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 PIKES, ETC., OF NORWEGIAN PEASANTS IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

In the "Ballad of the Valley" the battle is further described as

follows:—
 "The colonel rode in the foremost rank,
Right proudly himself he bore;
He was first shot down from his horse,
And became at once quite powerless.
He died and there at once on the spot
With others at that time;
Georgius Sinclar was his name,
Who then was stretched a corpse.

"There staggered many a brave hero,

And danced against his will;
Horse and man to earth were felled,
That is how the Dalesmen entertained them.

"The balls as thick as hail did fly,

Men had to stop there and bide;
There was heard many a shout and cry,
Yes, there ached many a side.
There was sweated much bloody sweat,
Many a cheek was white....

"They tried to climb the mountain steep,

The Norsemen death to deal;
But from the rocks were forced to leap
By logs and stones and steel.
Hard by the precipice there runs a river,
Its waters run so strong
That all who cannot reach the bank
Are borne by the stream along.

"They swam both hither and thither,

On their backs or as best they could;
That art they had diligently learnt;
But they had to go to the bottom.
They were fired at right sharply,
So the water splashed about their ears;
They had to remain on that spot,
And reached not the dry land."

The girl on the mountain crag continued to play her horn during
the battle, until she saw the Laagen dyed with blood. She then
threw the horn over her head, went away, and changed her song
into weeping. Some say that Sinclair's wife was also killed in the
fight, together with her child. According to tradition, when the rest
went to battle, Kjel Fjerdingreen[103] of Hedalen, a parish annexed
to Vaage, was persuaded by his sweetheart, who had a foreboding
of misfortune, to remain behind; but when she heard that Sinclair's
wife was with him, and that she carried a new-born babe, she
became anxious about her fate, and as much as she had previously
bid him remain behind, she now bade him go, not to take part in the
carnage, but, if possible, to save the child. "You shall not gain my
hand, Kjel," she is said to have told him, "before you have saved the
child." He therefore accompanied the others. In the tumult of the
battle, Kjel rushed forward in order to comply with the touching
entreaties of his sweetheart. The child had just been hit by a ball.
Kjel found Mrs. Sinclair, who was beside herself with grief, on
horseback, and stanching the blood of her child. As he was going to
take it (others say that it had fallen from her, she having dropped it
in her fright, and that Kjel took it up and handed it to her), she
thought he wanted to injure it, and impelled by fear and motherly
affection she thrust a dagger into her benefactor's breast. Others say
she stuck the dagger into his back as he was stooping to take the
child. It is said that one of Kjel's companions then shot Mrs. Sinclair
down from her horse, and that her body was afterwards seen in the
Laagen. It is stated by others that the Bönder threw her into the
Laagen, taking her for a witch, and that she sat (on the water)
stanching the blood of her child, and that the Laagen bore her a
long way before she was drowned. When the child was killed, and
before Mrs. Sinclair fell a prey to the waves, she is said to have
struck up a wild song in her despair,—others say in her scorn. The
place where she remained for some moments on the surface of the
water is said to have been immediately opposite to the most
northerly point of Kringlen. Others again say that she was afterwards
amongst the prisoners, and that her life was spared. The inscription
in the parish register of Vaage[104] states that she survived.
The battle probably took place from a little north of that point to a
little south of the highest part of Kringlen, where the wooden post
stands. According to Kruse's Report, it lasted an hour and a half. As
soon as the battle was over and the victory gained, the Bönder went
after the men of the vanguard, whom they had allowed to pass
unhindered. These had fled forward when they perceived the defeat
of the rest; but they were overtaken on a plain at Solhjem farm, a
little to the south of Kringlen. As the Bönder came rushing to the
attack with the cry, "Fall to! fall to! here are more of them," and the
Scots saw "what would result from it," they at once sent their
interpreter forward and said they would surrender as prisoners.
Thereupon they laid down their arms; but when they saw that the
Bönder were not so many as they had at first thought, they took
their arms up again and wanted to fight their way through; but they
were now met in such a manner that they were all either shot and
cut down or taken prisoners. Peder Klognæs the guide was with the
vanguard, and nearly shared its fate; but on the cry, "I am Peder
Klognæs, I am Peder Klognæs, and am one of your own people," he
escaped, and returned later in safety to his home in Romsdalen.
The strength of the Bönder force which fought at Kringlen was
between four hundred and five hundred men,[105] of whom six were
killed and some few wounded. According to the ballad—

"When the Dalesmen this had done,

And thus destroyed the foe,
I have been told of a truth
That six of them were killed
In the battle on the cliff;
And there were stretched as corpses,
Beside those who wounded were,
Who are but few to mention."

