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4. 15014022 September, 2015-6 Marketing and Management 4 Abstract This research paper attempts
to investigate the relationship between the Islamic religion as well as being Muslim and consumer
behaviour in the fashion industry. The paper aims to look into the consumer behaviour of women,
examining the role of the hijab, and how their attitude is affected through religious perspectives and
their identity as a Muslim. Five semi-structured interviews have been conducted with female Muslim
students who wear the hijab, aged from 23 to 26, living in the UK. The interview compiled a
combination of 15 - 20 closed-ended/opened-ended questions that are associated with the theory of
identity and self-concept. The consumer behaviour, particularly purchase decisions, of women
wearing the hijab are significantly influenced by Islamic religion and identity (hijab). Findings also
show that women wearing a hijab are more likely to see themselves to be more religious. Similarly,
participants who started wearing a hijab late in life, around 20, claim to have a stronger faith that
wearing the hijab perceives them to be more religious compared to those who started earlier in life,
around 12. This impacts their perception towards fashion advertisements greatly, especially in the
manner in which they encounter these advertisements that model the hijab and the clothes
uncovering the skin. This research leads to important marketing implications for Muslim women
segment in fashion industry. 9. Hence T ∼ Exp ( n i=1 λi). Similarly, T ∼ Exp ( n i=1 µi). Since n i=1
µi n i=1 λi, it follows that E[T] E[T ]. In the following example, by X ∼ W(α, λ) we mean that X
follows a (2-parameter) Weibull distribution with shape parameter α > 0 and scale parameter λ > 0.
The density function, distribution function and mean of this distribution are given by (see e.g. Tijms
2003) f(x) = αλ(λx)α−1 exp{−(λx)α }, x > 0, F(x) = 1 − exp{−(λx)α }, x > 0, and E[X] = 1 λ Γ 1 + 1
α , respectively. Example 1.2.2. Suppose Xi ∼ W(α, λi) and Yi ∼ W(c, µi) are sequences of
independent lifetimes that satisfy E[Xi] E[Yi]. Define T and T as in Example 1.2.1. It can be shown
using arguments similar to those in Example 1.2.1 that T ∼ W(α, n 1 λα i ) and T ∼ W(α, n 1 µc i ). If
c = α, then a necessary condition for the inequality E[Xi] E[Yi] to hold is that µi λi. It follows that, if
µi, then n i=1 µc i n i=1 λα i and hence Γ(1 + 1/α) n i=1 λα i = E[T] Γ(1 + 1/c) n i=1 µc i = E[T ].
One of the other many cases in which the inequality E[Xi] E[Yi] holds is if c
<
α
and
µi
=
λi.
In
this
case
we
have
Γ(1
+
1/
α)
n
i=1
λα
i
=
E[T]
Γ(1
+
1/
c)
n
i=1
µc
i
=
E[T
].
3
,
PhDiZone
dissertation
writing
service
is
allowing
you
get
your
most
valuable
dissertation
paper.
And
also
we
offer
you
different
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PhD
research
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project
guidance,
valuable
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writing
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top
PhD
paper
demonstration
service
and
more.
39.
Page
|
39
the
time
of
9/
11,
Annie
Machon
reported
that
not
all
inter-
service
relationships
were
happy
ones:
“Despite
the
intelligence
community
presenting
a
united
front
to
the
outside
world,
culture
clashes
between
the
three
agencies
are
commonplace.
Staff
on
secondment
between
agencies…
from
GCHQ
to
MI6
–
can
have
a
rough
time
fitting
into
a
new
environment,
working
with
colleagues
who
eye
them
with
suspicion,
as
the
divisions
jockey
for
power,
prestige
and
resources
within
Whitehall”
(Machon,
2010).
The
Security
Service’s
insistence
on
interrogating
all
terrorist
suspects
holding
British
citizenship
while
being
detained
in
foreign
nations
also
caused
a
strain
on
the
relationship.
Often
utilising
the
help
of
other
intelligence
agencies
that
had
no
qualms
about
torture
–
a
practice
frequently
derided
by
SIS
as
highly
unreliable
–
it
was
felt
by
some
that
MI5
could
damage
the
reputation
of
the
intelligence
community.
Corera
writes:
“Paradoxically,
public
perception
and
reputation
is
remarkably
important
for
those
that
work
in
the
secret
world.
It
is
precisely
because
they
cannot
talk
much
about
their
work
that
they
worry
more
about
the
ways
it
is
perceived
by
the
public”
(Corera,
ibid)
The
negative
reputation
of
the
security
services
brought
about
by
allegations
of
torture,
assassination,
and
the
sinister
agendas
of
the
various
agencies
has
had
a
dramatically
negative
impact
on
the
staff
of
the
intelligence
community.
The
Intelligence
Officer
complained
that:
“My
view
has
always
remained
the
same,
we
live
in
a
world
were
media
will
warp
and
twist
stories
to
create
fear
and
make
profit.
A
commonly
thrown
around
phrase
is
‘Don’t
let
the
truth
ruin
a
good
story’
[,]
that’s
the
long
and
short
of
it
and
within
the
organisation
we’re
trying
to
be
as
transparent
as
we
can
to
give
people
a
glimpse
of
what
we
do.
There’s
largely
a
feeling
of
frustration
in
regards
to
how
we
may
be
perceived
from
the
outside
that
can
occasionally
be
demoralising
for
some.
We
take
great
pride
in
what
we
do
and
some
[of
the
public]
are
naive
in
the
way
they
view
us”
(Intelligence
Officer,
2016)
36.
15014022
September,
2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
36
hijab,
which
leads
to
creating
the
efficient
and
crucial
marketing
strategy
in
the
fashion
industry,
especially
Islamic
segments.
3.2
The
purpose
of
this
research
The
fundamental
aim
of
this
research
is
to
identify
the
role
of
hijab
in
the
perspective
towards
fashion
advertisements
and
how
the
religion
especially
Islam
influence
the
consumer
behaviour
of
women
who
are
aged
around
23-
26
wearing
a
hijab
in
the
UK
concerning
clothes.
These
interviews
enable
to
provided
the
deep
understanding
how
Muslim
women
think
and
perceive
in
a
daily
living
in
the
UK
and
how
it
impacts
on
the
perceptions
that
they
hold,
which
consequently
can
bring
the
new
insights
to
create
the
marketing
strategy
and
enhance
the
existing
strategy
that
is
implemented
to
Muslim
segments
especially
in
the
fashion
market.
Moreover,
the
interviews
can
make
it
clear
what
kind
of
way
is
the
most
suitable
for
Muslim
women
wearing
a
hijab
regarding
advertising
communication.
In
terms
of
the
clothes,
it
must
be
sensitive
how
to
implement
the
communication
through
the
advertisements
since
Muslim
people
are
more
likely
to
perceive
offensiveness
towards
some
products
related
to
sexuality
(Gibbs
et
al.,
2007).
Therefore,
through
this
research,
it
is
intended
to
shed
the
light
upon
the
Muslim
original
thoughts
towards
fashion,
which
leads
the
company
to
understand
the
Muslim
perspective
and
create
their
new
strategy
based
on
this
research.
It
also
enables
to
increase
the
Muslim
female
in
the
fashion
industry.
17.
Page
|
17
fictional
spy
is
most
often
gendered
as
male,
the
covert
aspect
of
espionage
involves
traits
often
seen
as
feminine
such
as
disguise
and
dissimulation,
while
spies
are
masculinised
as
observers
and
agents.
The
spy
is
therefore
seen
as
hermaphrodite
figure
within
popular
culture,
destabilising
the
status
quo
of
gender
identity
and
becoming
highly
subjective”
(White,
2007:
2)
Rather
than
a
love
struck
secretary
as
portrayed
in
the
earlier
Bond
canon,
the
re-
imaged
character
of
Eve
Moneypenny
first
seen
in
Skyfall
(2012)
is
entirely
alien
from
how
the
character
was
originally
written.
John
Sutherland
argues
in
the
original
Bond
stories:
“[T]hat
the
ideologies
of
sexism
and
imperialism
are
inscribed
within
the
very
form
of
the
Bond
novels…
As
the
relations
between
Bond
and
the
villain
and
between
Bond
and
the
girl
develop
and
move
towards
their
resolution,
a
series
of
collateral
ideological
tensions
is
thus
simultaneously
worked
through
and
resolved.
It
is
in
this
way
that
the
Bond
novels
achieve
their
‘ideological
effect’
–
the
effect,
figuratively
speaking,
of
placing
the
women
back
in
position
beneath
men
and
putting
England
back
on
top”
(Sutherland,
1978:
176)
Yet,
it
is
only
recently
that
this
dynamic
has
begun
to
change
in
the
Bond
films.
Hosack
writes
in
regards
to
the
more
modern
portrayal
of
the
Bond
girl
that:
“She
[Eve
Moneypenny]
proves
a
new
breed
of
Bond
Girl.
She
fights,
shoots,
and
banters,
each
scene
presenting
her
with
a
great
deal
of
physical
agency.
Although
her
and
Bond
get
along
in
an
expectedly
flirtatious
way,
her
presence
in
the
context
of
the
chase
scene
automatically
undermines
Bond’s
masculine
authority”
(Hosack,
2015:
26)
A
further
revelation
is
that
unlike
the
last
feminine
character
who
was
a
match
for
Bond,
Vesper
Lynd,
Moneypenny
remains
loyal
to
the
hero
and
the
cause
which
they
serve.
Tincknell
reports
that:
32.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
32
to
order
customised
items
on-
line
and
what
are
the
target
consumers
for
customisation
services
of
apparel
on-
line.
Moreover,
the
goal
was
to
reveal
attitudes
towards
fast-
fashion
clothes
and
what
type
of
consumers
prefer
fast-
fashion
items
over
customised
items.
The
questionnaire
provides
demographic
information
about
consumers
and
answers
questions
about
their
purchasing
behaviour,
computer
experience
and
feelings
about
clothes.
Given
the
time
and
resources
available,
it
was
the
most
appropriate
method
to
use
in
order
to
gather
as
much
diversely
sampled
quantitative
and
qualitative
data
from
respondents
living
in
different
counties.
The
biggest
advantage
of
an
on-
line
survey
for
the
researcher
is
the
low
cost
and
ease
of
creation
and
distribution,
in
addition
to
gathering
and
analysing
quickly
the
data
on-
line.
It
is
also
advantageous
for
the
respondents
due
to
the
convenience
(Hollensen
and
Schmidt,2006:143-
5).
The
disadvantages
lie
in
the
researcher’s
inability
to
prevent
the
drop-
outs
and
control
the
accuracy
of
answers
due
to
n
sample.
It
also
limits
the
research
in
providing
assistance
and
preventing
self-
selection
and
non-
response
biases
(Hollensen
and
Schmidt,2006:145,
Illyeva
et
al
2002).
Some
respondents
struggled
to
complete
the
questionnaire
due
to
their
low
English
language
proficiency.
Moreover,
because
the
questionnaire
was
complex
and
time-
consuming,
the
drop-
out
rate
was
extremely
high.
The
segmentation
and
screening
for
the
survey
was
decided
to
be
wider
than
in
previous
studies
that
preferred
to
study
young,
computer-
literate
women
who
might
have
moderate
or
high
level
of
interest
in
fashion.
Since
the
studies
are
outdated
and
there
might
have
been
a
significant
shift
in
consumer
behaviour,
expanding
the
segmentation
to
both
genders
was
agreed.
Men,
if
not
interested
in
buying
customised
clothes
for
themselves,
they
might
be
interested
in
buying
them
as
gifts.
In
addition,
the
age
group
was
also
expanded
and
ranged
from
12
to
60
years
old
for
the
same
reason.
Teenagers
and
older
women
might
have
the
need
and
interest
to
customise
goods
due
to
problems
associated
with
fit
and
sizing,
and
due
to
their
eclectic
tastes.
Because
the
research
was
conducted
in
the
context
of
an
on-
line
space,
location
was
not
a
part
of
segmentation.
Because
linking
technologies
for
mass
customisation
require
some
level
of
computer
literacy,
it
was
essential
to
collect
responses
from
respondents
with
computer
access
and
proficiency.
Moreover,
customisation
would
most
likely
be
interesting
to
consumers
with
some
interest
in
fashion.
With
the
study
of
Lee
and
Chang
(2001:191)
in
mind,
it
was
decided
to
use
these
criteria
for
segmentation
and
screening.
Therefore,
computer
literacy
and
fashion
awareness
were
left
as
main
factors
in
participant
selection;
however,
other
factors
were
also
46.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
46
H27
–
people
need
help
with
choosing
their
size
or
indicating
their
measurements.
Having
reviewed
secondary
sources,
the
hypotheses
were
constructed
for
further
testing:
Table
8:
Hypotheses
testing
table:
H1–
consumers
are
not
comfortable
using
CAD
software.
H2
–
consumers
are
not
confident
in
constructing
clothes
without
professional
assistance.
H3
–
expanded
search
and
selection
are
essential
for
customer
satisfaction
H4
–
consumers
are
concerned
about
the
price,
time
of
delivery,
convenience,
equipment
and
privacy.
H5
–
lack
of
creativity
and
technical
skills
make
it
hard
for
consumers
to
participate
in
design
processes.
H6
–
previous
experience
with
and
knowledge
about
customisation
helps
consumers
view
on-
line
customisation
positively.
H7
–
focus
on
customised
fit
is
the
most
appropriate
type
of
customisation
for
the
mass
customisation
strategy.
H8
–
shopping
on-
line
for
customised
garments
is
time-
consuming
and
complicated
for
consumers.
H9
–
consumers
prefer
bargains
to
long-
term
satisfaction.
H10
–
totally
custom
option
is
suitable
for
fashion-
aware
consumers
with
confidence
in
style.
H11
–
many
people
do
not
trust
on-
line
transactions.
H12
–
interest
in
collaborative
customisation
is
greater
for
specific
categories
of
apparel:
special
occasion
clothes,
swimwear,
suits,
jackets
and
dresses.
H13
–
consumers
need
some
degree
of
confidence
and
knowledge
in
decision-
making
process
connected
to
garment
structure
and
design
features.
H14
–
there
is
demand
and
interest
in
some
form
of
customisation.
H15
–
co-
design
combined
with
design
options
or
totally
custom
is
an
optimal
choice
for
the
mass
customisation
strategy
on-
line.
H16
–
consumers
are
interested
in
constructing
and
buying
clothes
with
CAD
software.
H17
–
consumers
find
it
easy
to
construct
and
order
customised
clothes
on-
line.
55.
1218863
Page
54
of
81
Despite
the
previously
discussed
findings
that
financial
rewards
significantly
did
not
predict
organizational
commitment,
the
investigation
of
the
separate
indicators
revealed
that
fringe
benefits
(p=0.000,
b=0.337,
t=3.859)
are
perceived
as
influential
in
determining
commitment
levels.
While
this
finding
supports
the
study
of
Ahmad
and
Scott
(2015)
that
most
fringe
benefits
have
strong
or
moderate
impact
on
affective
organizational
commitment,
it
is
in
contrast
to
argument
of
Wang
(2004)
that
those
can
only
affect
their
continuance
commitment,
to
stick
with
the
organization
but
will
not
make
them
to
put
high
levels
of
efforts
on
behalf
of
the
organization.
