memory, CPU, and peripheral devices connected to it and the Operating System. It is usad to process and store data and informatian, Nowadays, computer systems are built around at least one dgital processing device, There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input, Output, Processing, Storage, and Communication devices, 2) What is a file? A file is one of the basic components of computer science. A file can be defined as a location that stores information and data, Files keep data and information permanently or until the user deletes them. Files are always stored inside a storage device using the name given to the file 3) What are the main components of a computer system? Following are the three main components of a computer system: © CPU (Central Processing Unit): Itincludes the control unit (CU) and arithmetic logic unit (LU). CPU = CU + ALU © Memory: Itincludes memory like primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (SSD) © Input and output devices: It includes input and output devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer scanner, etc, 4) What do you understand by a class and a superclass? Class and superclass are two important terms used mainly in Object-Oriented computer programming. In Object-Griented programming languages such as Java and C++, a dass is used to define the characteristics of an object. It specifies how they will respond to a message and what type of message the object will respond to In other words, we can say that a class that we have derived frorn another class is called a subclass. Itis also. called a derived class, extended class, or child class, The class from which the subclass is derived is called a superclass. It is also called a base class or a parent class. A superclass is the basis of the class being considered 5) What is a processor in computer systems, and why is it used? A processor Is a chip or a logical circuit used to respond and process the basic instructions to drive a particular computer. The main functions of a processor are to fetch, decode, execute, and write back the operations of an instruction, A processor is also known as the brain of any system which incorporates computers, laptops, smartphones, embedded systems, etc A processor contains two important parts called ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control Unit). The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs all mathematical operations such as additions, multiplications, subtractions, divisions, etc. The Control Unit is used to work like traffic police as it manages the command or the operation of the instructions, The processor is responsible for communicating with the other components such as input/output devices and memory/storage devices. 6) What are some most popular computer processors used in computer systems? The most popular Intel computer processors are © Intel Celeron © Intel Pentium © Intel Core i3 © Intel Core iS © Intel Core i7 © Intel Core i9 The most popular AMD computer processors are © AND Ryzen 5 © AMD Ryzen 7 7) What are the most popular operating system used in computer systems? Following is the list of some most popular operating systems used in computer systems © Microsoft Windows © macOS © Linu 8) What is the full form of SDLC? Why is it used? SDLC is an acronym that stands for Software Development Life Cycle or Systems Development Life Cycle. It is a pictorial and diagrammate representation of the software life cycle. It is alsa known as the Software Development Process Model. The software industry uses the SDLC process to design, develop and test high- quality software, The main aim of SDLC is to produce high-quality software that meets the customer expectations, reaches completion within time, and estimates the cost. The SDLC process is followed by a software project within a software organization, It consists of ¢ detailed plan describing developing, maintaining, replacing, altering, or enhancing specific software Software Development Life Cycle or SDLC involves the following stages: ° Requirement Analysis/ Planning © Defining © Design © Construction f Coding © Testing © Deployment © Maintenance 9) What is the meaning of a programming language? As a language is required to communicate with a person, we need a specific language similar to communicating with computers. THis type of language is called programming language. A programming language is a set of grammar rules for giving computers or computing devices instructions to perform and achieve a specific task. Different types of programming languages are used in computer systems to implement algorithms. Programming languages are mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and motile applications 10) What are the most commonly used programming languages nowadays? There are several programming languages used by the industries such as education, hospitals, banks, automobiles, etc. Following js the list of some most widely used programming languages € Language: C is a simple, popular, and flexible general-purpose programming language developed by Dennis M Ritchie in 1972 at AT&T Bells laboratory. It is called a mid-level programming language as it combines both a low-level programming language and a high-level programming language. C programming language is mainly used to design applications such as Text Editors, Compilers, Network devices, etc, Java Programming Language: Java is a simple, secure, reliable, platform-independent, architecture