The Bönder proceeded at once with the prisoners to Qvam, a

parish annexed to Froen. After the glory just acquired, the Bönder
committed next day a sanguinary deed, which the inhabitants of the
valley now speak of with abhorrence, wishing it had never been
done. "The principal men among those who were there" wished
indeed that the prisoners, whom they had confined in a barn at
Klomstad farm, should all be conveyed to Agershuus.

"But this pleased not the Dalesmen

That they should thus take them
Through the long and narrow way,
And give the country trouble."

The majority shouted that the prisoners should all lose their lives,
on which, so strong was the general exasperation, they took them
out of the barn,[106] one by one, and shot them all, except eighteen
or some few more. Five or six whom, owing, it is said, to "magic
art," the shots would not affect, were put to death with pikes. The
"Ballad of the Valley" says:—

"They minded neither lead nor powder,

It dried upon their brows;
So tough was their flesh and their skin
That lead could not through them go.
Through cunning and magic art,
Which they learned to a nicety,
What was done to them was in vain,—
They did not even hiccough;
So (the Bönder) took to their sharp pikes,
And had to run them through;
Then both skin and flesh were torn,
And they made an end of them.
But of the prisoners there were spared,
I know, one less than twenty.
Amongst them were two captains—
I will not tell a lie—
The one Captain Bruce by name,
The other Captain Ramsey."

Kruse writes respecting the prisoners:—"On the day the battle

took place one hundred and thirty-four Scots were taken prisoners,
who were straightway the next day killed and shot by the Bönder,
with the exception of the above-named eighteen, the Bönder saying
to each other that his Royal Majesty had enough to feed in those
same eighteen. Some of these were, however, wounded, and some
had bullets in their bodies when they arrived here.[107] Of the
above-mentioned eighteen soldiers we now send to you[108] the
three principal ones, who are a captain of the name of Alexander
Ramsay, and his lieutenant of the name of Jacob Mannepenge
[James Moneypenny], who has previously been both in Denmark
and Sweden, and who on this their expedition served as an
interpreter; the third is called Herrich Bryssz [Henry Bruce], who,
according to his own statement, has served as a soldier in Holland,
Spain, and Hungary. As regards the remaining fifteen persons, some
of them have straightway taken service among good folk here in the
country, and some who will willingly serve your Royal Majesty in
Jörgen Lunge's[109] regiment, I sent at once to Elfsborg." This is
alluded to as follows in the Valley Ballad:—

"They were then to the castle brought,

No desire had they to remain....
They could not relish the fare so hard
Which the Gudbrandsdal men gave—
Here are not many hens or sheep—
But lead and powder they got in their insides."