However,
the
present
study
findings
suggest
that
investment
into
fringe
benefits
have
the
potential
to
contribute
to
the
enhancement
of
front-
line
employees’
affective
commitment.
5.2.2
Non-
financial/
Relational
Rewards
Investigating
the
impacts
of
non-
financial
rewards,
statistically
significant,
strong
positive
relationship
was
found
with
customer
service
employees’
affective
organizational
commitment
(p=0.000,
t=15.159,
b=0.827).
This
evidence
suggests
that
non-
financial,
relational
rewards
play
a
significant
role
in
determining
employees’
commitment
to
the
organization
where
they
work,
which
supports
previous
research
conducted
by
Chew
and
Chan
(2008)
Gagné
(2009)
and
Paul
and
Ananthataman
(2004).
Research
outcomes
of
Mottaz
(1988)
that
intrinsic
and
social
rewards
make
stronger
positive
impact
on
this
variable
than
monetary
rewards
were
also
reinforced.
Likewise,
the
present
study
is
also
consistent
Malhotra,
Budhwar
and
Prowse’s
(2007)
research
from
a
similar
research
context,
that
non-
financial
rewards
are
perceived
as
more
important
to
customer
service
employees’
affective
commitment
than
financial
compensation.
Consequently,
it
leads
to
the
acceptance
of
hypothesis
4.
Although,
Chew
and
Chan
(2008)
recognised
that
non-
financial
rewards
are
sufficient
to
enhance
workers’
affective
commitment,
they
argued
that
financial
rewards
are
as
important
in
determining
high
levels
of
commitment.
The
present
finding,
strongly
reject
this
view,
since
non-
financial
rewards
at
beta
value
of
0.827
show
significantly
stronger
contribution
to
organizational
commitment
of
customer
service
employees
than
financial
ones
b=
-
0.57.
In
addition
to
this,
as
a
result
of
high
relatedness
of
non-
financial
rewards
and
affective
commitment,
the
present
study
also
rejects
the
view
of
Angle
and
Perry
(1983)
that
organizational
commitment
is
not
related
to
an
intrinsic
need
fulfilment
which
can
be
achieved
by
recognition,
autonomy
and
career
development.
The
Availability
of
Data
Data
is
the
major
factor
in
determining
whether
a
dissertation
topic
is
viable
–
and
therefore
the
marks
obtainable.
•
Access
to
data
is
a
key
factor
in
choosing
a
topic.
•
The
choice
of
topic
and
the
availability
of
data
is
inter-
dependent.
•
Where
appropriate
data
is
available,
it
should
be
collected
as
soon
as
possible,
ready
for
later
analysis.
Students
undertaking
empirical
analysis
should
have
collected
their
data
by
the
end
of
June.
31.
Page
|
31
accepting
people
for
who
they
are.
Often
older
generations
can
be
viewed
as
closed
minded
to
issues
surrounding
LGBT”
(Intelligence
Officer,
2016)
This
attitude
is
seemingly reflected throughout not only the intelligence community but also the civil service. The
Civil Servant remarked: “I have come across a few of them and it sort of hasn’t been an issue.
There’s
been
an
acceptance
towards
people
going through that [Gender Re- assignment Therapy]. It’s a rare occurrence but for me it hasn’t been
an
issue. ‘Samuel’ became ‘Samantha’ and that was it, really” (Civil Servant, 2016) It is interesting to
note how different generations within the same profession have adapted to the drive for inclusivity.
While
the
younger intelligence officer was enthusiastic about the recent change of attitude regarding the LGBT
community, despite not being part of it himself, the older civil servant - while just as accepting -
appears to do so in a very matter-of-fact way. This possibly indicates that for the older generations
within
the
intelligence
services
or
government, personal issues are largely accepted provided it doesn’t hinder that person’s ability to
work
effectively. However, while transgender people have largely been accepted in the work place there
has
been
very
little positive portrayals of transgendered members of the intelligence community. The evolution in
thought about women and transgendered people in the intelligence service has also prompted
increased examination of male employees of the intelligence community and their representation in
the
media. To explain this shift in attitude about the male gender and masculinities Cunningham and
Gabri write: “Masculinity, therefore, is not a singular category or ideology. Rather, it is a fluid
category subject to the varieties of human interactions within differing cultural and embodied
context” (Cunningham & Gabri, 2009: 83) With more tolerant society increasingly becoming a
reality, the ways in which the intelligence community can solve security threats by approaching
solutions from different angles can increase, the Intelligence Officer stating that “It's necessary to
bring
many
different
ways
of
thinking together to stay one step ahead of the mission” (Intelligence Officer, 2016) 2. 2 This
dissertation
was
completed as part of the MSc Water Energy and The Environment at Liverpool John Moores
University. This is my own unaided work. Where the work of others has been used or drawn on then
it
has
been
fully attributed to the relevant source Signed: Joshua N Phillips Date: 26.09.16 3. Page | 3 Abstract
The
British
intelligence
community
faces new challenges in maintaining the security of the United Kingdom such combating as cyber
terrorism, domestic jihadism, and international crime. As well as this, the organisations must also
deal
with
the
internal issues of diversity and transparency within the intelligence community. Misconceptions
regarding
the
security
services
are
still present in both the popular media and also in the perception of the public. With the end of the
Cold War, the cessation of hostilities in Northern Ireland, and the “War on Terror”, the global face of
international politics has changed dramatically and so too has the face of the security services. This
dissertation
will
argue that the popular media deliberately creates a false narrative of the security services in order to
make
espionage
seem more exciting than it is in reality. A second argument will demonstrate how (in) accurate
official government policy is compared to reality, while my third argument will seek to answer why
the
British
Intelligence
community
actively supports inaccurate depictions of the services. ProfEssays.com is a team of dedicated
academic writers who encompasses brilliant crafts to accomplish a good research. They are well
familiar with the writing dissertation/thesis for any level- college thesis, master thesis, and doctoral
thesis and in any subject like BSC dissertation or MSC dissertation. The main components of a good
dissertation
would
be
–
Introduction with proper background and literature reviews; methodology; findings, results and
discussions; suggestions and recommendations. And of course heed to the proper writing style- APA
style, MLA style, Harvard style, etc. 3) After a normal scan, most patients reported significantly
reduced anxiety and stress about their headaches. Some said headache symptoms also lessened. 5. 5
Table
of
Figures Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………..37 Figure
2……………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure
2a……………………………………………………………………….......38 Figure
3……………………………………………………………………………..39 Figure
4……………………………………………………………………………..40 Figure
5……………………………………………………………………………..41 Figure
5a……………………………………………………………………………41 Figure
5b……………………………………………………………………………42 Figure
6……………………………………………………………………………..42 Figure
7……………………………………………………………………………..43 Figure
8……………………………………………………………………………..44 46. 15014022
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2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
46
Western countries. In addition, the researcher can describe how the participants have the image of
women
who
wear the hijab (actual self and actual social self). Additionally, they enable the researcher to analyse
which
marketing
strategy
is
effective through the advertisements. Other questions enable the researcher to gain more knowledge
about
the
view
of
women
wearing
the
hijab. Also, they support the researcher to develop the insights that are used to explore the findings
derived from the major questions. 3.9 Data Analysis The researcher has collected qualitative data
through
the
interviews
conducted
for
the
participants in Bradford. Each collected data from contributors have to try to be analysed according
to
the
objectives of the dissertation. However, the collected data are not served its purpose unless it is
examined by the appropriate framework to provide a set of discoveries, hypothesis and theories.
Although
there
are
many
techniques that are used for data analysis of qualitative research, Interpretive Analysis was employed
for
the
purpose
of
this
research.
It
is
simply because the aims of this research were met to the description of Interpretive Analysis that was
provided
by
Kawulich (2004), who mentioned that interpretive analysis tends to be used for the semi-structured
interview with open-ended questions rather than closed questions. Additionally, it was stated by
Kawulich that through interpretive analysis, the researchers regularly clarify what the pdfFiller is an
end-to-end solution for managing, creating, and editing documents and forms in the cloud. Save time
and
hassle by preparing your tax forms online. Dissertation Structure There is a standard model for
dissertations, although some variation is acceptable (depends upon supervisor). Students should look
at
previous
dissertations. • Introduction (5-7 pages). • Review of the theoretical literature (15-20). • Contextual
description of relevant information (5-10). • Empirical analysis (20-25). • Summary and conclusions
(5). The dissertation should be around 15,000 words (60 double-spaced pages), not including
appendices etc. 8. 1218863 Page 7 of 81 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Components of Reward
Systems......................................................................14 Figure 2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs.........................................................................15 Figure 2.3 Three Dimensions of
Organizational Commitment..........................................21 Figure 2.4 Research
Framework........................................................................................28 Figure 3.1 Towers Perrin
Model.......................................................................................32 Figure 4.1 Age of
Respondents..........................................................................................38 Figure 4.2 Gender of
Respondents.....................................................................................38 Figure 4.3 Normal Probability
Plots of the Regression Standardized Residuals...............40 Figure 4.4 Scatterplot of Regression
Standardized Residuals............................................40 ESSEXPATHWAYSST UDENT
HANDBOOK 201819Introduct ion A very warm welcome to the Essex Pathways Department, and
thank you for choosing to study with us, We 53. t Gumbel−Gammafailurerate β < 1 β > 1 β = 1
Figure 3.4: The mixture failure rates for a Gumbel baseline and Gamma frailty with α = 1. Proof.
The marginal density function of Ti can be written, f(ti|λ) = λe−λti . If we denote the density of λ by
g(λ) then the unconditional density of ti becomes, f(ti) = ∞ 0 f(ti|λ)g(γ) dλ = ∞ 0 λe−λti g(λ) dλ The
corresponding CDF becomes 47 Welcome To - Norfolk County Council Thus, you do not have to
worry because you are in the right place. You can dissertation for msc us with your work. We also
ensure that the work is finished within the stipulated time. 16. 13 4.2 Approximations of the Ruin
Probability. As we have shown analytically that there exist results of ruin probability in infinite time
in case of an Exponential distribution, we should be clear to say that Laplace technique does not
always work in all claim distributions therefore we use some approximations. 4.2.1 Crammer-
Lundberg Approximation. Cramer-Lundberg’s asymptotic ruin formula for (u) for large u is given by
(u)=C (3.3.5) Where C= (R) – It gives almost accurate results for the light-tailed distributions. 4.2.2
Exponential Approximation. De Vylder [7] derived this approximation which requires the first three
moments to be finite. (u)=exp {-1- √ } (3.3.6) 4.2.3 Lundberg Approximation. Grandell [8] derived
this approximation requires the first three moments to be infinite. (u)= {1+ ( ) } exp ( ) (3.3.7 28.
15014022 September, 2015-6 Marketing and Management 28 This literature review clearly shows
that the Muslim people are more likely to devote themselves to live a life as a member of Islam.
Also, there have been many types of research conducted towards Muslim consumers, in which most
of them have studied Muslims as a whole even though there might be the different perspective
between Muslim men and women. Therefore, identifying the point of view of Muslim women and
consumer attitudes toward fashion, the meaning hijab needs to be researched. 2.6 The hijab and
Muslim women Muslim women have been the centre of the recent media image of Islam and Muslim
societies. However, Muslim women often are considered as a domesticated of a hostile by the most
of the Western media (Richardson, 2004). A similar surprising fact is that even though the high
numbers of Muslims live in the world, the mainstream of Western media describes Muslim women as
if they are only living in Arab countries (Pew Research Center, 2009). Additionally, Miriam Cooke
(2007) mentioned that as for the religious identity, Muslim women often are seen at first sight as the
Muslim woman before anything else (nationality, age, job). The most literature discusses the concept
of hijab before examining Muslim women’s behaviour. For instance, Latiff, and Fatin Nur Sofia
Zainol Alam (2013) provided the meaning of hijab in the literature. Hijab generally means covering
private aspects and embellishments. Also, another research illustrated the idea of hijab in the
following way: Muslim women wear hijab as a tool of showing their Muslim identity (Williams and
Vashi, 13. 13 2.2. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Prior to the current study, 2.5ml blood
samples were collected in PAXgene blood RNA vacutainer tubes (BD Diagnostics) and RNA was
extracted using the PAXgene bloodRNAkit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. A
2100 Bioanalyser (Agilent Technologies) was used to assess RNA integrity. cDNA was synthesized
using 250ng of total RNA using the QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen) according to the
manufacturer’s protocol from samples with RNA integrity numbers >7. 2.3. Primer design. Primers
were designed using Primer 3 (Table 2). The National Center for Biotechnology Information’s
(NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to check for homology between
target and non-target sequences. Primers were redesigned if they exhibited complementarity for a
given non- target RNA, contained any single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), particuarly at the 5’
end, produced more than 1 product, or an incorrect product (verified by sequencing), or could not be
optimised to produce a standard curve of the correct efficiency (see below). Primers were purchased
from Sigma Aldrich. Table 2. Primers used in qRT-PCR to quantify levels of mitochondrial
transcripts. Target product Forward primer 5’ 3’ Reverse primer 5’ 3’ Product size ND3 ND4L ND4
ND5 CYB* TTACGAGTGCGGCTTCGACC TAGTATATCGCTCACACCTC
CTAGGCTCACTAAACATTCTA TCGAATAATTCTTCTCACCC TATCCGCCATCCCATACATT
CCTAAGTCTGGCCTATGAGT CACATATGGCCTAGACTAC CGCAGTACTCTTAAAACTAGG
CGCAGGATTTCTCATTACTA ACAACCCCCTAGGAATCACC 209bp 209bp 206bp 137bp 188bp
*Designed during the current project.
17.
15014022
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6
Marketing
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17
them.
As
reported
by
Argyle
(2008),
self-
esteem
is
influenced
by
mainly
four
following
factors:
the
response
of
others,
social
roles,
comparison
with
others,
and
identification.
In
the
personality
theory
of
Roger,
the
self
was
further
divided
into
two
classifications:
the
real
self
and
ideal
self.
The
real
self
is
the
one
who
individuals
actually
are
while
the
ideal
is
the
one
who
individuals
wish
to
be
like.
He
stated
that
people
need
to
make
an
achievement
of
consistency
between
these
two
characters,
but
there
is
a
gap
between
ideal
self
and
actual
self,
which
he
called
incongruence.
Roger
believed
that
incongruence
leads
to
the
depression
while
there
is
less
difference,
in
other
words,
less
congruence
between
two
characters,
which
results
in
self-
worth,
productive
and
healthy
life.
This
congruence
is
also
influenced
by
the
four
factors
mentioned
before
according
to
Argyle.
In
the
marketing
study
provided
by
Sirgy
(2002),
it
was
suggested
that
the
level
of
purchase
motivation
might
be
influenced
by
the
self-
image
and
product-
image
congruity.
Particularly,
the
customer
is
motivated
to
buy
positive
imaged
goods
to
keep
their
positive
self-
image
or
improve
themselves
by
approaching
the
ideal-
self.
On
the
contrary,
self-
consistency
anticipates
that
the
customers
are
encouraged
to
buy
a
product
with
the
image
that
is
agreeable
with
their
self-
image
belief.
This
indicates
that
to
maintain
consistency,
customers
may
avoid
purchasing
the
products
with
the
picture
that
is
not
compatible
with
their
self-
image
belief.