neutral, high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995. Java is mainly used to develop banking software, retail software, information technology, android, big data, the research community, web and desktop applications, etc. Now, Javais owned by Oracle. Python Programming Language: It is an open-source and easy-to-learn programming language developed in the 1990s, Python is one of the most widely used user-friendly programming languages and is mostly used in Machine learning, Art telligence, Big Data, GUI-based desktop applications, and Robotics, C++ Language: It is pronounced as C plus plus, It/s one of the thousands of programming languages we use to develop software, Bjame Stroustrup developed the C++ programming language in 1980. It is similar to the C programming language but also includes additional fectures such as exception handling, object-oriented programming, type checking, ete. C# Programming Languageit is pronounced as ¢ sharp. It is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language used with XML-based Web services on the NET platform. Itis mainly designed to improve productivity in web applications. Itis easier to learn for those users who have sufficient knowledge of common programming languages like C, C++, or Java JavaScript Language: It is a scripting language used on both the client-side and a server-side. It is developed in the 1990s for the Netscape Navigator web browser. It allows programmers to implement complex features to make web pages alive, It helps programmers create dynamic websites, servers, mobile applications, animated graphics, games, and more. PHP Programming Language: PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is an open-source, powerful server-side scripting language mainly used to create static and dynamic websites, Rasmus Laird developed it in 1994, Inside the php, we can also write HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code. To save php file, file extension “sphp" is used. R Programming Language: R is one of the popular programming languages used in data analytics, scientific research, machine learning algorithms, and statistical computing, It helps marketers and data scientists easily analyze, present, and visualize data, It was developed in 1993 by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. Go Programming Language: Go programming language or Gelang is an open-source programming language. Itis used to build simple, reliable, and efficient software. It was developed by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson in 2007. Ruby Programming Language: It was an open-source, general-purpose, and pure object-oriented programming language released in 1993. It is used in front-end and back-end web development. It is mainly designed to write CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts. 1) What is a constructor in an object-oriented programming language? In @ class-based object-oriented programming language, a constructor is a special method in the class that is automatically called when the object of that class is created, The constructors have the samename as the class, and they usually initialize the date members of the new object A constructor is very similar to an instance method, but the difference between the constructor and the method is that the constructor has no explicit return type, itis not implicitly inherited, and it usually has different rules for scope modifiers If you do not write a constructor in your program, the first thing the object does when it is created is thatit looks for a constructor. Java automatically creates a default constructor and calls it if it doesn’t find the constructor, Here, we are talking about Java (A popular object-oriented programming language). Let's take an example to understand it well. There are two rules to write a constructor: © Class name and Constructor name should be the same. © Itshould not have any return type. Exampl Suppose we have a class named Vehicle,java, Itis a java class that only has a constructor in it, Here, we must remember that there is no return type, and the name should match the class name. Vehiclejava HNehiclejava public class Vehicle{ public Vehicle({ System.outprintinCThis is an example of default constructor"); } Mainjava //Mainjava public class Main{ public static void main(String] args Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicled; Jpuhen vehicle object is created, it directly calls Vehicle ffconstructor Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicled; Afvshen vehicle object is created, it directly calls Vehicled ffconstructor 12) What is superclass in the Java programming language? In the Java programming language, a superclass is a class frorn which many subclasses can be derived. It acts as a superior class, and the subclasses inherit all the characteristics of the superclass. For example, a superclass vehicle may have subclasses or child classes such as Bike, Car, Truck, Bus, etc. The superclass is also known as the parent class or base cls 13) What are the different OOPs principles in Java? Every Object-oriented programming language follows the principle of OOPs. OOPs is an acronym that stands for Object-Oriented Programming System. In Java programming language, the basic OOPs principles are as follows: ° Inheritance ° Polymorphism ° Abstraction ° Encapsulation Before learning the core principles of OOPs, we must learn about the basic concepts of Object-Oriented programming language. Object-Oriented