That at least eighteen remained alive can thus be seen from

Kruse's Report, and, moreover, that some few remained behind in
the valley is recorded by tradition. Storm sings that none of the
Scots ever saw their own country again. Nevertheless it is related of
at least one of them that "he came home."[110] The place in Qvam
parish where the Scots killed at the barn were buried, is still shown a
little to the north of the barn, and is called Skothaugen ("The Scot
hillock").
The conduct of the Bönder towards their prisoners can certainly
not in any way be justified; but so long as there is much that can be
pleaded in extenuation, we should, on the other hand, be cautious in
pronouncing an unqualified condemnation. According to tradition,
they were excited to that deed by Peder Klognæs, who had seen so
many cruelties committed by the Scots on the way, and who had
himself suffered so much at their hands. It can be imagined that the
real state of the case was possibly this: the Bönder, weary after a
march of several days, and after the last day's work and fighting,
came to Qvam with their prisoners, when they began, it may be
supposed, to be weary of leading them further. It was the busy
harvest time; they were possibly short of provisions. Perhaps some
of them had a debauch, as previously at Sel, and excited by liquor as
well as by the account of the cruelties of the Scots, they considered
the latter worthy of death, and quickly set to work to slaughter
them, notwithstanding that the principal men had opposed such a
proceeding. (See ante.) It may be that the prisoners themselves had
given them fresh cause for exasperation during their conveyance or
while they were being guarded; and such a supposition is all the
more within the range of possibility, since it is otherwise very
singular that the Bönder did not kill their prisoners immediately after
the affair at Solhjem (since their exasperation was so great on the
following day), but conducted them one mile and a half (Norwegian)
on the way to Agershuus.
Special circumstances, no longer known, may have occurred as
contributory reasons for such conduct. Moreover, before pronouncing
judgment on the inhabitants of Gudbrandsdal, we must remember
that wars at that time, and the Calmar War as a whole, were
conducted with much cruelty, and we must take into consideration
the spirit of the age. Nor should we forget that more than two
centuries lie between them and us. A far higher stage of culture has
been attained of later years, and yet they have produced not a few
examples of similar barbarity. We have only to remember what is
related respecting the cruelty of the Duke of Cumberland in 1746
after the battle of Culloden in Scotland, General Moreno's murder of
General Torrejos and his sixty comrades in misfortune on the plains
before Malaga in 1832, General Minas's cruelty at Lacaroz in 1835,
and the cruelties of the Carlists towards the English prisoners at
Tolosa in 1837, etc.
CENTRE PANE OF WINDOW PRESENTED BY A SCOTTISH PRISONER SAVED BY A
NORWEGIAN BONDE.
(Now in the Anglican Church, Christiania).—Page 117.

Respecting one of the Scottish prisoners who remained alive,

tradition relates that when he saw a musket being aimed at him he
ran to Ingebrikt Valde[111] of Vaage, and with pitiful gesticulations
asked for life and protection, seeking shelter under his horse;
whereupon Ingebrikt lifted his axe in defence of the man,
threatening to cut down any one who killed him. That Scot is said to
have been a glazier, and to have subsequently settled in the country.
As a token of his gratitude he sent some windows to Ingebrikt Valde,
whom in his letters he always called his "life's father." Of these
windows one is still to be seen at Valde farm.[112] Some lines, burnt
into one of the panes, form a shield, on which are seen a figure like
a crest (perhaps Ingebrikt Valde's seal or signature) and an angel
with hands held protectingly over it. Another of the prisoners
remained in Vaage, where he got a piece of land to cultivate, and
which clearing is now a farm called Skotlien.
Either at the engagement at Kringlen or during the affair at
Solhjem one of the Scots is said to have saved himself by swimming
over the Laagen, whence he took to the mountains. In the evening
(the mountains being only a Norwegian mile across) he came down
to Ellingsbö farm in Hedalen, and his appearance bespoke fright and
hunger. The farmer, who, according to Gram's Census, was called
Christian, placed food before him. While the Scot sat and ate the
mowers came home. At the sight of those men and their scythes he
thought they were some of those who had been at Kringlen, so he
jumped up and showed signs of fear lest his life should be taken;
but the Bonde soon quieted him. The Scot remained there four
years, went to Oslo,[113] where he settled as a goldsmith, and sent
as a present to his benefactor at Ellingsbö silver cups for his
children.
From one of the prisoners, who is said to have been a cardmaker,
and who married in the country, a family with the surname of
Matheson is descended, and several of its members still reside in the
province of Trondhjem.[114]
Among the prisoners was also a woman, whom Lars Hage
afterwards met at the house of a merchant at Oslo. He recognized
her, and she him. The merchant told her to draw a jug of ale for the
man. But as he would not drink, she said, "Drink, good man, I have
done you no harm;" and the merchant having asked her, "Do you
know to whom you are offering that good ale?" she replied, "I know
him well enough. They were not 'boors,' but devils, that lay in the
bushes."[115]

THE SCOTTISH MONEY-HOLSTER.

Page 120.