Even
though
there
are
many
theories
that
have
been
developed
by
many
different
researchers,
for
the
sake
of
simplicity,
the
four
familiar
characters
that
play
a
major
role
in
consumer
behaviour
is
applied
to
this
research:
actual,
ideal,
social,
and
ideal
social.
In
order
to
make
it
clear
to
understand
the
theory
that
is
used
for
analysis,
social
and
26.
Exploring
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26
III.

Purpose
and
methodology
Market
orientation
depends
on
consumer
focus
and
demand.
Consumer’s
future
needs
and
references,
as
well
as,
customiser’s
abilities
should
be
researched
carefully
in
order
to
produce
a
successful
business
strategy
(Kohli
and
Jarowski,
1990,
Brannon
et
al,2002).
In
order
for
mass
customisation
to
be
successful,
companies
need
to
understand
the
conditions
where
customisation
is
successful,
what
kind
of
customisation
consumers
value
and
what
risks
customisation
of
apparel
involves
(Franke
et
al,
2009,
Gilmore,
Pine,
1997).
Also,
“empirical
understanding
of
consumer
characteristics
and
their
motivation
to
make
purchase
decisions”
for
throwaway
or
customised
fashion
“can
help
retailers
in
developing
effective
business
strategies
to
perform
more
effectively
in
the
market”
(Fairhurst,
Bhardwaj,
2010:172).
The
overall
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
explore
the
potential
of
a
mass
customisation
strategy
in
apparel
market
online,
the
acceptance
of
the
concept,
willingness
to
pay
and
overall
consumer
interest
in
such
services.
The
primary
study
examines
what
type
of
people
would
prefer
customisation
over
fast
–fashion.
Therefore,
the
purpose
of
this
study
is
to
fill
the
gaps
identified
in
previous
researches
on
mass
customisation.
The
research
comprises
various
methods
and
includes
a
wider
sampling
approach
because
of
the
changing
consumer
characteristics
and
new
on–line
opportunities.
There
is
little
evidence
on
the
technology
acceptance,
target
consumer
group,
their
characteristics
and
attitudes
towards
the
mass
customisation
trend.
It
expands
the
research
of
Brannon
et
al.
(2002)
and
constructs
a
new
model
which
not
only
identifies
new
obstacles
but
also
presents
ways
to
eliminate
or
diminish
them.
It
takes
into
account
the
new
fast-
fashion
trend
that
has
recently
emerged
and
consumer’s
recent
sociological
changes.
A.

The
structure
of
the
study
The
research
consists
of
three
parts
that
combine
secondary
and
primary,
as
well
as,
qualitative
and
quantitative
research
methods.
They
helped
to
produce
a
coherent
analysis
of
the
potential
of
mass
customisation
strategy
for
apparel
market
on-
line
and
consist
of:
1)
The
analysis
and
summary
of
secondary
data
2)
An
in-
depth
interview
with
a
made-
to-
measure
designer
3)
An
on-
line
survey
Expires
June
30,
2020P
a
g
e
1
of
6201920Manhasse
t
After
school
Experience,
Inc.
C/
o
Mensa
Park
Elementary
School
(516)
2677594
office
1
Hunt
Lane
(516)
19.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
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16/
10/
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19
through
a
web
page
from
which
it
can
distantly
operate
and
provide
services
in
more
than
one
country
without
being
physically
present.
Flexible
production
technologies
and
smart
algorithms
enable
the
setting
up
of
a
competitive
pricing
scheme
and
reduce
production
times
and
cost.
Full
body
scanning
technologies
that
let
producers
distantly
develop
made-
to
measure
clothes,
as
well
as,
online
interactive
configuration
technologies
and
3-
D
digital
modelling
like
design
toolkits,
CAD
software,
and
virtual
fitting
rooms
help
reveal
customer
preferences
and
recreate
the
measuring,
fitting,
and
tailoring
processes
online
(Gandhi,2013:3;
Lee,
Chang,2011).
Ultimately,
they
give
customers
a
visual
result
of
the
product
they
have
created
which,
subsequently,
instils
confidence
in
their
purchasing
decisions
(Mass
Customisation
Developments,
2000;
Brannon
et
al,2003).
Technological
acceptance
and
usage
Technology
Acceptance
model
(TAM)
is
an
important
concept
to
take
into
account
when
dealing
with
customisation.
Even
though
technologies
may
lower
costs
of
Figure
6:
Virtual
Fitting
rooms.
Source:
Fits.me
(2013)
25.
15014022
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Marketing
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25
They,
in
their
first
research,
could
not
identify
any
connection
while
using
the
measurements
provided
by
Wikes
et
al.
This
may
be
because
Wikes’
inclusive
scale
does
not
work
to
differentiate
religiosity
intrinsically
and
extrinsically.
The
second
attempt,
however,
they
figured
out
that
there
is
no
connection
between
religiosity
and
fundamental
ethical
faith,
and
intrinsic
religiosity
has
a
positive
impact
on
almost
all
its
aspects
by
using
different
measurement
developed
by
Allport
and
Ross
(1967).
This
scale
was
invented
to
examine
religiosity
from
both
intrinsic
and
extrinsic
aspects.
In
2004,
Fam
and
other
colleagues
investigated
how
different
religion
influence
on
the
perspective
of
advertisements
about
the
controversial
product.
On
this
study,
the
products
were
categorised
into
four
different
groups:
(1)
products
related
to
sex
and
gender,
(2)
political/
social
products,
(3)
addictive
products,
and
(4)
products
related
health
and
care.
The
results
of
this
research
revealed
that
there
are
outstanding
differences
concerning
the
perspective
of
offensiveness
among
the
believers
of
each
religion.
This
literature
made
it
clear
that
there
is
a
connection
between
different
religions
and
different
consumer
attitudes.
Also,
it
indicates
that
the
influence
of
religiosity
on
consumer
behaviour
can
vary
depending
on
which
extent
people
devote
themselves
to
the
particular
religion.
At
the
same
time,
it
suggests
that
in
order
to
meet
the
research
questions,
the
further
research
of
how
the
advertisements
exactly
influence
on
the
Muslims’
buying
behaviour
is
needed.
28.
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28
B.

Secondary
data:
hypotheses
setting
A
secondary
research
method
was
selected
in
order
to
reveal
previous
findings
pertaining
to
mass
customisation
of
apparel
on-
line
and
to
avoid
repetition
in
this
research.
The
findings
were
used
to
indicate
research
questions
for
this
dissertation
and
to
construct
a
set
of
hypotheses.
These
would
be
tested
using
a
deductive
approach
to
data
reduction
and
primary
research
methods
in
the
form
of
an
interview
and
questionnaire
(Bryman,
Bell,
2011:92).
The
secondary
research
helped
guide
the
focus
of
the
interview
and
questionnaire.
The
findings
were
summarised
and
analysed
in
the
context
of
selected
research
questions.
Table
5:
Overall,
the
dissertation
explores
and
aims
to
answer
the
following
questions:
(a)
Is
there
a
demand
for
mass
customization
in
the
apparel
market?
How
big
is
it?
(b)
Does
the
fast-
fashion
trend
contradict
the
need
for
customization?
How
to
overcome
it?
(c)
What
type
of
consumers
prefer
fast-
fashion
products
and
what
type
of
consumers
would
rather
buy
customized
clothing
items?
(d)
What
products
and
to
what
level
should
be
customized?
(e)
In
what
way
have
technological
advances
contribute
to
customization?
Can
they
solve
problems
connected
to
customisation
services?
How
comfortable
the
consumers
are
with
co-
design
software?
Can
they
make
design
decisions?
(f)
How
people
view
the
possibility
of
customizing
and
buying
products
online?
Can
it
compete
with
shopping
in
malls?
(g)
What
key
issues
could
arise
from
the
customization
of
apparel
online?
How
can
they
be
omitted? (h) What pricing strategy would be acceptable for customised apparel? What price the
consumers
are
willing to pay fro long-term satisfaction? (i) What components positively effect on success of the
company that provides mass customization services? What are the key elements that would ensure
mass
customizer’s success? (j) What characteristics target consumers of a mass customized product should
posses? (Source: constructed by the researcher after reviewing literature mentioned in this paper) 33.
1218863 Page 32 of 81 3.4.1 Independent Variables Since the present research aims to investigate
the
impacts of reward systems on employees’ behaviours towards their jobs and the organizations they
work
for, financial and non-financial rewards are the independent variables in the study. Towers Perrin
model, shown in Figure 3.1, was adopted in order to identify pay and benefits as financial
(transactional) elements of the reward system; as well as work environment and learning and
development as non- financial, or so called relational rewards. Figure 3.1 Towers Perrin Model
(Adopted from Armstrong and Taylor, 2014 pp 366) Financial/Transactional Rewards Financial
rewards were measured by two indicators; pay and fringe benefits, developed by Malhotra, Budhwar
and
Prowse (2007) and have been well accepted for demonstrating high reliability and validity (Newman
and
Sheikh, 2012b). In the current study, Cronbach alpha coefficient was .812. The responses for each
indicator (pay and benefits) were summed and averaged to yield a satisfaction with the financial
benefits. Items included are listed in Table 3.1. Pay I amsatisfied with the amount of pay I receive
for
the
job I do. I feel I ampaid fairly considering the work I do. I amsatisfied with my pay considering
otherorganizations I know of. Benefits I amsatisfied with the fringe benefits package. The fringe
benefits package is as good asother organization offer. Table 3.1 Scales of Financial Rewards In
addition to that, scientific case studies are usually very technical, hence you will be required to only
aim at coming up with very accurate research findings dissertation for msc you do your project. With
that
information, you now understand why it is very necessary to get assistance with research topic ideas
for
an
MSc thesis, dissertation for msc. This implies that there will be no room for guesswork as you do
your project. 28. 28 consequence of land clearing needed in order to increase sites suitability; this can
adversely affect local wildlife and reduce vegetation. Dai et al (2015) reviews the various
environmental issues that are associated with wind energy; much like solar energy there are impacts
that
only
occur through the use of specific technologies, some do however overlap. For example, both solar
and
wind power both have some ecological and human effects, such as effects on wildlife and visual
impacts on the landscape. In terms of how wind energy can impact wildlife it can differ depending
on
whether onshore or offshore is being utilized. It can affect local avian and bat populations inducing
mortality and disturbance risks to both; it can occur as a result of collisions with the turbines rotating
propellers or with other structures within a wind farm, (Dai et al, 2015). Another primary
environmental drawback is noise, Dai et al (2015) talks about how noise creates a great deal of
opposition towards wind energy developments, as residents become more antagonised by turbine
noise compared to traffic noise. The noise created by wind turbines can be categorised into
aerodynamic and mechanical noise; there are ways however that the noise from wind turbines can be
reduced; this can be done during the design phase by altering the shape of the blades. It can also be
mitigated by implementing longer standoff distances for developments, or by constructing turbines
in
areas where there are greater levels of noise, for example areas that experience higher levels of traffic,
(H Rashid, 2016). Wind energy’s impact on the landscape is another issue that is explored by Minelli
et
al (2014), looking at how the location of the wind developments can affect how people view there
aesthetic impact on the landscape. There is also the concern of shadow flicker this occurs when the
sunlight is distorted by the movement of the blades and is considered a human impact especially
when
developments are built in close proximity to residences, (Dai et al, 2015). Similarly to noise impacts
this
can
be
minimised by carefully locating developments, especially in areas near to habitations. Download
Now 13. Exploring the trend of customisation in the digital age 16/10/2015 13 In circumstances
where
the
higher price for such products cannot be lowered, studies have revealed that customers are frequently
willing to pay extra for customised products (Franke et al., 2009). This is because they gain more
utility from such products. Nevertheless, costs should be sufficiently low to target the same market
segment that previously purchased standard products (Harzer, 2013:10, Kaplan et al 2007; Frankie
and
Piller 2004, Schrier 2006, Frankie et al 2009). Conversely, scholars like Alptekinoglu and Corbett
(2008) and Jiang et al (2006) view mass customisation as a less sustainable strategy that depends
significantly on external market environments and internal firm capabilities (Salvador et al, 2009:74).
Moreover, a study conducted by Squire et al. (2006) concludes that mass customisation is limited
and
is
not
an
appropriate strategy for any type of firm. Accordingly, Kotha (1995:36) emphasises that mass
customisation
should
replace neither standardised products nor services; it can be an additional service that delivers to
another consumer segment (Radder and Louw 1999). For instance, companies such as Adidas, Lego
and
Masterfoods provide standard products while simultaneously offering those that are customised
(Harzer,2013). A study conducted by Herzer et al (2013), which explored companies and their
customisation
endeavours, demonstrated that the combination of inappropriate strategies foiled their attempts.
Companies that understood consumer behaviour, needs and reactions were successful. Figure 4:
Porter’s Generic Strategies. Source: Porter, 1985, p.12 14. 14 in the developments whilst
simultaneously improving peoples understanding of renewable energy technologies. The objective of
the
investigation is to determine the reasons as to why there is public opposition towards both wind and
solar energy developments in rural Pembrokeshire. There has been very little research in this area,
(Knopper et al, 2011), and this study would be beneficial in determining what the reasons are behind
peoples negative perceptions towards wind and solar energy developments. It will also look at how
community involvement can be improved, so that individuals as a collective have more of an
influence
during the planning and construction phases of the developments, whether that be by determining
the
sites of the developments or through the involvement at each stage of the development process. In
addition to this the investigation will look at what people’s attitudes are towards the shared
ownership of renewable energy developments, whereby communities will not only be involved in
renewable energy developments but they would also benefit from them. This research would benefit
a
number of project stakeholders in Pembrokeshire, as they would not only be able to attempt to
mitigate some of the reasons behind peoples negative viewpoints towards wind and solar
developments, but also they could endeavour to increase communities involvement in projects and
this
could
in
turn affect public attitudes towards them. Dissertation Marks • 80%+ High quality original research
with
strong theory, empirical work and analysis – publishable. • 70%+ Good quality original research work
with
many
strong elements (particularly empirics) but some weaknesses – potentially publishable. • 60%+ Sound
original research containing theory, empirics and analysis. • 50%+ Some originality but weak or
lacking sufficient theory, empirics and analysis. •
<
50%
Fail
–
lacking
coherence,
unoriginal
and
weak
theory,
empirics
and
analysis.
4.
Contents
1
An
overview
of
common
stochastic
orders
1
1.1
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likelihood
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1.7
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1.8
Applications
in
Reliability
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some
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Remarks
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2
Order
in
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family
of
Weibull
distributions
24
2.1
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notions
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2.2
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dangerousness
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stop-
loss
orders
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Ordering of mixture distributions 34 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 The proportional hazard frailty model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 Gamma frailty . . . . . . . . .
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65 5 Conclusion 67 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2 Stochastic
Order
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heterogeneous populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.5 Final remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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73 iii 50. 50 primarily agriculturally focussed, and have nearby watercourses as is the case
throughout much of Pembrokeshire. Nevertheless, there are various ways in that the impacts on local
wildlife can be minimised, some of which are outline in the work carried out by Phillips (2013)
whereby through correct design, implementation and management some if not all of the issues
associated with these technologies can be mitigated. Further to this with regards to avian species
developers must assess the suitability and must take into account bird sensitive areas before
designating a site for future wind turbines proposals, (Tsoutsos, Frantzeskaki and Gekas, 2005). .