Prog-amming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using clesses and objects. Here, an object is en entity that has a state and behavior, For example, a chair, table, laptop, bike, pen, pencil, keyboard, ete, are examples of an object, Itcan be physical or logical. We can define an objact as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up some space in memory. Exampl + A cow is an object because ithas states like color, name, breed, etc, and behaviors giving milk, eating, etc. On the other hand, a class is the collection of objects. It is a logical entity. We can dafine a class as a blueprint from which we can create an individual object, Class doesn't consume any space Inheritance In Java, Inheritance is the procedure in which one class inherits or acquires all the properties and behaviors of another class. The class whose properties and methods are inherited is called the parent class, and the class which inherits the properties and behaviors ‘s called the child class. Inheritance is used to achieve runtime polymorphism. It also provides code reusability. Polymorphism Polymorphism is one of the most important concepts of object-oriented programming language. Polymorphism is the ability to perform a task differently or process data in more than one form. The word "Polymorphism" is made of two words poly and morphism. Here, poly means many, and morphism means types. In Java, method overloading and method overriding are used to achieve polymorphism Abstraction Abstraction is a process of hiding internal details and showing functionalities only. It shows only essential attributes and hides unnecessary information from the users, For example, a phone call; here, the users don't know about the internal processing Encapsulation Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping up data together into a single unit It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates. In other words, we can say that encapsulation acts as a protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield. A java class is an example of encapsulation. 14) What do you understand by IDE? IDEis an acronym that stands for Integrated Developrnent Environment, Itis a GUI-based software program or application that provides comprehensive facilities to the computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally contains at least a source code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger and helps programmers to build applications with all the needed programs andlibraries. In other words, we can say that IDE is software for building applications that combines common developer tools into a single graphical user interface (GUD. 15) What is multithreading in an Operating System? Multithreading is an ability of a program or an operating system process to manage its use by more than one user at a time and even manage multiple requests by the sare user without having multiple copies of the programming running on the computer. The multithreading architecture facilitates a central processing unit to provide multiple execution threads simultaneously. This approach is completely different from multiprocessing 16) What is a framework in programming? A framework is a platform or software developed and used by developers to build software applications. It can be used to process inputs, manage hardwere, and interact with system software. It provides the basis on which web developers can bulld programs for a specific platform. For example, a framewerk can have predetermined classes as well as functions, Frameworks are often built, tested, and optimized by several experienced software engineers, programmers, and web developers, That is why software frameworks are versatile, robusl, and efficent if you use a software framework to develop applications, it facilitates you to focus on the high-level functionality of the application, This is because the low-level functionalities are taken care of by the framework itself. 17) What is the key difference between Abstract class and Interface? Following is the list of key differences between Abstract class and Interface: Abstract class Interface An Abstract class does not support inheritance of any type. The Interface supports multiple inheritance. In Abstract class, we can use abstract and non-_ In Interface, we can use only abstract methods. Since abstract methods. Java 8 it supports default and static methods also An Abstract class can have final, non-final, static An Interface can have only static and final variables. and non-static variables, An abstract class contains a constructor. The Interface does not contain a constructor. An Abstract class can provide the The Interface cannot provide the implementation of an implementation of Interface. abstract class. An abstract class is declared using the The Interface is declared using the “interface” keyword “Abstract” keyword An Abstract class can extend another Java class An interface can extend to another Java interface only. and implement multiple Java interfaces. An Abstract class can be used with all access An Interface can be used with only public access modifiers, An abstract class can be extended using the keyword "extends’ modifier. An Interface can be implemented using the keyword "implements", An Abstract class in Java can have class Members of a Java interface are public by default, members like private, protected, etc. 18) Which programming language should we learn, first C or C++? C and C++, both languages, are introduced at the new school-level syllabus. Both are easy to learn, C is a great option for those who want to learn systems-level programming, Once you get familiar with procedural programming in the C language, you can move on to learn the C++ pragramming language. It you are already familiar with OOPs concepts or have some knowledge of Java, you can easily lean C++, and it would be better. 