A prisoner who had been quartered at Veikle farm in Qvam parish,

and who had been well treated, sent later, says tradition, "when he
got home," six silver spoons to the farmer,[116] as a token of
remembrance. Respecting two other prisoners, one of whom was at
a farm in Qvam, the other at a farm in Sel, it is related that they
were shot the same autumn, "as the proprietors did not find it would
pay them to feed them over the winter." Another of the prisoners is
said to have been killed at Vaage. The farmer with whom he lived
took him on a journey into the woods. On the way, it is said, they
began to talk about the battle at Kringlen. The prisoner having said
that if the Scots had known about the Bönder as much as the latter
had known of them matters would have turned out differently, the
farmer got angry and cut his prisoner down on the spot.
It is related of the Bönder from Vaage that on the return
homewards they met at Kalsteen, in Vaage, a portion of the men of
Lom who intended to encounter the Scots. An argument arose
between the men of Vaage, proud of victory, and those of Lom, and
a bloody battle very nearly ensued, but it was prevented by
individual representations. A certain Peder Killie[117] of Dovre is
reported to have said on his return home from the battle that he
thanked God he had not fired a shot at the Scots; but when another
Bonde, his neighbour, heard this, he became angry, quickly cocked
his gun to shoot him, and would have killed him had not others
intervened and prevented him.
A man called, Jörgen Fjerdingreen[118] of Hedalen is said to have
got possession of Sinclair's money-chest (or holster), and was
carrying it home on a pack-horse. At Breden farm he went inside to
enjoy himself; but spending a long time over his dinner, the holster,
which he had left outside, was carried away.[119] This has given rise
to the saying, which, however, is not very general, "to dine like
Jörgen."
 OLD MONUMENT OVER SINCLAIR'S GRAVE.
Page 121.

Sinclair's body was carried to Qvam and there buried just outside
the church-yard, as the exasperated Bönder would not allow him to
lie in consecrated ground. It is told that one of his relatives thought
he had not been killed, but only taken prisoner, and therefore came
to Norway in search of him, but found only his grave. A simple
wooden post close to the road, a little to the south of the church,
[120] shows to this day where he lies buried. A board with the
following inscription is fastened to the post:—

Epitaphium.
Here below rests
Mr. Colonel George Jörgen Sinkler,
Who fell at Kringlene,
In the year 1612, with a force of 900 Scots,
Who were crushed like earthen pots
By a smaller number of 300 Bönder
Of Lessöe, Waage, Froen; and the
Leader of the Bönder was Berdon
Sejelstad of Ringeboe Parish.[121]

On the spot where Sinclair and his Scots fell, a monument was
also raised in commemoration of the event. In lieu of the stone pillar
which, according to Slange, had the inscription, "Here was Colonel
George Sinclair shot the 26th August, anno 1612," the present post
was raised in 1733, on the occasion of King Christian the Sixth's
journey to Trondhjem. The monument, which stands under the
shadow of a birch tree on the top of the hill beside the road, and a
few paces to the south of the spot where Sinclair was shot, is in the
form of a simple wooden cross, with a board on which the inscription
is as follows:—
"Courage, loyalty, bravery, and all that gives honour,
The whole world 'midst Norwegian rocks can learn.
An example is there seen of such bravery,
Among the rocks in the North, on this very spot:
A fully-armed corps of some hundred Scots
Was here crushed like earthen pots;
They found that bravery, with loyalty and courage,
Lived in full glow in the breasts of the men of Gudbrandsdal.
Jörgen[122] von Zinclair,[123] as the leader of the Scots,
Thought within himself, 'No one will here meddle with me.'
But, lo! a small number of Bönder confronted him,
Who bore to him Death's message by powder and by ball.
Our northern monarch, King Christian the Sixth,
To honour on his way,[124] we have erected this;
For him we are ready to risk our blood and life,
Until our breath goes out and our bodies lie stiff."
PRESENT MONUMENT ON HIGHROAD MARKING VICINITY OF SITE OF FIGHT AT
KRINGELEN.
"In commemoration of the bravery of the Bönder, 1612." Page 123.