4.3.4 Cost Effectiveness The cost effectiveness of solar and wind energy developments was another
potential cause for negative perceptions examined by this study. There various factors that must be
considered when looking at the economics of these installations they include annual energy
production, cost of installation, maintenance costs, as well as financial incentives. In recent times
there has been a significant decrease in the consumer cost of renewable technologies, this is as a
result of both a reduction in production cost and improvements in the efficiency of the
manufacturing process, (Carlisle et al, 2016). Further to this, Khatib and Difiglio (2016) look
specifically at the returns of renewable energy investments and to see whether they are a viable
energy generation alternative in terms of cost; there are a number of factors that can affect this, these
include: Cost profiles for both wind and solar developments tend to fluctuate, however in recent
times it has remained relatively low, Unpredictability of performance, this being dependent on the
suitability of where the development is located, as it must be somewhere that possesses optimum
conditions for energy production. Transmission costs, with majority of renewable energy
developments being located considerable distances away from load centres. Avoid Unjustified
Choices Bad: We used single linkage clustering... Why? Good: We experimented with single/group
/complete linkage, but found this choice made little difference, we therefore report only single…
Better: We experimented with single/group/complete linkage, but found this choice little difference,
we therefore report only single linkage in this paper, however the interested reader can view the
Appendix X to see all variants of clustering. 40. Page | 40 The obvious resentment by the
Intelligence Officer towards the media is demonstrative of how powerful the media is believed to be
by the rank-and-file of the intelligence services. Despite the majority of the intelligence services
personnel joining for reasons such as wanting to serve their country, bring criminals to justice or save
lives (Machon, 2010) accusations about the integrity of the intelligence services can be regarded as
insulting (Freedland, 2015). Despite the numerous hazards faced in the media representations of the
security services, many former and current intelligence officers claim that unlike their fictional
counterparts, there is very little danger to be faced by the modern employee of an intelligence
service. However, public perception, once again encouraged by the Bond franchise, Spooks, and
other similar representations has promoted the image of intelligence as an extremely brutal
environment. The now infamous interrogation and subsequent execution of a female case officer via
deep fryer in the second ever episode of Spooks and the multiple deaths of other MI5 officers
throughout the series give the impression that joining the intelligence service is tantamount to a death
sentence (‘Looking After Our Own’, 2002) (Everett, 2011). Describing how media representation
differs from the reality of the service, a former SIS agent wrote that: “Despite perceptions, working
for the secret service is not a very dangerous job. In the US it is slightly different because they see
themselves as semi- military and put themselves in danger in a way that British officers don't.
Normally what happens in the services is that the risks are run by the agents – the people you, as an
officer, recruit” (Jenkins, 2014) The misconception that risk exists around every corner once involved
in
the
world of espionage and counter-espionage, while seemingly exciting is far from the truth, with one
serving officer reporting that: “It would be untrue for me to say that all of our work is free of danger.
However, we have a team of security advisors who ensure that both we and our agents are as secure
as we can be. No operation would go ahead if we had any doubts about our security, or that of our
agent.” (Gardener, 2015) Yet, despite the fact that British intelligence officers do not routinely
engage in gun fights and torture, there is still an element of danger that must be acknowledged. The
Norfolk Schools Table Tennis Association Individual ... 33. risk X . Since X and X are random
variables, we need a partial order to compare them stochastically. If the distribution functions of
lifetimes X and Y cross once, then the lifetimes are ordered in the sense of the stop-loss order, and
when this happens—i.e. when the distribution functions cross once—one lifetime is said to be more
dangerous
than the other, depending on where they cross (H¨urlimann 2008). What is more, Kaas et al. (2001,
pp. 229) state that densities crossing twice means distribution functions crossing once. If Y is more
dangerous
than X, one might write X D Y , where the stochastic order relation D could be called the
dangerousness
order relation. See (H¨urlimann 2008). However, it can be shown that the dangerousness order is not
a proper partial order, as it is not transitive. See (H¨urlimann 2008). A counterexample and a way
around this problem are given in Kaas(2001, pp. 230- 231). 2.3 The more dangerous Weibull
distribution
Our object in this part of the note is to compare the lifetime X defined above with another Weibull
lifetime with parameters c and µ, say. Suppose that X ∼ W(α0, λ0), for fixed α0 and λ0 and Y ∼ W(α,
λ), where α and λ are allowed to vary as long as E[X] = E[Y ]. That is 1 λ Γ 1 + 1 α = 1 λ0 Γ 1 + 1
α0 (2.3) or equivalently, λ = λ0 · Γ(1 + 1/α) Γ(1 + 1/α0) = k · Γ(1 + 1/α). (2.4) It is then of interest to
sketch the graph defined by Equations 2.3 and 2.3. Although the function y = Γ(1/x) is
monotonically increasing, the function z = k · Γ(1 + 1/x) is non- monotonic for any k ∈ R+ . This
implies that the line in the (α, λ) plane joining points corresponding to parameters of Weibull
distributions
with equal mean has at least one turning point. Actually it has one turning point that can be shown
numerically to be reached at τ = min0 α and λ < λ0 and, the case in which α0 > α and λ > λ0. See Fig
2.2. We now proceed to prove that for any two Weibull random variables X and Y with parameter
combinations along the line shown in Fig 2.2, one of the two random variables is more dangerous
than another. Theorem 2.3.1. Suppose X ∼ W(α, λ) and Y ∼ W(c, µ) where E[X] = E[Y ], λ = µ and α
< c. Then X is “more dangerous” than Y . 27 Useful writing principle Don’t make the reviewer of
your paper think! 1) If they are forced to think, they may resent being forced to make the effort. The
are literally not being paid to think. 2) If you let the reader think, they may think wrong! With very
careful writing, great organization, and self explaining figures, you can (and should) remove most of
the effort for the reviewer 13. 1218863 Page 12 of 81 1.4 CHAPTER SYNOPSIS In order to meet
the pre-set objectives of the study, the report will follow the below structure. E-220,iind Floor,
Naraina Delhi - 110028, India Develop a research question: Start by identifying a clear and concise
research question that your MSc guide will address. This question should be specific, relevant, and
aligned with your academic interests and goals. 23. 23 A number of nuclear-encoded OXPHOS
genes and components of the core mitochondrial ribosome complex are down-regulated in blood in
MCI and AD (Lunnon et al., 2012). A shortage of translational machinery might explain the
increases in transcripts in the current study, since translation-coupled degradation would be reduced.
It is also conceivable that the increases reflect a compensatory response, whereby transcription is up-
regulated in response to decreases in OXPHOS resulting from the down- regulation of the nuclear-
encoded genes. However, this seems unlikely given that the ETC depends on the correct functioning
of all complexes, presumably rendering the up-regulation of only a small set of subunits ineffective.
An alternative explanation is that the respective down- and up-regulations of nuclear and mtDNA
genes both occur in response to complex I mutations, whereby nuclear genes produce fewer subunits
to match the reduced number of functional complex I subunits encoded by mtDNA, and
transcription of mtDNA is up-regulated to compensate for the dysfunctional subunits. There are,
however, are at least 2 potential problems with this suggestion. Firstly, if mutations to complex I
genes cause an up-regulation of mtDNA transcription, this would not necessarily be reflected in
steady-state levels, since aberrant transcripts are more likely to be targeted for degradation
(Temperley et al., 2003; Piechota et al., 2006). Secondly, since it has been suggested that mutations
to complex I genes in mtDNA are more likely to occur in the brain than in blood, it would be
expected that the increases in complex I mRNA abundance observed in blood would be exaggerated
in brain, though, in actuality, their presence is decreased (Aksenov et al., 1999; Manczak et al.,
2004). Regarding the first of these issues, since nuclear-encoded mitochondrial translational
components are down-regulated, degradation would also be reduced, allowing for mRNA
accumulation. Regarding the second point, it is conceivable that there exists a threshold in the level
of mutations beyond which transcription cannot occur, which would explain the up- and down-
regulations observed in blood and brain, respectively. The initiation of these processes in AD might
be related to interactions, which promote ROS generation in mitochondria, between A and certain
mitochondrial proteins, including ABAD and CypD (Lustbader et al., 2004; Du and Yan, 2010).
Factors that confer upon the brain a decreased capacity to remove ROS, 23. Exploring the trend of
customisation in the digital age 16/10/2015 23 iv. The danger of the fast-fashion trend: another
buyer-driven trend “These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as
disposable— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew
their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these
brands have hijacked fashion cycles, rattling an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace”
(Sancon,2012, Bloomberg). Fast fashion is a highly influential concept within the fashion industry
because it affects “on the way consumers purchase and react to trends” (Fairhurst, Bhardwaj,
2010:171- 2). Despite that both trends (mass customisation and fast-fashion) democratise couture
fast fashion trend could affect negatively on demand for customisation. “Budget fashion is seen as
chic, practical, and democratic…it has now remade the entire apparel industry….and it has
profoundly changed the way we think about clothing,” making consumers accustomed to pay less
and get more (Cline, 2012:3). Fast-fashion retailers have grown faster than the industry and took
over the market share from traditional rivals. Companies like H&M, Zara, Topshop and Benetton
expanded their sales profits to over 20 percent per year (Sull, Turconi,2008:5). They earn higher
profit margins averaging 16 percent as opposed to traditional retailers with 7 percent of profit
margins (Ibid). The key defining characteristics of a fast-fashion trend are rapid responsiveness to
changes in the market and great variety and flexibility. The competitive advantage is Blank Label
Award Winning Men's Custom Suits, Dress Shirts. https://www.blanklabel.com/build-your-own-shirt
On-line customisation for shirts only. Suits require scheduled fitting in one of the stores. remake,
step-by-step guidance, affordable price. Advanced web-site and CAD, menswear specialist guidance,
US market only, monogram option (Source: constructed by the researcher after reviewing companies
in the market) 17. 14 4.2.4 Beekman-Bowers Approximation. It uses the following representation of
ruin probability: It uses the idea of replacing the conditional probability With a Gamma distribution
fuction by fitting first two moments by Grandel [8] leading to (u)= {1-G (u), (3.3.8) Where the
parameters of G are given by -1) (3.3.9) 2 - ) (3.4.0) 5. Model with reserve – dependent premium
rates. Let } be a risk process with a reserve-dependant premium rate delayed claims and initial capital
consider a compound Poisson model as mentioned earlier in Chapter 3.We have ∑ (3.4.1) Letting as
long it’s below and when above where in this case represents the Capital base/Investment and both
occurrence is dependent on the changes in Shows cases where dividends were paid equal to For (u) <
1 we need to assume that both are greater than ,consequently it would mean that Download to
read offline
21.
1218863
Page
20
of
81
Moreover,
another
element
of
the
reward
package,
training, was found to be that training is positively related to human resource outcomes, especially to
motivation since it enhances career opportunities and competences of the workforce Tharenou, Saks
and Moore (2007). Additionally, through training support can be gained from the management of
the
organization, therefore it not only enables workers to enhance their skills, but also provides an
opportunity to them to bond with their superiors (Tharenou, Saks and Moore, 2007). However, Fey
et al. (2000) found that non-technical training is only marginally significant for non-managers to
increase their motivation, and technical training showed stronger positive relationship for managers
than for non-managers. These findings highlight the different perception of training between workers
and managers. Despite to the widely argued importance of non-financial, social rewards, Rynes,
Gerhart and Minette (2004) discovered that most studies underreport the importance of monetary
rewards as a result of discrepancy of what surveyed employees tend to say and how they actually
behave. They identified money as an important motivator for employees. However, their research
focused on employee preferences at the point of recruitment which might lead to different results
compared to the phase when participants are doing the job. They also emphasized that in contrary to
Maslow’s theory, pay is not only low-order motivator to satisfy the basic needs, but it is vital to assist
in obtaining any level on the Hierarchy of Needs Model, including social esteem and self-
actualization. Nonetheless, they also highlighted that money is not the only, and most importantly
not the primary motivator for most employees. Therefore, the following hypothesis has been
developed; H2. Non-financial rewards positively predict customer service employees’ motivation. 24.
15014022 September, 2015-6 Marketing and Management 24 this view was explained by Delener
(1989) that these phenomena are peculiar to some limited religions. Also, another difference among
different religious groups has been found. McDaniel and Burnett (1990) acknowledged that highly
religious people tend to consider the friendliness and assistance given by sales staff as greater
importance than those who are less religious. They indicated that highly religious buyers might be
more sociable than less religious counterparts. Additionally, Bailey and Sood (1993) investigated the
buying attitude of consumers in the US from six devout groups: Islam, Hinduism, Catholic,
Protestant, Judaism and Buddhism. The research revealed that as for the information search that was
conducted by the different religious groups, there were statistically outstanding differences. Even
though three major religions showed almost same shopping behaviour, minor groups showed
interesting, different buying attitudes. For instance, individuals from Hinduism tend to be in the
rational consumer group, while consumers from Islam were more likely to be spontaneous buyers
who were less concerned about their purchases. Moderately, these results are related to religious
thoughts: Muslims tend to view life more fatalistically, while Hindus are more likely to adopt
reasonable shopping pattern that concerns with their religious philosophy (Nittin and Dibb, 2004).
Identifying the affiliation between religiosity and consumer behaviour, Vitell and other scholars
(Vitel and Paolillo, 2003; Vitel et al., 2005) experimentally examined the relationship between
religiosity and consumer attitude in ethically uncertain situations. How complex you approach should
be Avoid unjustified complex solutions Simplicity is a strength, not a weakness, acknowledge it and
claim it as an advantage “This is the simplest way to get results this good”. Justify the complexity of
your approach 23. Page | 23 expectations of how the intelligence community acts and operates rather
than how it performs in reality. Issues such as class, education, and race are often displayed in the
media as a common phenomenon however this is not always the case. In a recent article an SIS
recruitment officer complained that many potential applicants “cancelled themselves out” because of
pre-conceived notions of the environment they would be working in (Whitehead, 2015). Another
intelligence officer confessed that originally: “Shami, an MI5 surveillance officer, thought he never
had a chance of being recruited. He'd never been to university. ‘My understanding was that you had
to be upper class, academically bright and white male generally. I just felt I had nothing to offer.’”