19) What are the key differences between C and C++ programming languages? A list of key differences between C and C++ programming languages: Cc C++ C is a Procedural Programming language (Also called C++ is an 50, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction, and inheritance. Object-Oriented Procedure-Criented language). it does not support Programming language, so it supports polymarphism, encapsulation abstraction, and inheritance. Dennis Ritchie developed the C language between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bells Laboratory. Bjarne Stroustrup developed the C++ programming language in 1979, C language is a subset of C++ language C++ language is a superset of ¢ language C language follows the Top-Down programming approach, C++ — follows the bottom-up programming approach In the © programming language, a big program code is In the C++ programming language, a divided into small pieces called functions. big program cede is divided into Objects and Classes. In the C pragramming language, the file extension is .< In C++ programming language, the file extension is.epp. C follows procedural pragramming for the development af C++ is called hybrid language because code, Itis also called mid-level programming language as it it supports procedural and cbject- follows some features of high-level programming language oriented programming paradigms and some features of low-level programming language. There are 32 keywords in the C programming language, There are 63 keywords in the C++ programming language. C language does not supportinformation hiding In C++, data is hidden by Encapsulation to ensure that data structures and operators are used as intended, C supports only built-in data types C++ supports built-in as well as user- defined data types. C is a procedural programming language, se data and C++ is an object-oriented functions are separated programming language, so data and functions are encapsulated together in the form of an object in C++ C is a procedural programming language, and it is also a C++ is an_ object-oriented function-driven language programming language, so it is also celled en object-driven language. © language does not support function and operator C++ language supports function and overloading operator overloading. C language is a function-driven language C++ language is an object-driven language In C language, functions cannot be defined inside structures. In C++, functions can be used inside a structure. C does not support Namespace features C++ language uses Namespace, which avoids name collisions Header file used by C is stdioh. Header file used by C++ is iostream.h. © does not support Reference variables C++ supports Reference variables. C does not support virtual and friend functions, C++ supports virtual and friend functions, C language mainly focuses on method or process instead of C++ mainly focuses on data instead of focusing on data focusing on method or procedure. In C, malloc and callocQ functions are used for dynamic In C++, a new operator is used for memory allocation, and freed for memory de-allocation. memory allocation and a delete operator for memory de-allocation, Exception handling is not directly supported by C C++ supports exception handling In C language, scanfQ) and printf functions are used for In C++, cin and cout are used for input/output inputfoutput C structures don't have access modifiers, C++ structures have access modifiers. C structure does not provide the feature of a function C++ structure provides the feature of declaration. declaring a function as a member function of the structure. 20) What do you understand by artificial intelligence? As the name suggests, artificial intelligence or Al is intelligence demonstrated by machines just opposite the natural intelligence displayed by animals and human beings. It is also known as machine intelligence. The main aim of artificial intelligence is to solve problems in a better and faster way than humans. In this field, scientists make smart machines capable of performing tasks. According to the leading Al textbooks, this field is defined as studying “intelligent agents". "Any system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of achieving its goals, is called artificial intelligent system. 