Yet another post in commemoration of the battle was set up by a

private individual in the year 1826, a little to the north of Kringlen, at
the farm of Pladsen or Söudre (South) Kringlen. It is about five feet
high, of soapstone, and in the form of an obelisk surmounted by a
ball. This monument will be set up in a more appropriate place when
the road is altered.[125] The inscription on it will only be in these
words, "The 26th August 1612."
The origin of the plant called cow-bane or water hemlock[126]
(Cicuta virosa s. aquatica), which is very poisonous, and which
grows in great quantities in a marsh at Nordre (North) Sel, dates,
according to tradition, from the time of the Scots. It is said the Scots
sowed that herb; but that this has only been attributed to them out
of hatred need scarcely be added. On an islet opposite Kringlen
stood, until the great flood of 1789, a large fir tree, in the trunk of
which some musket balls, as well as many traces of them, were to
be found, and some years ago human bones were found where the
wooden cross now stands. Various weapons and other things still
remain after the Scots in many parts of the valley. Thus at the farm
of Mælum in Bredebygd is a drum, which is called the "Scots' drum."
It was brought thirty or forty years ago from Ringebo, where it was
likewise known under the same name.[127] At Nordre Bue farm are a
musket and a sword which belonged to the Scots. At the farm of
Söudre Kringlen or Pladsen a spur and a knife were found a short
time ago on the hill where the battle took place. In the parish of
Vaage, at Lunde farm, is a dirk which had belonged to the Scots.
There is also a dirk at Kruke farm in Hedalen, and this is said to be
the one with which Mrs. Sinclair stabbed Kjel Fjerdingreen.
According to an English traveller who has seen them, these dirks are
similar to those still carried by a regiment in Scotland which is armed
in the old style. At Fjerdingreen farm is a purse made of steel-wire
rings, also a large and a small powder-horn, which are said to have
belonged to Colonel Sinclair. In the parish of Dovre, at the farm of
Ödegaarden, is preserved a chest bound with iron, which is said to
have been Sinclair's money-chest, as well as a large and a small
powder-horn, also reported to have belonged to him. There is
likewise a powder-horn at the farm of Sönstebö, in the parish of
Læssö. Among the things that belonged to Sinclair, Peder Klognæs is
said to have got a pair of snuffers, which he took home with him,
and which are said to be still preserved at Mandalen farm in
Romsdalen. In the Armoury of the fortress of Agershuus[128] are
preserved muskets[129] which had belonged to the Scots. In the
Museum at Bergen are the stock of a pistol and a powder-horn, and
in the Museum of the University of Christiania the stock of a pistol
inlaid with ivory—all relics of the Scots. Sinclair's pistols are kept in
the Museum at Copenhagen. They are described as follows in the
catalogue of the Museum:—
 REMAINS OF SCOTS' DRUM AND ARMOUR.
Page 124.

"The locks have pans of the so-called Spanish kind, but amongst
the oldest of those patterns the barrels are of brass. On them are
engraved the Scottish thistle and the letters A. S. In the year 1690
Lieutenant-General Johan Wibe sent those pistols to King Christian
V., with the observation that they had belonged to the 'Scotch
Colonel George Sinclair, who in the year 1612 fell with his Scots in
Gudbrandsdalen.'"[130]

PISTOLS ALLEGED TO HAVE BELONGED TO GEORGE SINCLAIR.

(In Copenhagen Museum.) Page 125.

At the close of the last century, a Count Laurvig is said to have

owned Sinclair's pistols,[131] and Count G. C. R. Thott his musket,
which was for a long period preserved in the family of Berdon
Sejelstad, who, as the slayer of Sinclair, got it as his booty. At the
beginning of the present century Thor Bratt of Tofte owned Sinclair's
fighting sword, which he gave away to be sent to the Art Museum at
Copenhagen.[132]
Just as Christian IV. punished severely the nobleman Steen Bilde
and the men of Stordalen and Jemtland for having made no
opposition to Colonel Munkhaven on his march through the country
to Sweden, so was the conduct of the men of Gudbrandsdal,
differing as it did from that of the others, not allowed by the king to
pass unrewarded. By letters-patent, dated from the Castle of
Frederiksborg, September 3, 1613, he gave to Lars Hage the farm
(Hage) which he occupied, together with the farm of Landnem; to
Peder Randklev the farm (Nedre Randklev) on which he lived,
together with the farm of Gundestad; and to Berdon Sejelstad
likewise the farm he occupied (Övre Sejelstad);—"to them and their
descendants in perpetual possession, for their fidelity, diligence, and
manliness in the late war."[133]
The descendants both of Lars Hage[134] and of Peder Randklev
still live; but the family of Berdon Sejelstad is said to have died out,
at all events at the farm where he lived—namely, Övre Sejelstad.
Gulbrand lived at Nedre Sejelstad, and the present occupant of the
farm is his fifth descendant in a direct line.
According to Hjorthöi's account (part ii., pp. 7, 135, 137, and 138),
Arne Gunstad, whom he calls the next in command of the Bönder
(from Ringebo?), and who, according to tradition, distinguished
himself by his bravery and extraordinary strength, was rewarded by
the exemption of his farm from the assessment called "Foring." The
same immunity was granted to Lars Hage, Peder Randklev, and
Berdon Sejelstad, in respect of their several farms; and that freedom
from taxation is enjoyed by those farms to this day.
According to tradition, Audon or Ingebrikt Skjenna of Sel also
received as a reward of his bravery the gift of the farm of Sel, of
which the present occupiers are said to be his descendants. The girl
Guri, says tradition, had the farm of Rindal in Vaage, subsequently
called Pillarvigen, given to her as a recompense.
The battle at Kringlen[135] will ever remain a remarkable event in
our history. It is certainly not remarkable on account of the number
of the combatants or the magnitude of the defeat, but for the
manner in which the enemy was annihilated. It was Bönder led only
by Bönder who, with presence of mind, knew how to select excellent
ground, utilized it with sagacity to carry out in harmony a plan of
attack that had been decided upon, and who fell with such courage
on a superior enemy. Moreover, the event will serve to increase the
series of examples which history has preserved to us, of how
dangerous it is for an enemy to penetrate far into a mountainous
country.