(BBC, 2012) The stereotype of the white, Oxbridge educated male has long been presented by the
media and has historical merit (Thomas, 2010: 1-479). The real Soviet agents Philby, Maclean,
Burgess, Blunt, and Cairncross were referred to as “Cambridge Five Spy Ring” while James Bond is
often fond of reminding people that he is highly educated (Corera, 87-256). Oxford also hosts its fair
share of intelligence community recruits such as John le Carré and his literary creation George
Smiley, while at least four heads of SIS have also hailed from the university (Anthony, 2009)
(Edwards, 2013). While the Intelligence community still actively recruits from these two universities,
the
notion that all recruits must come from “ancient universities” is decidedly in the flavour of the Cold
War rather than in the staffing of the modern agencies. Starting during the 1990s and far becoming
the
norm after 9/11 the intelligence services began promoting the importance of meritocracy. When asked
whether class or education was still needed to progress to the upper echelons, the Intelligence
Officer remarked: “Not that I’ve personally noticed; this may come from not having time to take
notice. Hiding behind smart attire generally blurs the lines for most… The organisation is also very
balanced. [M]y manager on paper is paid better, higher grade, higher rank and more experienced than
I’d likely attain in 10 years, yet in the meeting room we’re equals, my opinion holds equal weight,
16. 1218863 Page 15 of 81 2.2 MOTIVATION THEORIES 2.2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow (1943) claimed that basic (low level) needs of individuals must be at least partially satisfied
before higher needs can affect their behaviour. However, once a lower need has been satisfied,
people no longer consider it as a strong motivator. He stated that only unsatisfied needs can motivate
an individual. The needs have been placed in a hierarchy, as Figure 2.2 shows below, and each group
of
needs are dependent on a group below. Figure 2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Adopted from:
Mullins, 2011) Although, Maslow’s model have not been applied to the work environment Steers and
Porter (1991) suggested a list of organizational factors that can be connected to the original model to
motivate employees (see Table 2.1). This model provides a basis for understanding employees’ desire
not only for financial incentives but also for recognition, social status and self-advancement.
Academic/scientific research There are different (often evolving) opinions on: Science vs. research vs.
engineering Basic research Theoretical Conceptual-theoretical Experimental Design science R&D
How research should be validated Methods vary a lot from one field to the other, but research
question should be aligned with a right research method and evaluation methodology. When you
make statements of what has been achieved, check the alignment of the above once more. 2) Many
patients believed they needed a brain scan and pushed doctors to order one for reassurance. 8. 1.2
Order in expectation A lifetime X is said to less than another lifetime Y in expectation if E[X] E[Y ].
It can easily be shown that the order in expectation is closed under convolutions. To this end,
suppose that two sequences of independent random variables {Xi}n i=1 and {Yi}n i=1 are such that
E[Xi] E[Yi]. It follows that E n i=1 Xi E n i=1 Yi . Theorem 1.2.1. Let {Xi}∞ i=1 denote a sequence
of
random variables with common mean E[X]. Define random sums S = N i=1 Xi and S = M i=1 Xi,
where E[S] E[S ] and both counting variables N and M with N < M are independent of the Xi’s. Then
E[S] E[S ]. Proof. The conditional expectation of S is given by E[S|N = n] = n E[X], hence E[S|N] =
N E[X]. The well-known law of total expectation gives E[S] = E{E[S|N]} = E[N] E[X]. (1.1) We
then have E[S] E[S ] = E[M] E[X]. The example below shows that the order in expectation is
preserved under the formation of series systems whose components have Exponentially distributed
lifetimes. Example 1.2.1. For i = 1, . . . , n, let Xi ∼ i.i.d Exp (λi) and Yi ∼ i.i.d Exp (µi) be sequences
of lifetimes that satisfy E[Xi] E[Yi] (or equivalently, µi λi). Define new lifetimes T = min1 i n{Xi}
and T = min1 i n{Yi}. One might wonder whether or not E[T] E[T ] is satisfied. To show that this is
indeed the case, we write Pr{T > t} = n i=1 Pr{Xi > t} = n i=1 exp{−λit} = exp{−t n i=1 λi}. 2 3. 3
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is predicted to affect as many
as 90 million people world-wide by 2040 (Ferri et al., 2005). The symptoms of AD include memory
loss, psychosis, depression, language defects, and general cognitive decline. Pathologically, it is
characterised by accumulations of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellullar neurofibrilliary
tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. Another prominent feature is mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondria contain complexes that are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the
process via which adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are used to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – considered to be the body’s universal energy currency. Mitochondria
also contain their own genome, which encodes 13 of the 88 subunits that constitute the OXPHOS
complexes. The abundance of OXPHOS transcripts encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is
altered in AD brains (Chandrasekaran et al., 1997; Aksenov et al., 1999; Manczak et al., 2004), as
are OXPHOS transcripts encoded by nuclear DNA in MCI and AD blood (Lunnon et al., 2012),
indicating that peripheral responses are evident in early AD. The current study used quantitative real-
time PCR (qRT-PCR) to investigate whether a selection of mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS transcripts
(ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, and CYB) were dysregulated in MCI and AD blood. These transcripts
were found to be significantly more abundant in MCI and AD relative to controls (p
Most
common
problems
with
figures
1.
Too
many
patterns
on
bars
2.
Use
of
both
different
symbols
and
different
lines
3.
Too
many
shades
of
gray
on
bars
4.
Lines
too
thin
(or
thick)
5.
Use
of
three-
dimensional
bars
for
only
two
variables
6.
Lettering
too
small
and
font
difficult
to
read
7.
Symbols
too
small
or
difficult
to
distinguish
8.
Redundant
title
printed
on
graph
9.
Use
of
gray
symbols
or
lines
10.Key
outside
the
graph
11.Unnecessary
numbers
in
the
axis
12.Multiple
colors
map
to
the
same
shade
of
gray
13.Unnecessary
shading
in
background
14.Using
bitmap
graphics
(instead
of
vector
graphics)
15.General
carelessness
Eileen
K
Schofield:
Quality
of
Graphs
in
Scientific
Journals:
An
Exploratory
Study.
Science
Editor,
25
(2),
39-
41
Eamonn
Keogh:
My
Pet
Peeves
Individual
-
Proprietor
38.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
38
Others
were
concerned
that
mass
customisation
might
take
more
time
and
will
be
inconvenient
for
those
who
lack
the
skills
or
access
to
essential
technology.
Through
focus
groups,
the
study
revealed
that
a
lack
of
expanded
search
and
expanded
selection
leads
to
customer
sacrifice
gaps
and
dissatisfaction
with
garment
choices.
The
fit
was
the
main
problem
noted
by
the
researchers,
which
means
there
is
a
great
demand
for
customised
fit
(Brannon
et
al
2002:251).
Respondents
also
expressed
concerns
about
using
the
CAD
software.
The
time
frame
and
ability
to
create
a
good-
looking
garment
without
professional
guidance
were
two
further
concerns
(Ulrich
et
al,
2003:400).
The
four
types
of
collaborative
customisation
options
will
be
presented
to
consumers
in
the
questionnaire
in
order
to
assess
which
is
the
most
preferred
option.
Moreover,
the
following
hypotheses
will
be
tested
in
the
primary
research.
12.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
12
In
the
first
scholarly
article
pertaining
to
mass
customisation,
Kotler
(1989:47)
claimed
mass
customisation
can
serve
as
a
differentiation
strategy
that
can
serve
individuals,
following
the
death
of
the
mass
market.
Later,
Pine
(1993)
concluded
that
mass
customisation
is
a
highly
beneficial
strategy
for
firms
operating
in
turbulent
markets
(i.e.
where
uncertainty
relates
to
unstable
conditions
in
the
marketplace
(Brannon
et
al,
2002)).
Both
Davis
(1987)
and
Kotha
(1995:22)
consider
that
a
mass
customisation
strategic
approach
helps
companies
gain
a
competitive
advantage,
increase
revenue,
lower
investment
risks
and
reduce
waste
“through
on-
demand
production”
(Gahndi,
2013:3).
According
to
Porter
(1980;1985),
a
firm’s
competitive
advantage
is
achieved
and
maintained
by
offering
“either
lower
priced
products
with
low
operating
costs
or
differentiated
products
with
a
price
premium
over
competitors”
(Harzer,
2013:8).
Moreover,
mass
customisation
is
able
to
offer
a
hybrid
strategy
by
proposing
differentiated
products
without
the
premium
cost
(Harzer,
2013:8;
Kaplan
and
Haenlein
2006:176).
Figure
3:
Customisation
in
various
industries.
Source:
Gahndi,
2013
1.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age:
Is
there
demand
and
potential
for
customised
products
in
the
fashion
industry
online?
Y1401956
Supervisor:
Jocelyn
Hayes
September
2015
Dissertation
submitted
in
part
fulfilment
of
the
degree
of
MSc
in
Global
Marketing
The
York
Management
School
University
of
York
Word
count:
13293
36.
36
Appendix
3.
Correlations
between
mRNA
abundance
between
all
genes
in
the
MCI
group.
MCI
ND3
ND4
ND4L
ND5
CYB
ND3
Pearson
Correlation
1
.292**
.449**
.418**
.556**
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
.001
.000
.000
.000
N
134
134
134
134
134
ND4
Pearson
Correlation
.292**
1
.262**
.228**
.406**
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
.001
.002
.008
.000
N
134
134
134
134
134
ND4L
Pearson
Correlation
.449**
.262**
1
.579**
.514**
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
.000
.002
.000
.000
N
134
134
134
134
134
ND5
Pearson
Correlation
.418**
.228**
.579**
1
.524**
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
.000
.008
.000
.000
N
134
134
134
134
134
CYB
Pearson
Correlation
.556**
.406**
.514**
.524**
1
Sig.
(2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
134
134
134
134
134
**
Correlation
is
significant
at
the
0.01
level
(2-
tailed).
40.
Page
|
40
The
obvious
resentment
by
the
Intelligence
Officer
towards
the
media
is
demonstrative
of
how
powerful
the
media
is
believed
to
be
by
the
rank-
and-
file
of
the
intelligence
services.
Despite
the
majority
of
the
intelligence
services
personnel
joining
for
reasons
such
as
wanting
to
serve
their
country,
bring
criminals
to
justice
or
save
lives
(Machon,
2010)
accusations
about
the
integrity
of
the
intelligence
services
can
be
regarded
as
insulting
(Freedland,
2015).
Despite
the
numerous
hazards
faced
in
the
media
representations
of
the
security
services,
many
former
and
current
intelligence
officers
claim
that
unlike
their
fictional
counterparts,
there
is
very
little
danger
to
be
faced
by
the
modern
employee
of
an
intelligence
service.
However,
public
perception,
once
again
encouraged
by
the
Bond
franchise,
Spooks,
and
other
similar
representations
has
promoted
the
image
of
intelligence
as
an
extremely
brutal
environment.
The
now
infamous
interrogation
and
subsequent
execution
of
a
female
case
officer
via
deep
fryer
in
the
second
ever
episode
of
Spooks
and
the
multiple
deaths
of
other
MI5
officers
throughout
the
series
give
the
impression
that
joining
the
intelligence
service
is
tantamount
to
a
death
sentence
(‘Looking
After
Our
Own’,
2002)
(Everett,
2011).
Describing
how
media
representation
differs
from
the
reality
of
the
service,
a
former
SIS
agent
wrote
that:
“Despite
perceptions,
working
for
the
secret
service
is
not
a
very
dangerous
job.
In
the
US
it
is
slightly
different
because
they
see
themselves
as
semi-
military
and
put
themselves
in
danger
in
a
way
that
British
officers
don't.
Normally
what
happens
in
the
services
is
that
the
risks
are
run
by
the
agents
–
the
people
you,
as
an
officer,
recruit”
(Jenkins,
2014)
The
misconception
that
risk
exists
around
every
corner
once
involved
in
the
world
of
espionage
and
counter-
espionage,
while
seemingly
exciting
is
far
from
the
truth,
with
one
serving
officer
reporting
that:
“It
would
be
untrue
for
me
to
say
that
all
of
our
work
is
free
of
danger.
However,
we
have
a
team
of
security
advisors
who
ensure
that
both
we
and
our
agents
are
as
secure
as
we
can
be.
No
operation
would
go
ahead
if
we
had
any
doubts
about
our
security,
or
that
of
our
agent.”
(Gardener,
2015)
Yet,
despite
the
fact
that
British
intelligence
officers
do
not
routinely
engage
in
gun
fights
and
torture,
there
is
still
an
element
of
danger
that
must
be
acknowledged.
The
Edit
guide
to
writing
msc.
Rearrange
and
rotate
pages,
add
and
edit
text,
and
use
additional
tools.
To
save
changes
and
return
to
your
Dashboard,
click
Done.
The
Documents
tab
allows
you
to
merge,
divide,
lock,
or
unlock
files.
16.
1218863
Page
15
of
81
2.2
MOTIVATION
THEORIES
2.2.1
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of
Needs
Maslow
(1943)
claimed
that
basic
(low
level)
needs
of
individuals
must
be
at
least
partially
satisfied
before
higher
needs
can
affect
their
behaviour.
However,
once
a
lower
need
has
been
satisfied,
people
no
longer
consider
it
as
a
strong
motivator.
He
stated
that
only
unsatisfied
needs
can
motivate
an
individual.
The
needs
have
been
placed
in
a
hierarchy,
as
Figure
2.2
shows
below,
and
each
group
of
needs
are
dependent
on
a
group
below.
Figure
2.2
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of
Needs
(Adopted
from:
Mullins,
2011)
Although,
Maslow’s
model
have
not
been
applied
to
the
work
environment
Steers
and
Porter
(1991)
suggested
a
list
of
organizational
factors
that
can
be
connected
to
the
original
model
to
motivate
employees
(see
Table
2.1).
This
model
provides
a
basis
for
understanding
employees’
desire
not
only
for
financial
incentives
but
also
for
recognition,
social
status
and
self-
advancement.
37.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
37
However,
this
might
be
viewed
as
fashion
piracy
accordance
to
“production
efficiency,
quality
control
and
costs,
the
customised
product
can
be
made
and
delivered
for
a
price
that
is
competitive
with
mass
produced
product”
(Brannon
et
al
2003:253).
Source:
adapted
from
Ulrich
et
al.,
2003:400-
401
and
Brannon
et
al
2002:249-
255
The
interest
in
totally
custom
collaborative
customisation
was
greater
for
specific
categories
of
apparel:
bridal
wear,
special
occasion
clothes,
swimwear,
dresses,
suits,
and
jackets.
Moreover,
participants
with
some
experience
and
knowledge
of
custom
apparel
viewed
more
positively
the
idea
of
on-
line
customisation
of
clothes.
Consumers
who
lacked
creativity
or
technical
skills,
in
contrast,
experienced
anxiety
when
participating
in
the
design
process.
Some
thought
that
learning
CAD
software
would
be
difficult
and
time-
consuming.
Nevertheless,
all
of
these
participants
still
expressed
interest
in
some
form
of
customisation.
Co-
design
is
an
alternative
to
those
requiring
professional
assistance
to
design
customised
apparel.
It
can
be
combined
with
design
options
that
have
a
limited
set
of
choices
and
sizes,
or
combined
with
totally
custom
customisation
in
order
to
satisfy
unique
fit
preferences.
Some
participants
had
concerns
about
the
price,
time,
convenience,
equipment,
and
privacy.
Those
who
were
sure
that
mass
customisation
services
would
cost
more
than
mass
produced
products
expressed
their
willingness
to
“trade
long
–
term
satisfaction
for
the
gratification
gained
from
finding
a
bargain”
(Brannon
et
al,2002:254).
Some
had
security
concerns
when
paying
online
and
some
expressed
the
need
for
personal
interaction.
26.
Page
|
26
“[W]e
bring
a
very
human
approach
to
gathering
secret
overseas
intelligence,
our
work
is
all
about
people.
This
is
a
place
where
qualities
like
creativity,
insight,
curiosity,
empathy
and
intuition
are
valued
just
as
highly
as
intellectual
ability
and
analytical,
logical
thinking.
