too heavy. (so I couldn’t move it.)
I didn’t like the way the furniture was arranged, so I tried moving the table to the
other side of the room. (=I moved it to see if it looked better.)
10 Some popular structures of the ‘-ing’ form as follows.
1. Two actions at the same time
 2. One action, then another action
3. Explaining why
4. Preposition + ‘-ing’
5. Linking words + ‘-ing’
11

Let’s have a look at the examples.

1. Two actions at the same time
a. Last Friday night, Jim Hunt drove home from work thinking about the
quiet weekend ahead.
In this example, we can use a main verb (drove) and then an -ing form for two
things that are happening at the same time. In this order, no comma is needed.
b. But then, travelling past Tenbury Hill, he had the strangest experience of
his life.
We can also add “when/ while” to this example. When/ while travelling past
Tenbury Hill, he had the strangest experience of his life.
c. Then he saw a brightly lit object flying slowly across the road.
d. He watched it coming down to land between the road and the hill to his
12 left.
In examples c and d, the verbs “see, watch” are verbs of perception to express
two actions happening simultaneously.
2. One action, then another action
When one action quickly follows another, we can use an -ing form for the first
action. For example:
a. Taking his camera out of the glove box, he got out of the car.
We could add the linking word “after” to the -ing form.
After taking his camera out of the glove box, he got out of the car.
b. Having shut the car door quietly and carefully, he turned to start walking
towards the object, which was still brightly lit.
We can also use having plus a past participle “having shut” instead of “shutting”
to put the first clause more clearly in the past.
3. Explaining why
a. Being a scientist, Jim wanted to find out more about this strange thing.
An-ing clause at the start “Being a scientist” can give a reason for the second
clause. This structure gives another way of saying “Because he was a scientist,
he wanted to find out more about this strange thing.”
b. Having refused to believe in UFOs all his life, he felt there must be some
other, simple explanation.
We can also use “Having” plus a past participle “Having refused” to put the first
clause in the past.
4. Preposition + ‘-ing’
We can use an -ing form after some prepositions such as despite, in spite of, etc.
For example:
a. Despite feeling sure that the object was not a UFO, Jim could not think
what else it might be.
We can also use an -ing form after on, meaning as soon as; or after as well as,
meaning in addition to. For example:
b. On getting nearer, he began recording comments as well as taking photos.
We can use an -ing form after without and several other prepositions.
c. Then, suddenly, the thing took off again without making any noise at all.
5. Linking words + ‘-ing’
Like the structure preposition + ‘-ing’ form, linking words such as after,
although, before, even though, since, though, when, while, etc. can also be
used with -ing form to make the sentences more formal.
For example:
a. After climbing slowly to about 100 meters, the object shot away to the
north-east at high speed.
 b. Before calling the police, Jim ran the last few meters to where it had been
just 30 seconds before.
c. Although expecting to find nothing there, he actually found burnt marks
on the grass.
d. “Perhaps it really was a UFO,” he thought to himself while calling 999
for the police.
13 We have studied the difference between the use of the infinitive and the -ing form
in this unit.
This is the end of section 8.2 and also the end of unit 8. Goodbye!