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Chapter 4 discusses Newton's Laws of Motion, emphasizing that an object's velocity changes only when a net force acts on it. It covers the concepts of forces, net force, types of forces, and the importance of free-body diagrams in analyzing motion. The chapter concludes with Newton's Third Law, stating that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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9 views

Ch4Notes

Chapter 4 discusses Newton's Laws of Motion, emphasizing that an object's velocity changes only when a net force acts on it. It covers the concepts of forces, net force, types of forces, and the importance of free-body diagrams in analyzing motion. The chapter concludes with Newton's Third Law, stating that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Uploaded by

gimyeongjin978
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4:

Forces and Newton’s


Laws of Motion

PHY 121, Fall 2021


Inertia (Newton’s First Law)
A sled sliding on the ice
slows down due to
friction

If there were no
friction, the sled would
never slow down

Newton’s first law:


An object will only
change it’s velocity
(i.e. accelerate) if there
is a force acting on it
Forces
A force “pushes” or “pulls” an object

A force is exerted by an “agent”

A force can be exerted by direct


contact, or over long distances (e.g.
gravity, magnetism)

A force is a vector quantity


(magnitude and direction)

Force diagrams are very useful tools


for solving physics problems

An object is represented by a point,


and all forces on the object are
vectors emanating from that point
Net Force
The net force on an object is the
vector sum of all the individual
forces acting on an object

The net force is not a new force


All the individual forces can be
replaced by the net force

Graphically, we add vectors with


the “tip-to-tail” method
Mathematically, we often have to
decompose vectors into their x-
and y-components to add them
Types of Forces
Weight Spring Force

Thrust Drag

Normal Forces

Tension
Friction
When a “real” surface exerts a normal force on an
object, it also exerts a force of friction

Static friction occurs while an object is still at rest !


f s = µs |!
n|
(opposes the applied force):
Kinetic friction occurs while an object is in motion ! !
f k = µk | n |
(opposes the direction of motion):
Long-Range Forces
Some forces can act
over long distances
(e.g. magnetism,
gravity)

We’ll discuss gravity


in chapter 6

Electricity and
magnetism are
covered in PHY 122
Force (Free-Body) Diagrams
To determine the net force on an
object, draw all the forces acting
Block of wood at rest
*ON* the object
on an inclined plane
Ignore any forces this object is
n
exerting on other objects fs
Start all forces at the same point
(likely at the center of the object
wb
Sum all of the forces to determine
the net force on the object

We will be doing this In this case, the net


mathematically (rather than force is zero (the object
just graphically) in Chapter 5 will remain at rest)
Applying Forces

Imagine pulling a block with a rubber band on a


frictionless surface

To keep the rubber band stretched at the same length


(i.e. apply a constant force) you will have to accelerate
your hand to the right

Acceleration remains constant, so velocity increases


Newton’s Second Law
If the net force on an object is not zero, the
object will accelerate ! !
F net = m a
The mass of an object is its resistance to a
change in its velocity
Units of force:
A larger mass requires a larger force to
achieve the same acceleration Newton (N)
= kg*m/s2
The direction of the acceleration is the same
as the direction of the net force
Board Problem
When a rubber band is stretched to pull on a 1.0 kg
block with a constant force, the acceleration of the
block is measured to be 3.0 m/s2. When a block with an
unknown mass is pulled with the same rubber band,
using the same force, its acceleration is 5.0 m/s2.
What is the mass of the unknown block?
unknowns
F1 = m1 a 1 F2 = m2 a 2

F 1 = F2
2
m1 a 1 (1.0 kg)(3.0 m/s )
m1 a1 = m2 a2 ! m2 = = 2 = 0.60 kg
a2 (5.0 m/s )
Board Problem
A Boeing 737 - a small jet with a mass of 51,000 kg - sits at
rest. The pilot turns the pair of jet engines to full throttle, and
the thrust accelerates the plane down the runway. After
traveling 940 m, the plane reaches its takeoff speed of 70 m/s
and leaves the ground. What is the thrust of each engine?
Fthrust = ma We don’t know Fthrust or a
but we know initial and final 2
vf 2
v0 = 2a x
velocity over a certain distance:
vf2 v02 (70 m/s)2 (0)2 2
a= = = 2.61 m/s Reasonable?
2 x 2(940 m)
2
Fthrust = (51, 000 kg)(2.61 m/s ) = 133, 000 N
Fone engine = Fthrust /2 = 67, 000 N = 67 kN
Newton’s Third Law
For any force exerted by an agent onto an object,
there is an equal and opposite force exerted by
the object onto the agent

The force of a hammer on a nail is equal and


opposite to the force of the nail on the hammer

Forces always come in action/reaction pairs


However, to apply Newton’s 2nd law to an
object (Fnet = m*a), we only need to consider
forces acting *ON* the object

Forces exerted by the object on other


objects are not relevant to determine the
object’s acceleration
Action/Reaction
To walk, a person pushes their foot
backward against the floor

The floor pushes back (with an equal


and opposite force), causing the person
to move for ward

A car’s tire pushes backward onto a road

The road exerts an equal and opposite


force on the tire to propel the car
for ward
A rocket shoots hot gas out of its engine

The hot gas pushes back on the rocket


to propel the rocket for ward
3rd Law Example
Person
accelerates!

= mp*ap
It is often hard to notice action/reaction pairs when
the earth is involved, since the earth is so massive
= ME*aE
(acceleration is essentially 0) Earth acceleration exists,
but is negligibly small
However, in other situations not involving
earth’s acceleration, action/reaction pairs can
be easier to notice

If you stand in a boat on the water (nearly


frictionless) and throw a ball, the boat moves
backward

You hand and the ball apply equal and opposite vball
forces on one another

Since you and the boat are more massive than


the ball, the ball accelerates more than the boat vboat
vball > vboat, but forces are equal and opposite
Newton’s Third Law (Example)
Consider a person pushing a box,
causing the box to accelerate to
the right Fp,b
Doesn’t this mean the force the Fb,p
person is exerting on the box is (static (kinetic
friction) friction)
larger than the force the box is
exerting back on the person? Ff,p Ff,b Fb,f
Fp,f
i.e. in this case, are the
Diagram (person) Diagram (box)
forces bet ween the person nb
np
and the box still equal and Ff,p Ff,b
opposite?
Fp,b
Fb,p
First, draw all of the forces wp wb
Despite equal and opposite forces on
Consider the force diagram for each other, both the person and the
the box and person separately box are accelerating to the right!
Summary
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
1. The velocity of an object will
not change if the net force on
the object is zero
!
. net = m!
2. F a
3. Every force has an equal and
opposite force:
! !
FA on B = FB on A
The net force is the vector sum of all
the forces acting *ON* an object
Force (free-body) diagrams help to
visualize the forces in a problem, and
help determine the net force

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