We’re
a
team
with
a
passion
for
global
affairs
and
other
cultures,
countries
and
languages
–
and
a
fascination
with
human
nature”
(Mumsnet,
2016)
While
it
is
apparent
that
the
exotic
life
of
James
Bond
is
unrealistic,
it
is
also
equally
clear
that
unlike
the
almost
nonentity
that
is
George
Smiley,
modern
officers
will
have
distinctive
personalities.
The
Civil
Servant
remarked
that
he
was
surprised
at
how
normal
the
intelligence
officers
he
interacted
with
were,
claimed:
“I
found
it
the
same
as
dealing
with
anyone
else,
really...
We’ve
worked
together
as
part
of
a
team,
sometimes
there
are
things
that
can’t
be
said
but
as
long
as
you
understand
the
working
boundaries
there
hasn’t been an issue” (Civil Servant, 2016) Former intelligence officer Harry Ferguson also
confessed that unlike the almost infallible fictional counterparts certain personality flaws can
improve other aspects of an officer’s behaviour: “There is no ‘spy type’ that secret service recruiters
look for. They look for independent,
self-
driven people, who do not fit into a particular pigeonhole. You would be laughing if you could look
around
a
room, point and say: ‘That's the type, that's the person.’ The idea is that you get as many reasonably
intelligent and varied men and women into the job as possible… I can forget people's names two
minutes after being introduced to them, but I retain a lot of seemingly unimportant details which can
be
terribly important when dealing with a mass of paperwork on your desk or when you are out in the
field trying to remember what your brief was” (Jenkins, 2014) The overall perception and reputation
of
the
intelligence
community by the general public can therefore be seen as glaringly inaccurate, exacerbated by the
pre-existing expectations made popular by the media. IS R&D Framework Environment IS Research
Knowledge Base Relevance Rigor People F oundations Develop/Build Roles Base - level t heories
Theories Capabilities Frameworks Artifacts Characteristics Models Knowledge Instantiation Business
Organizations Validation Criteria Assess Refine Strategy Design knowledge Structure&Culture
Processes Methodologies Justify/ Validation Criteria Evaluate Applicable Needs Technology (not
instantiations Analytical Infrastructure of models but KDD Case Study Applications processes,
services,
Experimental Com munications systems) Field Study Architecture Simulation Development
Capabilities (Un - )Successful Applications in Contribution to Knowledge Base the appropriate
environment
Adapted from Hevner et al. Design Science in Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, 26(1),
2004, 75-105. 17. Page | 17 fictional spy is most often gendered as male, the covert aspect of
espionage
involves traits often seen as feminine such as disguise and dissimulation, while spies are
masculinised as observers and agents. The spy is therefore seen as hermaphrodite figure within
popular culture, destabilising the status quo of gender identity and becoming highly subjective”
(White, 2007: 2) Rather than a love struck secretary as portrayed in the earlier Bond canon, the re-
imaged character of Eve Moneypenny first seen in Skyfall (2012) is entirely alien from how the
character was originally written. John Sutherland argues in the original Bond stories: “[T]hat the
ideologies of sexism and imperialism are inscribed within the very form of the Bond novels… As the
relations between Bond and the villain and between Bond and the girl develop and move towards
their
resolution, a series of collateral ideological tensions is thus simultaneously worked through and
resolved. It is in this way that the Bond novels achieve their ‘ideological effect’ – the effect,
figuratively speaking, of placing the women back in position beneath men and putting England back
on
top” (Sutherland, 1978: 176) Yet, it is only recently that this dynamic has begun to change in the
Bond
films. Hosack writes in regards to the more modern portrayal of the Bond girl that: “She [Eve
Moneypenny] proves a new breed of Bond Girl. She fights, shoots, and banters, each scene
presenting her with a great deal of physical agency. Although her and Bond get along in an
expectedly flirtatious way, her presence in the context of the chase scene automatically undermines
Bond’s masculine authority” (Hosack, 2015: 26) A further revelation is that unlike the last feminine
character who was a match for Bond, Vesper Lynd, Moneypenny remains loyal to the hero and the
cause which they serve. Tincknell reports that: Identifying a number of ideas that are suitable for a
Master of Science project is the most crucial step towards coming up with a very good case study.
Finding science-related issues that can be researched on in a Master of Science project is not an easy
process.
However,
the
process can be manageable if you understand what you are required to do so as to find relevant ideas
for
your
forthcoming project. 10. 10 improving, becoming more efficient and have increased availability.
Along with wind energy, policy support has played an integral role in its deployment, for example
legislation such as the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and the Feed in Tariff Scheme (FiTs). Solar
Photovoltaic is used to generate electricity and is the most widely recognised form solar energy. Its
market has in recent times been subject to significant growth, and has expanded 50% per year
worldwide, this is as a result of a reduction in production costs, despite the improvement in the
efficiency of solar cells such as, crystalline-silicon (c-Si) PV modules, (Huang et al, 2016). In terms
of
solar electricity production, utility-scale produces a great deal of energy, however when compared to
wind electricity production it pales in comparison, (Carlisle et al, 2016), despite this it is still a viable
energy production alternative and this along with domestic solar PV can aid in alleviating the over
reliance on fossil fuel based energy sources. Despite renewable energy being an integral part of the
evolution of the energy market, there is however a number of environmental impacts that is
associated with the various renewable technologies; this in turn may affect their acceptability, (Sokka
et
al,
2016). Some of the impacts include: Visual and Aesthetic Impacts Health Impacts Noise
Shading & Shadow Flicker Recreational Usage Impacts Land use Wildlife Impacts There are
a
number of positives to using wind energy, however it is also useful to look at the negatives that are
associated with wind energy, (Saidur et al., 2011). The most notable impacts related to wind energy
are
as
follows: Wildlife Impacts 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful
22. 15014022 September, 2015-6 Marketing and Management 22 In the study of Bailey and Sood
(1993, p328), in terms of the influences of religious beliefs and practices, the connections between
religion and consumer behaviour was clearly highlighted by the following way: 'Prominent examples
are
the
importance of fasting and feasting to patterns of food purchases, belief in taboos on clothing styles
and
activities of women, practices of personal hygiene related to purchases of toiletries and cosmetics,
and
influences on housing and entertainment patterns'. According to Allport (1950), the religiosity is
divided into two forms. The intrinsic form is where people consider religion as the highly important
norm to organise their life, while extrinsic form in which people regard religion as a tool of
enhancing their acceptance in particular social environments. Wenger (2004) recognised that
intrinsically motivated religious people are more likely to use and internalise religious teaching than
those
who
are
extrinsically motivated. Wenger’s view was supported by the study of Muhamad and Mizerski
(2013), which indicated that religion is an impact on consumers’ cognition process. Hirschman
(1983) found that the consumption pattern differs depending on different religious groups. This view
was
supported by the study of Esso and Dibb (2004). Esso and Dibb additionally provided the empirical
evidence to support the view that consumers are affected by employment, educational, religious,
social, and recreational commitments. These previous studies provided clear evidence that there is a
connection between religion and behaviour, both subjective and objective aspects of behaviour.
Moreover,
current
researchers have developed the thoughts of religious ₹ 2/ DayGet Latest PriceProduct Brochure 67.
(a) Frequency 0.0 0.4 0.8 01020304050 (b) Frequency 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 010203040506070 Figure 4.1:
Histograms of variates from a mixture of Exponential variates before and after burn-in time of b =
10. ¯Fj(t) ≥ ¯Fi(t), for all t ≥ 0, and all i = j. (4.1) An item from the above population is then seen to
have density fm(t) = n i=1 πifi(t), where n i=1 πi = 1, and 0
<
πi
≤
1,
survival
function
¯Fm(t)
=
n
i=1
πi
¯Fi(t),
and
hazard
rate,
λm(t)
=
n
i=1
πifi(t)
n
j=1
πj
¯Fj(t)
.
61
11.
8
∫
(
)
∫
(3.12)
Note
that
∫
=
.
Letting
we
can
use
the
bounded
convergence
theorem
interchange
limit
and
integral
and
get
C
(1-

(3.13)
Where
we
used
that
it
follows
that
=1-
,
=
.
(3.14)
Replacing
by
we
obtain
c

∫
)
(
=
(
∫
(
)
∫
(3.15)
Exponential
Claims
ruin
probability
Let
the
claims
be
Exp
(
distributed
.Then
the
equation
(1.1)
can
be
written
as
C
[
∫
(3.16)
Differentiating
yields
C

dy-

(3.17)
Giving
a
solution
of
(
)
(3.18)
Because
1
as
u
we
get
A=1.Because
=1-
/
(ac),
the
solution
is
(
)
Or

(u)
=
(
)
(3.19)
42.
42
Cost
Effectiveness
Cost
effectiveness
was
another
aspect
that
was
looked
at.
Stakeholders
of
renewable
projects
were
assumed
to
be
fully
aware
of
the
profit
or
loss
of
these
projects;
the
general
public
however
may
have
only
some
idea
of
the
implications
associated
with
the
cost
of
these
developments.
Figure
6
shows
the
opinion
on
the
cost
effectiveness
of
wind
and
solar
energy
developments.
In
all
cases
there
was
a
negative
correlation,
suggesting
the
majority
of
respondents
have
little
or
no
concern
for
the
cost
effectiveness
of
these
projects.
5%
7%
18%
43%
27%
Visual
Impact
Wind
Energy
Installations
No
Opinion
No
Concern
Least
Concern
Some
Concern
Most
Concern
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
No
Opinion
No
Concern
Least
Concern
Some
Concern
Most
Concern
No.ofRespondents
Opinion
Cost
Effectivness
Solar
Wind
Figure
6,
Primary
Data,
Collected
between
4th
and
21st
of
August:
A
look
at
the
Cost
Effectiveness
of
Solar
and
wind
energy
developments
as
a
potential
cause
for
negative
perceptions.
Figure
5b
–
Primary
Data,Collected
between
the
4th
July
and
the
21st
August
2016:
The
visual
impactof
Wind
Energy
developments
as
a
potential
causefor
negative
perceptions.
17.
17
remained
at
85
million
barrels
per
day
(mb/
d)
or
3900
millions
tonnes
of
oil
equivalents
(mtoe)
annually,
with
natural
gas
and
coal
at
3700
to
2900
mtoe
per
year,
(Höök
and
Tang,
2013).
The
exhaustible
nature
of
fossil
fuels
means
that
there
are
limited
reserves,
Hammond
(1997)
talks
about
how
the
different
types
of
fuel
have
varying
lifetimes,
for
instance
oil
has
around
20-
40
years
of
life,
Natural
Gas
has
40-
70
years
of
life
and
Coal
has
the
longest
lifetime
based
on
current
consumption
rates
with
80-
240
years
of
life.
These
figures
highlight
the
need
for
our
energy
systems
to
evolve,
this
is
something
that
is
discussed
in
both
Capellán-
Pérez
et
al
(2014)
and
Höök
and
Tangs
(2013)
research,
looking
specifically
at
the
high
production
rates
of
oil,
coal
and
natural
gas
and
how
increased
consumption
has
caused
a
steady
decline
in
fossil
fuel
reserves.
Reviewing
this
information
is
necessary
in
order
to
increase
awareness
of
the
challenges
that
global
energy
systems
will
face
in
the
future,
whilst
also
prompting
a
multinational
response.
2.4
Fossil
Fuels
and
there
Environmental
Impacts
Hoel
and
Kverndokk
(1996)
address
the
environmental
challenges
that
are
associated
with
the
continued
use
of
fossil
fuels.
The
carbon
within
these
fuels,
is
released
into
the
atmosphere
as
carbon
dioxide
(CO2)
during
the
combustion
process,
(Dincer
et
al,
2014).
Lotfalipour
et
al
(2010)
looks
at
the
direct
correlation
between
fossil
fuel
consumption
and
carbon
dioxide
emissions,
despite
primarily
looking
at
the
emissions
in
Iran
it
can
be
applied
on
a
global
scale.
A
study
into
carbon
dioxide
emissions
is
important
as
they
play
a
critical
role
in
the
current
debate
on
sustainability
and
the
preservation
of
the
environment.
Lotfalipour
et
al
(2010)
in
a
recent
study
have
found
that
carbon
dioxide
accounts
for
around
58.8%
of
all
greenhouse
gas
emissions
(GHG).
Greenhouses
are
a
major
contributor
to
climate
change,
aside
from
carbon
dioxide
other
gases
include
nitrous
oxide
(N2O)
and
methane
(CH4),
however,
carbon
dioxide
accounts
for
most
of
the
green
house
gas
emissions.
A
study
conducted
by
Adam
and
Apaydin,
(2016)
despite
talking
about
ways
in
which
to
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
it
also
discusses
the
disparity
in
the
production
of
greenhouse
gases
between
countries,
as
this
is
dependent
on
a
number
of
different
factors
such
as
population,
economic
20.
is
nondecreasing
in
x
since
µ
λ.
This
result
implies
that
the
likelihood
ratio
order
is
closed
under
convolutions
at
least
for
homogeneous
Exponentially
distributed
lifetimes.
The
following
example
is
somehow
an
extension
of
the
previous
one.
Here
we
assume
that
the
Xi’s
and
the
Yi’s
are
heterogeneous;
but
we
consider
only
the
case
of
n
=
2.
Example
1.6.2.
It
was
shown
in
Example
1.3.1
that
the
density
of
the
convolution
X1
+
X2
where
Xi
∼
Exp(λi)
for
i
=
1,
2
is
fX1+X2
(t)
=
λ2λ1
λ2
−
λ1
e−λ1t
[1
−
e−t(λ2−λ1)
].
Suppose
now
that
Yi
∼
Exp(µi)
and
Xi
Lr
Yi
(i.e.
µi
≤
λi)
for
i
=
1,
2.
gZ(t)
=
µ2µ1
µ2
−
µ1
e−µ1t
[1
−
e−t(µ2−µ1)
]
gZ(t)
fW
(t)
=
µ2µ1
µ2
−
µ1
·
λ2
−
λ1
λ2λ1
·
1
−
e−t(µ2−µ1)
1
−
e−t(λ2−λ1)
e−t(µ1−λ1)
(1.7)
The
foregoing
function
can
be
shown
to
be
non-
decreasing
in
t
for
µi
≤
λi.
Hence
we
have
W
Lr
Z.
A
result
even
more
general
than
the
one
in
Example
1.6.2
is
proved
in
Shaked
and
Shan-
thikumar
(2007,
p.
46).
We
restate
it
below
but
omit the proof. Theorem 1.6.2. Suppose that two sequences of independent random variables {Xi}n
i=1
and
{Yi}n i=1 are such that Xi Lr Yi for i = 1, . . . , n. If the Xi’s and the Yi’s all have log-concave
densities, except possibly one Xl and Yk (l = k), then n i=1 Xi Lr n i=1 Xi. A result related to
Theorem 1.6.2 but which involves random sums is stated in our next theorem. See Shaked and
Shanthikumar (2007, p. 47). Theorem 1.6.3. Let {Xi}∞ i=1 denote a sequence of lifetimes with log-
concave densities. Let M and N be two discrete positive integer-valued random variables such that
M Lr N, and assume that M and N are independent of the Xi’s. Then M i=1 Xi Lr N i=1 Xi.
