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Gene Expression and Regulation

Gene expression and regulation involves transcription of DNA to RNA and translation of RNA to protein. Transcription requires a promoter, auxiliary factors like sigma factor, RNA polymerase, and ribonucleotides. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes with tRNAs and auxiliary factors to produce proteins based on genetic codes. Gene regulation controls gene expression and allows rapid switching between biochemical pathways. The lac operon model in prokaryotes demonstrates regulation via an active repressor that binds to the operator to inhibit transcription in the absence of an inducer like lactose. This provides an early example of an operon regulatory system.

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279 views

Gene Expression and Regulation

Gene expression and regulation involves transcription of DNA to RNA and translation of RNA to protein. Transcription requires a promoter, auxiliary factors like sigma factor, RNA polymerase, and ribonucleotides. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes with tRNAs and auxiliary factors to produce proteins based on genetic codes. Gene regulation controls gene expression and allows rapid switching between biochemical pathways. The lac operon model in prokaryotes demonstrates regulation via an active repressor that binds to the operator to inhibit transcription in the absence of an inducer like lactose. This provides an early example of an operon regulatory system.

Uploaded by

gengkapak
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gene Expression and

Regulation
Functional Interaction Among
Biomolecules
Gene expression
• Genotype to Phenotype
• DNA to RNA to Protein (Central
Dogma)
• Transcription: DNA (gene) to RNA
• Translation: mRNA to polypeptide
• Basic and simplified system –
Prokaryotes (Escherichia coli)
Requirements for Gene
transcription
• Promoter sequences (Pribnow box)
and others
• Auxilliary factors (sigma  and rho)
• RNA polymerase (core enzyme)
• Holoenzyme (core enzyme + 
factor)
• Free ribonucleotides
Where to start?

Holoenzyme
(21 + )
Transcription Initiation
Transcription Elongation
Transcription Termination

rho
Gene translation
• Information of triplet base (Codon):
Genetic Codes
• Involves recognition of codon (in
mRNA) by anticodon (in tRNA)
• Requires ribosome (small and large
subunits)
• Requires auxilliary factors: initiation,
elongation, and termination factors
What is the Genetic Code?
What are Ribosomes?
Translation Initiation 1

The general rule of translation initiation: Protein


synthesis always starts with methionine codon
(AUG)
Translation Initiation 2
Translation Elongation
Translation Elongation (Peptide bond)
Translation Termination
Gene Regulation
The lac Operon Model
(Prokaryote System)
What is Gene Regulation?
• Natural mechanism to control gene
expression
• Reversible system: Allows rapid
switches from one biochemical
pathway to another
• Usually short-term
• Purposes: 1) Development and
growth
2) Adaptation to
environment
Understanding some terminologies…
• Operons: Transcriptional units (bacterial
genes) that contain more than one coding
sequence
• lac operon: A single transcriptional unit
encoding three enzymes for lactose
metabolism (Francois Jacob and Jacques
Monod @ Pasteur Institute in Paris, 1950s)
• Regulatory genes: Produce repressors or
activators
• Operator: Segment of DNA that is
recognized and bound by regulatory
proteins
Operon Model (Jacod-Monod
Hypothesis)
-galactosidase – hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and
galactose

Galactoside permease – promotes transport of lactose


and related sugars into cell

Thiogalactoside transacetylase – function(s) unclear


Regulation by Active Repressors

• Regulatory protein involved is lac


repressor (isolated and purified in
1967 by Gilbert and Muller-Hill)
• Active repressor: Binds to a site
within the promoter (operator) and
inhibits transcription of the lac
operon
• lac repressor has domain that can
bind to chemical derivatives of
lactose (inducer)
lac repressor system
Regulation by Inactive Repressors

• Regulatory protein involved is trp


repressor
• Operates in the trp operon:
transcriptional unit encoding
enzymes for the biochemical
pathway synthesizing the amino
acid, tryptophan
• trp repressor has domain can bind
to tryptophan (corepressor)
The trp operon
The trp repressor system
Summary of
Operon
Regulatory
System

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