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Text Sections 16.2 - 16.5 - Sinusoidal Waves - Energy and Power in Sinusoidal Waves

The document discusses sinusoidal waves and their properties. It defines sinusoidal waves using the equation y(x,t)=A sin(kx-ωt) where y is displacement, x is position, t is time, A is amplitude, k is wavenumber, and ω is angular frequency. It describes how for a fixed position x, displacement y varies sinusoidally with time t according to simple harmonic motion. The wavelength λ, wave speed v, angular frequency ω, and wavenumber k are related by v=ω/k and k=2π/λ. Particle velocity vy and acceleration ay can also be derived from this equation.

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Ðânĩĕl JøŚĕ CäŚŧrø Ârïźă
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24 views

Text Sections 16.2 - 16.5 - Sinusoidal Waves - Energy and Power in Sinusoidal Waves

The document discusses sinusoidal waves and their properties. It defines sinusoidal waves using the equation y(x,t)=A sin(kx-ωt) where y is displacement, x is position, t is time, A is amplitude, k is wavenumber, and ω is angular frequency. It describes how for a fixed position x, displacement y varies sinusoidally with time t according to simple harmonic motion. The wavelength λ, wave speed v, angular frequency ω, and wavenumber k are related by v=ω/k and k=2π/λ. Particle velocity vy and acceleration ay can also be derived from this equation.

Uploaded by

Ðânĩĕl JøŚĕ CäŚŧrø Ârïźă
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Text sections 16.2 16.

5
Sinusoidal waves
Energy and power in sinusoidal waves

Practice:
Chapter 16, Problems 5, 9, 15, 27, 33, 35

Non-dispersive waves:

y (x,t) = f (x vt)
+ sign: wave travels towards x
- sign: wave travels towards +x
f is any (smooth) function of one variable.
eg. f(x) = A sin (kx)

Sine Waves
For a wave travelling in the +x direction, the displacement y is
given by

y (x,t) = f (x - vt)

For sinusoidal waves, the shape is a sine function, eg.,

f(x) = y(x,0) = A sin(kx)


A

(A and k are constants)

y
x

-A
Then y (x,t) = f(x vt) = A sin[k(x vt)]
or

y (x,t) = A sin (kx t)

with = kv

The displacement of a particle at a fixed location x is a sinusoidal


function of time i.e., simple harmonic motion:

y = A sin (kx t) = A sin [ constant t]


The angular frequency of the particle motion is ; the
initial phase is kx (different for different particles).
Review: Recall from last term, SHM is described by functions of
the form y(t) = A cos(t+) = A sin(/2 t), etc.,
with

= 2f

angular frequency
radians/sec

frequency: cycles/
sec (=hertz)

Quiz

a
e

b
c

-A

Shown is a picture of a wave, y=A sin(kx- t), at time t=0 .


i) Which particle moves according to y=A cos(t) ?
ii) Which particle moves according to y=A sin(t) ?
iii) If ye(t)=A cos(t+e ) for particle e, what is e ?

Sine wave: y (x,t) = A sin(kx t)

v
x

-A

(lambda) is the wavelength (length of one complete wave);


and so (kx) must increase by 2 radians (one complete cycle)
when x increases by . So k = 2, or

k = 2 /

The most general form of sine wave is y = Asin(kx t )

amplitude

phase

y(x,t) = A sin (kx t )


angular wavenumber
k = 2 /

phase constant
angular frequency
= 2f

The wave speed is v = 1 wavelength / 1 period, so

v = f = /k

The wave velocity is determined by the properties of


the medium; for example,
1) Transverse waves on a string:

(proof from Newtons second law)


2) Electromagnetic wave (light, radio, etc.)

(proof from Maxwells Equations for E-M fields)

Exercise
What are and k for a 99.7 MHz FM radio wave?

particle displacement, y (x,t)


particle velocity, vy = dy/dt (x held constant)

(Note that vy is not the wave speed v ! )


Acceleration,

(actually, these are partial derivatives:

, etc.)

Standard sine wave:

maximum displacement, ymax = A


maximum velocity, vmax = A
maximum acceleration, amax = 2 A

Quiz

y
A

-A

a
b

Which particle has the largest particle acceleration


at this moment?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) they all have a=0 for a nondispersive wave.

y
x

string: 1 gram/m; 2.5 N tension

vwave
Oscillator:
50 Hz, amplitude 5 mm
Find: y (x, t)

vy (x, t) and maximum speed


ay (x, t) and maximum acceleration

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