FOOTNOTES:

[61] ["Sagn, Samlede om Slaget ved Kringlen," etc. Christiania,

1838. Translated from the Norwegian by the author, who is
indebted for much able assistance to Mr. T. T. Somerville of
Christiania. The more ancient spelling of proper names, such as
"Kringlen," etc., has been retained in this translation.—T. M.]
[62] Vide "History of Gustavus Adolphus," by Joh. Widikindi.
Stockholm, 1691. P. 110. "Introduction to Swedish History," by S.
Puffendorff. Stockholm, 1688. P. 605. Slange's "History of
Christian IV.," published by Gram (1 vol. Copenhagen, 1749. P.
313), and translated into German (with an Appendix) by Schlegel.
1 vol. Copenhagen, 1757. P. 553. What later historians relate
respecting the fight at Kringlen is more or less only a repetition of
the accounts given by the above authors.
[63] Vide "Samlinger til det Norske Folks Sprog og Historie," vol.
3 B, p. 219.
[64] The Vaage church register contains, with reference to the
entire event, only the following lines, entered by Anders Munch,
priest, in 1731: "Anno 1612. Colonel Jörgen (George) Zinchel, as
he came from Romsdalen with 900 men to combine with the
Swedes, who were at Baare Church (that is, Borge Church, in
Smaalenene), was attacked by the Bönder at Kringlen, and totally
beaten, with all his men, excepting his wife, and three
handicraftsmen of whom the Bönder had need."
[65] [This is evident from the documentary history of the two
expeditions given in the present work.—T. M.]
[66] In his "Norges Beskr," pp. 85 and 181.
[67] Kruse's Report. [Dean Krag appears to have been acquainted
only with Kruse's first Report, which he reproduced as an
appendix to his work. The translation of a more accurate copy will
be found at p. 180.—T. M.]
[68] Such was the name of the farm in the old church registers. It
is now called Klungnæs. Klüwer in his "Norske Mindesmærker"
(Norwegian Memorials), p. 124, states that it was a member of
the noble family of Skaktavl, persecuted in the reign of Christian
II., and who had consequently fled to Romsdalen, where the
descendants lived as Bönder on the farm or gaard of Hellan, that
Sinclair wanted to compel to pilot his ships into Væblungsnæs.
[69] [A message passed on in the hollow of a staff.—T. M.]
[70] Some say that he wrote this on a piece of wood on the way
up to his house from the sea-shore.
[71] [Each seven English.—T. M.]
[72] In his "Reise igjennem Norge" (Travels through Norway), vol.
ii., p. 112.
[73] [As already shown, all these accusations are devoid of truth.
See Kruse's Official Report, p. 185.—T. M.]
[74] It appears from a Census for the taxation of Gudbrandsdal in
1612 that the farm was at that time occupied by a woman named
Birte Eneboe. ("List of those in Gudbrandsdal's bailiwick who were
required to pay by Michaelmas day 1612 the tax imposed for the
requirements of the war between these three kingdoms of
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.") This list was made out by the
bailie Lauritz (or Lars) Gram, and contains the names both of the
Odels Bönder (allodial proprietors) and tenants, and of the
owners of untenanted farms, sub-tenants, and cottagers in the
bailiwick.
[75] The fjeld which Kruse mentions in his Report, and calls
Mæratoppene, was undoubtedly near this spot.
[76] The river was thus called in the northern part of
Gudbrandsdalen; farther south it was more generally called
Laugen.
[77] In Gram's Census are mentioned Trund Töndöffuel, Gunder
Biockne, and Peder Nordhuus as tenants in Lessö, but the farm of
Kjelshuus is not named.
[78] Rosten is a road along the cliff in Sel, an annex to Vaage,
leading to Dovre, and is a different place from Rusten, the name
of the road that leads to Vaage. Bægilskleven (Baglerkleven?) lies
in Ringebo, and Sinclair is reported to have said that as soon as
he reached it, he would take to the fjeld at Odlaug (Olo), a farm
in Ringebo, and thence come down to "the high bridge"—that is,
Tromse Bridge, in Ringebo, which also well deserved its name, for
it consisted of logs laid between two rocks, ninety feet high, over
the Tromse river, running below.
[79] Among the soldiers from Gudbrandsdalen who were with
that army was a man from Lunde, in Vaage, who is reported to
have stated on his return home that he had taken part in the
burning of seven parishes.
[80] [District police and sheriff officer.—T. M.]
[81] Slange calls him a "Boelægsmand," which must be a clerical
or printer's error, as must also be the name of Hans, instead of
Lars, as he is called in the Sagas, and perhaps as he was called in
familiar language, or Lauritz, as he is named in Kruse's Report
and in Christian Fourth's Deed of Gift, and as he wrote it himself
in a letter still kept at Tofte farm, in the parish of Dovre. In