21) What are the key differences between compiler and interpreter? Compiler A.ccompiler scans the whole program ata time The compiler scans the whole code at a time, so ifit finds any error, it shows at the end together, Itis fast and the compiled code runs faster. Compilers are difficult to implement as they cannot predict what happens at the turn. Compilers ae preferred for their less execution time. Compilers convert the source code into object code. Compilers don’t require source code for later execution, The target program executes independently in compilation, so it does not require the compiler in the memory, Examples of programming languages that use compilers are C, C++, C#, ete Interpreter An Interpreter translates one statement of a program ata time. The interpreter scans program code one line at a time, so the errors are shown line by line, It works line-by-line, so it is slow, and the interpreted code runs slower, Interpreters are best suited for the program and development environment Interpreters are slow in executing the object code, 60 they are less preferred, Interpreters do not convert source code into object code;instead, they scan it line by line. Interpreters require source code for later execution, The interpreters exist in the memory during interpretation, Examples of pragramming languages that use interpreters are Python, Ruby, Perl, SNOBOL, MATLAB, ete, 22) What is machine learning? Machine learning is a new area of study of computer algorithms that can leam from an excellent example through self-improvement without being explicitly coded by a programmer, In other words, we can say that machine learning facilitates machines to learn and improve automatically through experience and by the use of data, Itis a part of artificial intelligence. 23) What is deep learning in Computer Science? Deep learning is a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence that follows the same way humans gain certain types of knowledge. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, It is called deep learning because it makes use of deep neural networks. Deep learning uses data science, statistics, and predictive modeling to mimic the network of neurons in the human brain and its functioning 24) What do you understand by byte stream? Byte stream or bytestream is a sequence of bytes used by programs to input and output information. Sometimes, itis also known as an octet-stream. Typically, each byte is an 8-bit quantity same as the octet- stream. Sometimes both are used interchangeably though octet streams are common among networking terminology. 25) What is the full form of WAVE? What is its usage? WWW is an acronym that stands for World Wide Web, It is e method of accessing information using the Internet. WWW is commonly known as the Web. It is an information system where Uniform Resource Locators identify documents and other web resources (URLs), such as https://abc.com/), interlinked by hyperlinks. We can access it over the Internet. These resources are published by a software application called a web server. The resources of the WWW are transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and a user can accecs it by a software application called a web browser. The World Wide Web is built on top of the Internet, which pre-dated the Web by over two decades. 26) What is a wrapper class in Java? Wrapper class is used in Java to access the primitive data type as an object. When we create an object to a wrapper class, it contains a field, and in this field, we can store primitive data types. In other words, we can wrap a primitive value into a wrapper class object. Following is the list of Primitive Types and their respective Wrapper classes: Primitive Type Wrapper class boolean Boolean char Character byte Byte int Integer short Short long Long float Float double Double 27) What is Destructor in object-oriented programming? Destructor is ¢ class member function or method in object-oriented programming used to delete or destruct an object. A destructor is invoked mecharically just before the object's memory is released. 28) What are the key differences between primary and secondary memory? Memory is the most fundarnental component of a computer. It is the cornputer's brain that stores data and information for storing and retrieving. Computer memary can be divided into two types, primary memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is the computer's main memory that is directly accessed by the central processing unit. On the other hand, secondary memory refers to the external storage device that can be used to store data or information permanently, Both memories are used to serve the same purpose but act differently, Let's see the key differences between them:Primary memory Primary memory is the main memory that cen be directly accessed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Primary memory stores temporary information until the process finishes its execution, The nature of Primary memory varies accordingly. For RAM, it is volatile, For ROM, itis Non-volatile. Semiconductor memory devices are used for primary memory. Primary memory devices are more expensive than secondary storage devices. Primary memory is also called Main memory or Internal memory. Examples of Primary memory are RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers, ete, Secondary memory Secondary memory is first transferred to the primary memory and then accessed by the processor because the processor does not directly interact with the secondary memory. Secondary memory is used to store data or information permanently. Itis an external storage device Secondary memory is always Non-volatile. Magnetic and optical memory devices are used in secondary memory. Secondary memory devices are not 2s much expensive as primary memory devices. Secondary memory is also called External memory or Auxiliary memory. Examples of Secondary memory are Hard Disks, Floppy disks, Magnetic Tapes, etc 29) What is the key difference between process and thread? A program in the state of execution is called a process. On the other hand, a thread is a segment of a process, So, we can say that a process can have more than one thread, 30) What are the different layers of the OSI Model? Following are the different layers of the OSI Model