Theorem 1.4.6 stated that a random variable whose distribution is a mixture of two distri- bution
functions of hazard rate ordered random variables is bounded from above and below, in the hazard
rate order sense, by these two random variables. Shaked and Shanthikumar (2007) show that this
theorem
remains valid with the hazard rate order replaced by the likelihood ratio order. This is our next
theorem. 14 NORTH NORFOLK ARTS E-NEWS Issue 9 In this issue: News and ... Dissertation
for
msc Abstract This dissertation was written as a part of the MSc in e-Business and Digital Marketing
at
the
International He... 3. Methods Design: This qualitative study, which was nested in a prospective
cohort study, sought to provide a detailed knowledge of the views and experiences of patients with
headache who had been referred by their FP to a neurologist. Qualitative methods were ideally
suited for such hitherto unexplored research topics as participants are able to raise what they
personally regard as important aspects and concerns rather than these being specified in advance by
the
researcher. The South-East Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee approved the study (MREC01
/01/032). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Recruitment: Participants were
recruited from a cohort of 48 adults (aged > 18 yrs) with headache who were prospectively recruited
after they had been referred by their FP in the south of England to a neurologist for headache [11].
This
mean age of participants in this sample was 41and 64% % were female. We slightly over-sampled
men given their smaller numbers in the cohort and selected individuals with a similar age distribution
as
the
cohort. These patients were approached by letter to participate in this interview study with a
response slip. A follow-up phone call was made to non- responders. Data collection: Semi-structured
interviews undertaken by a researcher independent of the cohort study (LJ), lasted on average 45
minutes, and were conducted in a location of the participant's choice. A topic guide was used to
frame the interviews. This was developed on the basis of themes identified from the literature and
refined through open interviews. The main themes covered were patients’ experience of having a
headache disorder and its impact on their lives, including their fears and concerns; their use of
hospital Emergency Departments, whether they had been referred for a scan, how this had occurred
and
how
helpful this had been. Interviews were conducted on average two years after referral to a neurologist
to
provide a long term perspective. Participants were encouraged to talk freely and the interviewer
probed and prompted responses as required. Information of the participants’ headache diagnosis was
from
the
database of information collected for the cohort study in which these people had previously
participated[11]. Data analysis: Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were
entered into NVivo 9 a computerized qualitative analysis package. FN read each transcript line-by-
line and generated codes through open coding. These codes were then categorized thematically and
relationships between themes were identified through a process of constant comparison, with
particular reference to explanations for patients’ decision making and the beliefs and experiences of
‘deviant cases’. LR, AN and MM reviewed the codes and categories and discussed emerging
interpretations. Analysis of the transcripts provided insights into patients’ fears about the cause of
their headache and the implications that this had for their use of different health care services. Three
key themes were identified. These were: headache-related fears and use of emergency departments;
perceived need for a scan; and the outcome of a scan in terms of perceived reassurance. Quotations
are
presented to illustrate themes. Headache-related fears and use of Emergency Departments Patients
generally identified fear about what their headache might mean as a key issue prompting service use.
One patient mentioned her worry and anxiety reaching up to a point: ‘It’s a, what’s called a tipping
point really I think, you know if you think of catastrophe theory that something will grow up to that
point and suddenly it will tip.’ (P.12, Female, 47). For 3/19 participants, severe headaches made them
resort to Emergency Department (ED) visits to a hospital after they had seen the FP. One said: ‘the
one
that
was
really frightening I ended up in X Hospital because it developed into what I thought that I might
have
been having a heart attack, because I was so worried about the headache’. (P.5, Male, 50).
Continuous headache also led relatives to act on the patient’s behalf. One said: ‘it was like a
continuous thing every weekend…my parents would take me up the hospital, thinking there was
something
wrong, and what it was, was migraine.’ (P.6, Male, 23). Perceived need for a scan Worry about a
serious medical problem led ten participants to ask their doctor for a brain scan. Altogether eight of
these
patients received a scan subsequently. Before the scan, these patients described consistent fear of a
possible physical cause, mainly a brain tumor. Patients described their headache as not reducing after
advice given by their FP, and believed they needed to persist to get their doctor to arrange scan. ‘...I
wanted to be treated. I wanted somebody to tell me that I wasn’t gonna have a brain tumor and fall
down dead.’ ‘...But I actually found I had to push for a scan, I had to insist on it almost, and yet that
was
the
thing that had been the most worrying right from the very beginning... I had to insist on something,
something
physical being done.’ (P13, Female, 38). These patients generally explained that they had been
referred for a scan for peace of mind: ‘Yes because I got so worried because it had gone on for so
long and they said we’ll send you for one for peace of mind, we’re saying we know there’s no
problem up there, but for peace of mind for you we’ll send you for one.’ (P.7, Female, 54) Results
Sample Characteristics A total of 19 people comprising 8 men and 11 women were interviewed
(Table 1). Thirteen had been categorized as having migraine, three chronic daily headaches and three
as
‘other headache’. An additional three participants who had been referred and seen a neurologist
reported having brain scans that were initiated at the request of a neurologist, rather than themselves
J Neurol Neurosurg Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 21000106 Citation: Leone Ridsdale, Adam J Noble, Farah
Nadeem, Myfanwy Morgan (2014) Headache: The Patient’s View. J Neurol Neurosurg 1(1): 5 Page
2
of
5 16. or equivalently pλe−λt + (1 − p)µe−µt ≥ pµe−λt + (1 − p)µe−µt , from which we get λ ≥ µ.
Again write, pλe−λt + (1 − p)µe−µt pe−λt + (1 − p)e−µt ≤ λ or pλe−λt + (1 − p)µe−µt ≤ pλe−λt +
(1 − p)λe−µt , which in turn implies that λ ≥ µ. Hence, µ ≤ rZ(t) ≤ λ. The foregoing example shows
that
a
random variable whose distribution is a mixture of two distribution functions of hazard rate ordered
Exponential
random variables is bounded from above and below, in the hazard rate order sense, by these two
random variables. This result can be shown to hold in general. This is stated in the following theorem
(Shaked & Shanthikumar 2007, pp. 27-28). Theorem 1.4.5. Let X and Y be two random variables
with
distribution functions F(·) and G(·), respectively. If Z is another random variable with distribution
function pF(·) + (1 − p)G(·) where 0 < p < 1, and if X hr Y , then X hr Z hr Y . Before we discuss
other interesting closure properties of the hazard rate order, we recall the concept of a so-called k-
out-of-n system. If a system consists of n components, but can actually provide the required service
with as few as k < n operating components, then it is called a k-out-of-n system (see e.g. Sherwin &
Bossche 1993). Order statistics play an important role in the study of k-out-of-n systems. A result
that concerns the hazard rate order and order statistics is stated next. Theorem 1.4.6. Suppose that
{Xi}n i=1 is a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Suppose that
{Yi}n i=1 is another such sequence and, that Xi hr Yi for all i = 1, . . . , n. Then X(k) hr Y(k). Now
consider a k-out-of-n system with independent and identically distributed component lifetimes X. If
another such k-out-of-n system with component lifetimes Y is such that X hr Y , then τk|n hr τk|n
where τk|n and τk|n denote lifetimes of k-out-of-n systems with component lifetimes X and Y ,
respectively (Lynch et al. 1987, cited in Boland et al. 1994). That is, k-out-of-n systems whose
components have identically distributed lifetimes preserve the hazard rate ordering (Boland et al.
1994). The following intuitive result is proved in (Boland et al. 1994). Theorem 1.4.7. τk+1|n hr τk|n
for all k = 1, . . . , n − 1. 10 40. 1218863 Page 39 of 81 4.2 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
ANALYSIS A multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was adopted throughout this chapter to
meet the pre-set objectives of the study. This analysis type was selected since non-violation of
assumptions, discussed by Pallant (2010) was found. First of all, correlation among the variables was
checked. Strong correlation was found between motivation and non-financial rewards,
organizational commitment and non-financial rewards; moderate between motivation and financial
rewards, motivation and organizational commitment; and small between financial and non-financial
rewards, and financial rewards and organizational commitment (See Table 4.2). Regarding the
control variables, age and motivation showed weak relatedness, while employment status and
motivation and organizational commitment were moderate. Descriptive Statistics (N=145) Variable
Mean SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Financial Rewards 3.1117 .86727 - 2. Non-financial Rewards 3.4807 .90870
.252** - 3. Motivation 3.1207 .79391 .402** .543** - 4. Organizational Commitment 3.2414 .84205
.145 .793** .487** - 5. Age 0.76 0.900 -.118 -.107 .048* 0.030 - 6. Employment Status 0.48 0.501 -
.165* -.174* .234** .173* .441** - **Correlationis significant at the 0.01level (2-tailed).
*Correlationis significant at the 0.05level (2-tailed). Table 4.2 Intercorrelations among Variables
Secondly, the sample size of 145 was accepted since a calculation using a formula of Tabachnick and
Fidell (2007) gave 68 responses as the minimum requirement. Moreover, multicollinearity (VIF=1.068
and Tolerance=0.937) was checked to avoid high correlation between the independent variables.
Multicollinearity was rejected as the results are less than 10 and more than 0.10 respectively, the
benchmark values to be compared against (Pallant, 2010). In addition to these, normality and
linearity was tested for motivation and organizational commitment (see Figure 4.3) and no major
deviations were detected. Residuals closely followed the diagonals which is the requirement of the
normal distribution (Pallant, 2010). Alongside with these, the independences of residuals are
presented on Figure 4.4. Therefore, the results of this investigation supported the use of MLR as an
appropriate statistical analysis for this part of the study.
Methodology:
In
the
methodology
section,
describe
the
research
methods
and
techniques
that
can
be
used
to
conduct
the
study.
Explain
the
rationale
behind
your
chosen
methods
and
discuss
their
strengths
and
weaknesses.
Include
any
ethical
considerations
that
need
to
be
addressed
during
the
research
process.
26.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
26
III.

Purpose
and
methodology
Market
orientation
depends
on
consumer
focus
and
demand.
Consumer’s
future
needs
and
references,
as
well
as,
customiser’s
abilities
should
be
researched
carefully
in
order
to
produce
a
successful
business
strategy
(Kohli
and
Jarowski,
1990,
Brannon
et
al,2002).
In
order
for
mass
customisation
to
be
successful,
companies
need
to
understand
the
conditions
where
customisation
is
successful,
what
kind
of
customisation
consumers
value
and
what
risks
customisation
of
apparel
involves
(Franke
et
al,
2009,
Gilmore,
Pine,
1997).
Also,
“empirical
understanding
of
consumer
characteristics
and
their
motivation
to
make
purchase
decisions”
for
throwaway
or
customised
fashion
“can
help
retailers
in
developing
effective
business
strategies
to
perform
more
effectively
in
the
market”
(Fairhurst,
Bhardwaj,
2010:172).
The
overall
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
explore
the
potential
of
a
mass
customisation
strategy
in
apparel
market
online,
the
acceptance
of
the
concept,
willingness
to
pay
and
overall
consumer
interest
in
such
services.
The
primary
study
examines
what
type
of
people
would
prefer
customisation
over
fast
–fashion.
Therefore,
the
purpose
of
this
study
is
to
fill
the
gaps
identified
in
previous
researches
on
mass
customisation.
The
research
comprises
various
methods
and
includes
a
wider
sampling
approach
because
of
the
changing
consumer
characteristics
and
new
on–line
opportunities.
There
is
little
evidence
on
the
technology
acceptance,
target
consumer
group,
their
characteristics
and
attitudes
towards
the
mass
customisation
trend.
It
expands
the
research
of
Brannon
et
al.
(2002)
and
constructs
a
new
model
which
not
only
identifies
new
obstacles
but
also
presents
ways
to
eliminate
or
diminish
them.
It
takes
into
account
the
new
fast-
fashion
trend
that
has
recently
emerged
and
consumer’s
recent
sociological
changes.
A.

The
structure
of
the
study
The
research
consists
of
three
parts
that
combine
secondary
and
primary,
as
well
as,
qualitative
and
quantitative
research
methods.
They
helped
to
produce
a
coherent
analysis
of
the
potential
of
mass
customisation
strategy
for
apparel
market
on-
line
and
consist
of:
1)
The
analysis
and
summary
of
secondary
data
2)
An
in-
depth
interview
with
a
made-
to-
measure
designer
3)
An
on-
line
survey
22.
15014022
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2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
22
In
the
study
of
Bailey
and
Sood
(1993,
p328),
in
terms
of
the
influences
of
religious
beliefs
and
practices,
the
connections
between
religion
and
consumer
behaviour
was
clearly
highlighted
by
the
following
way:
'Prominent
examples
are
the
importance
of
fasting
and
feasting
to
patterns
of
food
purchases,
belief
in
taboos
on
clothing
styles
and
activities
of
women,
practices
of
personal
hygiene
related
to
purchases
of
toiletries
and
cosmetics,
and
influences
on
housing
and
entertainment
patterns'.
According
to
Allport
(1950),
the
religiosity
is
divided
into
two
forms.
The
intrinsic
form
is
where
people
consider
religion
as
the
highly
important
norm
to
organise
their
life,
while
extrinsic
form
in
which
people
regard
religion
as
a
tool
of
enhancing
their
acceptance
in
particular
social
environments.
Wenger
(2004)
recognised
that
intrinsically
motivated
religious
people
are
more
likely
to
use
and
internalise
religious
teaching
than
those
who
are
extrinsically
motivated.
Wenger’s
view
was
supported
by
the
study
of
Muhamad
and
Mizerski
(2013),
which
indicated
that
religion
is
an
impact
on
consumers’
cognition
process.
Hirschman
(1983)
found
that
the
consumption
pattern
differs
depending
on
different
religious
groups.
This
view
was
supported
by
the
study
of
Esso
and
Dibb
(2004).
Esso
and
Dibb
additionally
provided
the
empirical
evidence
to
support
the
view
that
consumers
are
affected
by
employment,
educational,
religious,
social,
and
recreational
commitments.
These
previous
studies
provided
clear
evidence
that
there
is
a
connection
between
religion
and
behaviour,
both
subjective
and
objective
aspects
of
behaviour.
Moreover,
current
researchers
have
developed
the
thoughts
of
religious
19.
Exploring
the
trend
of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
19
through
a
web
page
from
which
it
can
distantly
operate
and
provide
services
in
more
than
one
country
without
being
physically
present.
Flexible
production
technologies
and
smart
algorithms
enable
the
setting
up
of
a
competitive
pricing
scheme
and
reduce
production
times
and
cost.
Full
body
scanning
technologies
that
let
producers
distantly
develop
made-
to
measure
clothes,
as
well
as,
online
interactive
configuration
technologies
and
3-
D
digital
modelling
like
design
toolkits,
CAD
software,
and
virtual
fitting
rooms
help
reveal
customer
preferences
and
recreate
the
measuring,
fitting,
and
tailoring
processes
online
(Gandhi,2013:3;
Lee,
Chang,2011).
Ultimately,
they
give
customers
a
visual
result
of
the
product
they
have
created
which,
subsequently,
instils
confidence
in
their
purchasing
decisions
(Mass
Customisation
Developments,
2000;
Brannon
et
al,2003).
Technological
acceptance
and
usage
Technology
Acceptance
model
(TAM)
is
an
important
concept
to
take
into
account
when
dealing
with
customisation.