Gram's Census he is entered as Lauritz Hage, which was probably
considered to have a more distinguished sound than Lars Hage.
However, the name Lars does not occur anywhere in that Census,
and "Lauritz" is everywhere substituted for it. The bailie Gram
also signs himself in the Census not Lars, but "Lauritz," which is
also the name on his seal.
[82] The above tradition (Saga) respecting the first plan of the
Gudbrandsdal men for attacking Sinclair agrees approximately
with Kruse's Report, in which it is stated that Lauritz Hage, as
soon as he became aware of the coming of the Scots, "at once
roused the Bönder," etc. [See Kruse's Report for end of citation to
"who quickly came to his assistance," p. 181.—T. M.]
[83] In Gram's list, Oluff Romoengard, Oluff Oolstad, Alff
Jörgenstad, Arne Laurgard, Oluff Breden, and others, are all
mentioned as tenants in Vaage.
[84] [Now replaced by the chaussée lower down. See plan.—
T. M.]
[85] The place got its name from the curve taken by the road
along the mountain, or because the road between the farms to
the south and north goes round ("omkring") the crags that are
there; for in olden days the word "omkring" (around) was, as it
still partly is, in the language of the Bönder, "kringum." Likewise
in old Norwegian the word "Kringla" meant a circle, a curve.
[86] Labourers (Bönderkarle) from Skjelqvale farm.
[87] Raadsbakken lies about five and a half Norwegian miles from
Kringlen. The men of Lom are often to this day reproached by the
other inhabitants of Gudbrandsdal for having gone back from
Raadsbakken. Hjorthöi, in his "Description of Gudbrandsdalen"
(Beskrivelse af Gudbrandsdalen), part ii., page 67, says that the
word "Löer," which was likewise applied to them, originated from
their having "lingered so long on Raadsbakken;" and he thinks
that "Löer" is synonymous with Löi—that is, slothful, indolent, or
dilatory in coming forward. But this conjecture is scarcely right,
for "Lö" undoubtedly comes from the ancient name of the district
—Lo, Loar (see Snorre Sturleson); moreover, the men of Lom
tolerate their being called "Löer," which they certainly would not
do if any disgrace attached to the appellation.
[88] Slange calls Guldbrand Sejelstad the "lensmand" at Ringebo,
but in Kruse's Report, as well as in Hjorthöi's work, in the part
above cited, that title is given to Peder Randklev. The name of the
latter occurs likewise in Gram's Census, where, however, the
name of the former is not to be found.
[89] [The barn shown in the illustration is now pointed out as the
place where the soldiers slept, while Sinclair is said to have
passed the night at the cottage depicted at p. 98.—T. M.]
[90] [Literally, scent-runner.—T. M.]
[91] [A "wild Turk" or "snouted Turk."—T. M.]
[92] Kruse, in his Report, gives the 26th August, which was also
the date on the inscription (see Slange) on the more ancient post
at Kringlen, which was destroyed by the flood in 1789, and in
place of which the present post was raised, on which the
inscription incorrectly gives the date of the 24th August.
[93] The mode of attack thus chosen by the Bönder was not new
in Norway; we find a similar plan in "Kong Sverres Saga," ch. 18.
[94] There is still a farm called Skjenna, a little north of Sel
church, but there is no farm of that name in Gram's Census.
[95] Boor, the English for Bonde; and "pert" is a Scotch word
meaning horse. [Sic, Qe pertly?—T. M.]
[96] Hjorthöi's description, part ii., p. 135. There is no Arne
Gunstad in Gram's Census, but the names of Joen and Oluff
Gunstad, tenants, are mentioned. Arne may have been the son of
one of these.
[97] The horn she used was a cow or bent horn, with five or
eight holes in it.
[98] Hjorthöi, as well as tradition, calls him Berdon; in Gram's
Census the name is written Berdun, and in Christian the Fourth's
Deed of Gift Bardum; which various appellations are undoubtedly
synonymous and only a variation produced by time and by the
gradual corruption of the ancient name of Baard, Bard.
[99] Both Guri's air and the Scots' march are still played by the
musicians of the district, but they have probably been much
altered, especially the latter. They are both attached to this
treatise, set for the piano. It may be that some of the original
notes will be found in "Sinclair's March," and possibly the true
"Sinclair March" may be found in Scotland; for it is credible that
Colonel Sinclair made use of the pipe music of the Sinclair clan,
and although the clans have long been broken up, there are still a
great number of pipers over the whole of the north part of
Scotland who know well all the old melodies, and transmit them
from generation to generation.
[Listen]
 [Listen]

