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This document provides an overview of statistics concepts for data science including describing and exploring single data sets using moments, boxplots and other descriptive statistics. It also covers linear regression, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation vs causation and time series analysis.

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10 views

2 Unit

This document provides an overview of statistics concepts for data science including describing and exploring single data sets using moments, boxplots and other descriptive statistics. It also covers linear regression, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation vs causation and time series analysis.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
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‭Unit 2: Statistics for Data Science (Detailed) - Continued from Unit 1‬

‭Chapter Reference:‬‭TB2 (Chapters 4, 6, 7, 14)‬

‭2.1 Describing a Single Set of Data (Continued)‬

I‭n addition to central tendency and dispersion, we can further explore characteristics of a single‬
‭data set using:‬

‭●‬ M ‭ oments:‬‭These are measures that describe the distribution‬‭of data around the mean.‬
‭Common moments include:‬
‭○‬ ‭Skewness:‬‭Indicates the asymmetry of the data distribution.‬‭A positive skew means the‬
‭distribution has a tail extending to the right, while a negative skew indicates a tail to the‬
‭left.‬
‭○‬ ‭Kurtosis:‬‭Measures the "tailedness" of the distribution‬‭compared to a normal distribution.‬
‭A positive kurtosis (leptokurtic) indicates heavier tails, while a negative kurtosis‬
‭(platykurtic) shows lighter tails.‬
‭●‬ ‭Boxplots:‬‭A visual representation of the distribution‬‭of data, displaying the median, quartiles‬
‭(Q1 and Q3), and outliers.‬

‭2.2 Descriptive Statistics (Continued)‬

‭●‬ C ‭ ommon Descriptive Statistics:‬


‭○‬ ‭Mean:‬‭The average of all values in a dataset.‬
‭○‬ ‭Median:‬‭The "middle" value when data is ordered from‬‭least to greatest.‬
‭○‬ ‭Mode:‬‭The most frequent value in a dataset.‬
‭○‬ ‭Standard Deviation (SD):‬‭Measures how spread out the‬‭data is from the mean. A higher‬
‭SD indicates greater variability.‬
‭○‬ ‭Variance:‬‭Square of the standard deviation.‬
‭○‬ ‭Range:‬‭Difference between the minimum and maximum‬‭values.‬
‭○‬ ‭Interquartile Range (IQR):‬‭Difference between Q3 and‬‭Q1, representing the middle 50%‬
‭of the data.‬
‭●‬ ‭Pivot Tables:‬‭A powerful tool for summarizing and‬‭analyzing data from different‬
‭perspectives. They allow you to group, aggregate, and visualize data based on multiple‬
‭variables.‬

‭2.3 Linear Regression (Continued)‬

‭ inear regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a continuous‬
L
‭dependent variable (what you want to predict) and one or more independent variables‬
‭(predictors). It fits a best-fitting line to the data points, allowing you to make predictions for new‬
‭data points based on the established relationship.‬

‭Key concepts in linear regression include:‬

‭●‬ S ‭ lope:‬‭Represents the change in the dependent variable‬‭for a unit change in the‬
‭independent variable.‬
‭●‬ ‭Intercept:‬‭The y-intercept of the regression line,‬‭representing the predicted value of the‬
‭ ependent variable when all independent variables are zero (if applicable).‬
d
‭ ‬ ‭R-squared:‬‭A statistical measure that indicates the‬‭proportion of variance in the dependent‬
●
‭variable explained by the independent variable(s). Values closer to 1 indicate a better fit.‬

‭2.4 Additional Statistical Concepts for Data Science‬

‭●‬ P ‭ robability and Probability Distributions:‬‭Understanding‬‭the likelihood of events and how‬


‭data is distributed. Common probability distributions include normal, binomial, Poisson, and‬
‭others.‬
‭●‬ ‭Hypothesis Testing:‬‭Formulating a hypothesis about‬‭a population and testing it using‬
‭statistical methods. This helps draw conclusions about the population based on sample data.‬
‭●‬ ‭Correlation and Causation:‬‭Correlation measures the‬‭strength and direction of a linear‬
‭relationship between two variables. However, correlation does not imply causation (one‬
‭variable causing the other).‬
‭●‬ ‭Time Series Analysis:‬‭Analyzing data collected over‬‭time to understand trends, seasonality,‬
‭and patterns. This is crucial in areas like finance, economics, and forecasting.‬

‭Remember:‬

‭●‬ R ‭ efer to your textbook (TB2) for detailed explanations, formulas, and examples of these‬
‭statistical concepts.‬
‭●‬ ‭Consider practicing with real-world datasets to solidify your understanding. Online resources‬
‭and tutorials can be helpful for this.‬

‭ his is a more comprehensive overview of Unit 1 and Unit 2 in Data Science. By understanding‬
T
‭these concepts, you'll have a stronger foundation for further exploration in data analysis,‬
‭modeling, and visualization techniques.‬

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