Even
though
technologies
may
lower
costs
of
Figure
6:
Virtual
Fitting
rooms.
Source:
Fits.me
(2013)
20.
15014022
September,
2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
20
religion
is
considered
as
a
system
of
social
values
that
aroused
the
growth
of
economy
and
development
of
the
industry.
Spike
et
al.
(1985)
revealed
that
religion
is
a
useful
frame
to
support
individuals
to
understand
and
anticipate
and
manage
the
life
events
and
maintain
their
dignity.
Also,
a
similar
view
was
provided
that
religion
is
very
helpful
for
people
to
understand
and
handle
the
life
events
since
it
offers
guidance,
support
and
hopes
to
people
(Pargament
and
Hahn,
1986).
Meanwhile,
McMurry
(1978)
considered
religion
and
family
as
responsive
systems
that
produce
conservative
effects
to
the
individual.
According
to
Gorsuch
and
Smith
(1985),
religion
influences
the
individual
way
of
interpreting
problems,
at
the
same
time
religious
beliefs
and
practices
assist
them
to
choose
solutions.
Many
studies
have
analysed
the
effect
of
religion
on
people’s
values,
habits
and
behaviour.
Peterson
and
Roy
(1985)
stated
that
people
regard
religion
as
a
system
supplying
a
source
of
purpose
and
explanation,
which
makes
life
comprehensible
and
reasonable.
Delener
(1989)
mentioned
that
the
impact
of
worship
on
the
value
system
of
the
societies
and
the
influence
of
these
value
practices
on
consumer
behaviour
need
to
be
carefully
considered.
In
the
study
of
Greeley
(1963),
the
relationship
between
religion
and
action
was
depicted
by
using
three
different
models.
In
the
first
model,
which
was
based
on
the
study
of
Weber,
religion
affects
the
members
of
the
religious
group,
which
leads
them
to
act
under
the
control
of
their
religious
values,
and
then
it
impacts
on
the
organisation
of
the
social
system.
In
the
second
model,
which
was
developed
by
Marx,
579
Woods
Hole
Road
3.
3
Acknowledgements
I
would
like
to
thank
my
supervisor
Olga
Korostynska
for
the
help
with
formulating
my
research
question,
as
well
as
Dr
Duncan
Casey
for
advising
me
on
how
to
approach
the
questions
within
my
questionnaire.
I
would
also
like
to
thank
the
many
people
throughout
Pembrokeshire
who
took
the
time
to
take
part
in
my
survey
and
provide
me
data
to
make
this
investigation
worthwhile.
I
would
also
like
to
thank
my
partner
and
parents
for
encouragement
whilst
working
on
the
project.
41.
15014022
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2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
41
this
research
was
chosen
to
be
the
women
wearing
a
hijab
aged
20
-
25
years
old
who
particularly
are
female
students.
The
interview
is
subjected
to
be
conducted
in
the
specifically
Bradford.
The
main
reason
why
Bradford
is
selected
as
a
sampling
place
for
this
research
is
the
second
highest
place
regarding
Muslim
population.
As
a
matter
of
fact,
the
investigation
conducted
by
the
Muslim
Council
of
Britain,
Muslim
population
was
58.872
and
51.3
%
of
total
population
in
Bradford
West.
Therefore,
it
can
be
efficient
to
collect
participants
to
conduct
the
interview.
Also,
the
interview
will
be
undergone
with
not
Muslim
women
but
women
wearing
the
hijab.
Although
hijab
plays
an
important
role
in
showing
the
identity
of
Muslim
women,
it
is
important
to
focus
on
women
wearing
the
hijab
to
identify
the
role
of
hijab
for
women
wearing
it
when
purchasing
clothes.
Also,
setting
requirements
of
women
wearing
the
hijab
can
avoid
selecting
Muslim
women
who
do
not
wear
hijab
as
participants
in
the
interview.
Regarding
the
sampling
procedure,
participants
were
selected
by
non-
probability
sampling,
which
is
sometimes
called
“a
judgemental
sample”.
As
this
research
had
been
conducted
in
the
relatively
short
period
and
by
student,
non-
probability
sampling
was
the
suitable
method,
which
could
result
in
saving
money
and
time.
It
also
might
help
the
researcher
to
collect
participants
effectively
because
the
only
limited
number
of
people
was
used
as
primary
source.
Moreover,
the
requirement
of
participants
was
women
wearing
a
hijab,
which
was
afraid
to
be
problematic
for
the
researcher.
Generally,
people
wearing
a
hijab
are
considered
as
Muslim
women,
and
they
are
traditionally
conservative
toward
men.
If
trying
to
collect
respondents
by
probability
sampling,
it
might
cause
some
difficulties
when
conducting
the
interview.

! " # $# $
" %# &
'
( '

" ) #%' &

!
*'
8.
15014022
September,
2015-
6
Marketing
and
Management
8
importance
of
the
Muslim
segment
would
be
more
significant
compared
to
other
religious
backgrounds.
As
reported
by
Pew
Research
Centre
(2011),
the
number
of
Muslims
has
risen
from
1.5
to
approximately
1.8
billion
across
the
world.
The
population
of
Muslims
is
anticipated
to
increase
at
nearly
twice
the
rate
of
the
population
of
non-
Muslims
by
2030
(annually,
on
average,
the
growth
rate
of
Muslims
is
1.5%,
and
non-
Muslims
is
only
0.7%).
From
this,
it
is
implied
that
the
companies
operating
in
non-
Muslim
countries
must
be
sensitive
in
the
use
of
advertising
in
their
products
and/
or
services.
Even
though
the
hijab
is
one
of
the
trademarks
of
identity
for
Muslims,
the
fashion
industry
advertisements,
shown
in
non-
Muslim
countries
(for
products
such
as
clothes)
readily
portrays
models
without
a
hijab.
The
researcher
assumed
that
Muslim
women,
especially
those
wearing
the
hijab,
have
different
criteria
compared
to
others
when
deciding
which
clothes
to
purchase.
This
is
mostly
due
to
the
fact
that
these
women
are
wearing
a
hijab
and
therefore
are
constantly
faced
with
challenges
while
looking
for
clothes
that
fit
their
demeanour.
To
obtain
profit
from
the
Muslim
segment,
it
is
essential
to
understand
the
role
the
hijab
plays
for
Islamic
women’s
purchase
behaviour
for
clothes.
This
paper
thereby
attempts
to
explore
how
Islamic
religion
influences
the
perspective
of
women
wearing
a
hijab,
and
its
impact
on
fashion
advertisement
in
Bradford,
U.K.
1.2
Academic
literature
This
research
explores
the
connection
between
religion
and
consumer
behaviour.
In
order
to
accomplish
the
deep
understanding,
literature
associated
with
the
following
Content
may
be
subject
to
copyright.
29.
1218863
Page
28
of
81
2.7
CONCEPTUAL
RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK
Employees’
motivation
was
discussed
as
workers’
intention
to
put
extra
efforts
to
complete
the
given
tasks
to
them
and
fulfill
their
best
potentials
(Armstrong
and
Taylor,
2014),
while
the
level
of
their
organizational
commitment
determines
workers’
willingness
to
share
the
values
and
goals
of
the
organization
and
to
contribute
to
the
success
of
the
business
(Mowday,
Porter
and
Steer,
1982).
Both
of
these
variables
are
seen
as
key
factors
in
achieving
competitive
advantage
in
today’s
highly
competitive
business
environment
(Towers
Watson,
2012).
It
has
been
identified
that
both
employee
motivation
and
organizational
commitment
are
dependent
on
the
organizations’
reward
packages,
namely
financial
and
non-
financial
rewards
(Fay
and
Thompson,
2001).
Moreover,
it
has
been
identified
that
there
is
correlation
between
motivation
and
organizational
commitment
(Choong,
Wong
and
Lau,
2011;
Rizal
et
al.,
2014
and
Tella,
Ayeni
and
Popoole,
2007).
Therefore,
the
proposed
research
framework
can
be
seen
below.
Figure
2.4
Research
Framework
2.8
CHAPTER
SUMMARY
This
chapter
has
defined
the
term
of
reward
systems
along
with
its
elements,
introduced
motivational
theories
of
Maslow
and
Herzberg,
and
explained
the
concept
of
organizational
commitment.
It
critically
reviewed
the
existing
literature
on
the
effects
of
financial
and
non-
financial
rewards
on
employee
motivation
as
well
as
on
organizational
commitment.
The
correlation
between
employees’
motivation
and
organizational
commitment
has
been
discussed.
Consequently,
five
hypotheses
have
been
developed
along
with
the
research
framework.
Useful
writing
principle
Don’t
make
the
reviewer
of
your
paper
think!
1)
If
they
are
forced
to
think,
they
may
resent
being
forced
to
make
the
effort.
The
are
literally
not
being
paid
to
think.
2)
If
you
let
the
reader
think,
they
may
think
wrong!
With
very
careful
writing,
great
organization,
and
self
explaining
figures,
you
can
(and
should)
remove
most
of
the
effort
for
the
reviewer
Dissertation
writing
is
basically
a
long
essay
or
a
thesis
written
on
a
particular
topic
or
a
subject
which
is
written
by
the
students
for
their
degree
or
diploma.Its
the
final
project
that
all
the
PhD
students
have
to
submit
in
ordering
to
get
their
doctoral
degree.
If
you
believe
that
this
page
should
be
taken
down,
please
follow
our
DMCA
take
down
process
here
.
28.
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27
of
81
2.6
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
EMPLOYEES’
MOTIVATION
AND
THEIR
AFFECTIVE
ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMITMENT
According
to
Rizal
et
al.
(2014)
motivated
employees
‘will
give
a
boost
involvement
in
various
activities
to
achieve
organizational
commitment’.
Significant
results
have
been
revealed
in
their
study
and
it
was
concluded
that
individuals’
motivation
is
strongly
related
to
organizational
commitment,
particularly
to
workers’
willingness
to
share
the
organizational
values
and
to
help
the
business
to
achieve
its
goals.
In
similar
vein,
findings
of
Choong,
Wong
and
Lau
(2011)
show
significant
correlation
between
motivation
and
all
the
components
of
organizational
commitment
(affective,
normative
and
continuance),
however,
the
relationship
between
affective
commitment
and
motivation,
which
is
in
context
with
present
research,
revealed
the
strongest
correlation.
Despite
the
fact
that
Warsi,
Fatima
and
Sahibzada
(2009)
by
investigating
private
sector
employees
of
Pakistan,
found
that
the
link
between
job
satisfaction
and
organizational
commitment
is
stronger
than
motivation
and
organizational
commitment
the
correlation
of
motivation
and
organizational
commitment
showed
significant
positive
results.
In
contrast,
Tella,
Ayeni
and
Popoola
(2007)
found
motivation
to
be
negatively
correlated
to
organizational
commitment
by
investigating
library
personnel
in
Nigeria.
The
controversial
result
suggests
the
need
for
examining
the
relationship
in
specific
research
context
as
well.
As
this
research
aims
to
investigate
customer
service
employees
working
in
the
UK the results might differ from the previously mentioned study. Furthermore, motivation was not
found
to
be
strongly
important
for
college student volunteers’ organizational commitment (Nazilah, Rozmi and Fauziah, 2012).
However, it might be explained by the notion that volunteers differ from paid employees, thus they
can
be
highly
motivated
to
perform
a
task without strongly committed to the organization. Therefore, hypothesis can be stated as follows:
H5. Customer service employees’ motivation is positively related to their affective organizational
commitment.
38. (a) αα λλ W((αα0,, λλ0)) (b) αα λλ W((αα0,, λλ0)) Figure 2.5: Regions corresponding to Weibull
distributions that are stop-loss larger and stop-loss smaller than the Weibull(α0, λ0) distribution. 32
The
Lived Experiences of Adult Siblings of Individuals with ASD 33. Exploring the trend of
customisation
in
the
digital
age
16/
10/
2015
33 Source: constructed by the researcher considered during the analysis. The selected target group
comprised representatives of the target population of interest. Table 6: Questionnaire Sampling
Sampling size: 50 respondents (the number was small due to higher interest in quality rather than
quantity of the data) Target population: all computer literate, international and fashion –aware
consumers
Sampling method: stratified random sampling (Bryman, Bell,2011:181) Stratifying criteria:
international on-line users with some interest in fashion. The questionnaire was distributed online via
social
media and fashion forums, and Facebook groups. This was the easiest way to reach computer-literate
target
consumers
with
diverse tastes and characteristics, and who have some interest in fashion. Couchsurfing and Expats
communities were accessed through social media in order to obtain an international perspective on
the
topic. As an addition, a student database of the University of York TYMS management school was
used
to
access other international respondents. This was the most appropriate way to distribute the survey in
order
to
gain a broad range of cross-cultural responses. This ensured random sampling and the diversity of
international respondents. The participants were informed about the aims and objectives of the
research. After reviewing the instructions and agreeing to participate, they gave consent for their
information to be used in this research. Anonymity of respondents was secured and personal data
protected. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions and began with an assignment where
respondents
were
asked to try to choose and order a garment from a mass customiser brand eShakti using CAD
software. They were then asked to comment on their shopping experience (appendix 3). Due to the
complexity of the concept, making participants experience it first- hand and then answer related
questions
seemed the easiest way to explain the concept. The company eShakti was notified that their company
and
their
website were being used in this study. Further, the questionnaire design was created according to the
research
methods
theory (Hollensen and Schmidt,2006). The construct of the survey is a mixture of closed and open-
ended questions. There is a combination of various types of nominal and scale questions, including
multiple choice, continuous scale, matrix multiple choice with additional Once you give a thought
about those interests, you will be able to even create a list of interesting MSc research topic ideas.
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2ID95 • Project of Jelle Hellings, graduated Cum Laude, nominated for TU/e Final project award •
Focus on algorithms and formal/empirical analysis: • Bisimulation partitioning of massive (i.e., disk-
resident) graphs • Motivated by social network analysis, model checking, query processing, etc. •
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position in the Database research group at University of Hasselt (BE) 16. 1218863 Page 15 of 81 2.2
MOTIVATION
THEORIES 2.2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow (1943) claimed that basic (low level) needs
of
individuals
must
be
at
least partially satisfied before higher needs can affect their behaviour. However, once a lower need
has
been
satisfied, people no longer consider it as a strong motivator. He stated that only unsatisfied needs can
motivate an individual. The needs have been placed in a hierarchy, as Figure 2.2 shows below, and
each group of needs are dependent on a group below. Figure 2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(Adopted from: Mullins, 2011) Although, Maslow’s model have not been applied to the work
environment
Steers and Porter (1991) suggested a list of organizational factors that can be connected to the
original model to motivate employees (see Table 2.1). This model provides a basis for understanding
employees’
desire not only for financial incentives but also for recognition, social status and self-advancement.
How to Write a Thesis. Why a Thesis Statement?. To test your ideas by distilling them into a
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collecting together is a result of several research papers right into a coherent whole. Sometimes
dissertations contain original research, which is encouraged where appropriate. The overall
framework
of
the
dissertation should be authorized by the supervisor. Thesis Writing Accept that some text and results
that
you
produce
will
be
thrown away, some excluded because of lesser importance, some will move to appendixes. You need
your mediocre versions for turning them into better and better ones