[100] The superstition that men of extraordinary valour can

render themselves invulnerable, and that leaden bullets were of
no use against them, but that silver was essential, is still extant,
and is or was common in many other countries. [See "Tales of a
Grandfather" for the death of Dundee, shot with a silver bullet,
and "Old Mortality," for further reference to this superstition.—
T. M.]
[101] Hage or Hagebösse, in Norwegian (Haken or Hakenrohr, in
German), was the first gun that replaced the bow or crossbow.—
C. J. Chr. Berg on the "Land Defences," p. 252.
[102] Kruse's Report.
[103] The name is to be found in Gram's Census.
[104] [Made in 1731. See p. 77.—T. M.]
[105] In his Report Kruse says they were "four hundred and five
men strong." In the "Ballad of the Valley" (see ante) they are
stated at about five hundred men; and therefore the estimate of
three hundred men given in the inscription on the post over
Sinclair's grave appears to be erroneous.
[106] The barn still stands, a little north of Sinclair's grave, in the
vicinity of the King's highway.
[107] At Agershuus Castle (the fort of Christiania).
[108] That is, to Denmark.
[109] That is, take Danish military service. Jörgen Lunge was a
Danish nobleman, who was at that time in command of the Castle
of Bohuus.
[110] Slange relates that "they were all shot and cut down except
two." But in this respect he merits less credence than Kruse or
the Sagas. Slange says also that "one of the prisoners was a
glazier, who established himself in Norway and died there; while
the other was sent to Scotland." This is also related in the Sagas;
but that the latter was sent home "to tell his countrymen how it
happened," is doubtless an addition made by Slange himself. To
illustrate in how distorted a manner many of the later historians
describe the incident at Kringlen, it may be mentioned as an
example, among several others, that Fred. Sneedorff, in his
lectures on the "History of the Fatherland," vol. ii., p. 106, and
later even, Werlauff in the fourth edition, p. 191, of Munthe's
"Pictures of Life," which he edited, perverted the account given
by Slange to the effect that "one of the Scots established himself
in the country as a glazier," by stating that he "established glass-
works in Norway."
[111] Hjorthöi calls him Ingebrikt Sörvold, but neither that name
nor that of Ingebrikt Valde is to be found in Gram's Census. On
the other hand, Oluff and Knud Valde are mentioned as tenants.
[112] [Discovered there in 1885, and purchased by the author of
this work, who has deposited it in the Anglican Church at
Christiania for preservation.—T. M.]
[113] The present Christiania.
[114] [This family settled in Norway some time after 1612.—T. M.]
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