4th Year Ci"il- Structures

2015-2016
F oundation Design

(20)

Final Revision (1)

 ~~~~~
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
~\_$~\ ~ L--- 1
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERJNG DEPARTMENT ~

Fourth Year Civil

January, 2012 Time: 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Five pages. Total Marks = 140 1/5
Reasonably assume any missing data.

Question 1

A) Compare between the modulus of subgrade reaction and the elastic mcdulus of sci I.
B) For the two columns shown in Figure (1), suggest a suitable type of shallow foundation, then give a
complete design of the suggested foundation system (dimensions and reinforcement). Thickness of
plain concrete footing is 25 em, and the allowable net soil bearing capacity is 12 ton/m2 Draw neat
sketches showing concrete dimensions and reinforcement details in plan and elevation, (scale 1 :
50).

r
280 ton 380 ton
(60 x 60 em) ( 40 x 120 cm)

--[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1------
---1-----~-

'~~f+---4 _6.50 m

Figure 11)
---.1.1
Data:
Materials: Concrete feu:::: 300 kg/cm2 , Steel 40/60 fy ::::4000 kg/cm2
Working stress: fc=100 kg/cm2, fs =2200 kg/cm2, qc=7 kg/cm2, qcp"'10 kg/cm2, local bond stress = ~2
kg/em:!
Ultimate stress: qcu= 9 kg/cm2, qcpu=t-t.f kg/cm2, qoue 18 kg/cm2
C1 min. = 3.0 , j = 0.74
C1 ;::; 3_5 j == 0.78 d;::; C1 ( Mu I ( feu. b) ) y,
As = Mu / fy. d . j
C1 = 4.0 j == 0.80
C1 = 4.85 , j;::; 0.826
Area of different reinforcement steel bars:
12: area =
1.13 cm2; 16: area;::; 2.00 cm2 ; iB: area = 2.84 cm2 ; 4>20: area ;::; 3.14 ern":
22: area = 3.80 cm2 ; 4>25: area = 4.91 cm2

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 AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

4th Year Civil

January, 2012 Time.' 3.00 Hrs
foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Five pages. 2/5

Question 2

The R. C. strip footing shown in Figure (2) is 2.0 x 6.0 meters and carries two columns 3.0 meters center
to center. Each column is subjected to: N = 1000 kN and M = 50 kN.m at opposite directions. The
footing is divided into 6 elements. It is required to:
a) Determine the contact stress below the footing on the basis of Winkler assumptions.
(Kso = 2500 kN/m3, thickness of footing is 120 em).
b) Determine the contact stress under the footing, assuming the soil to be elastic,
homogenous, isotropic and semi-infinite. (Co=1.33, C1=0.52. C2=0.30, C3=0.20. C1=O.16,
C5=O.12), Ec= 2000 kN/cm2, Es=1200 kN/m2, thickness of footing is120 em.
e) Compare between the two solutions and explain the differences. .

N= 1000kN N= IOOOkN
MJkNm M=50kN.m

j,
j .....
_". '''"
.........
!
::':.':.',',':,-:::.',' ",." _ .

/-----1.5m -J-- 3. Om -------"IJ'-- 1.5 -f ill

Figure t2t

Question 3

A) Evaluate the following statements (right or wrong) and comment on your evaluation (Any answer
without comments is not accepted):
1. Bored piles are the most suitable piling technique in city centers beside historical buildings.
2. Bentonite slurry is suitable to be used to stabilize the drilling hole during construction of lar::,.2
diameter bored piles in sandy soil.
3. Static pile load tests should be performed at least on 50% of working piles.
4. Mobilization of more than 80% of pile skin friction needs large settlement.
5. In a pile group under tension loads, the own weight of soil between the piles can govern the
pullout resistance of the pile group.
6. In a pile group that is connected with a rigid pile cap and subjected to horizontal load, the front
piles have smaller load than the rear piles.

8) Results of geotechnical investigation at a site showed that the soil profile. as shown in Figure (3).
consists of a thick layer of very dense sand down to 20.0 m followed by rock formations. A bridge
pier has working load (dead and live loads including the weight of the pile cap) of 4051)0 1<.1 is to be
founded on large diameter bored piles with pile diameter of 1.20 m in the sand layer. The pile lengih
is 15 m. The foundation depth is just at the ground water table that lies 2.0 m below ground surface.
Nine piles were arranged below the pile cap, as shown in Figure (3). The following are required:
1. Calculate the settlement of the pile group.
2. If the settlement of the single pile under a working load of 4500 kN is 8 mrn, calculate the pile
group action.

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 AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACUI,TYOF ENGINH"RING

4th Year Civil

January, 2012 Time: .3. 00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Five pages. 3/5

3. If the applied working loads on the pile cap are as follows:

Q = 40500.0 kN
Mx '" 54000.0 kNm
My '" 45000.0 kNm
Q: dead loads including the weight of tile pile cap, live loads and wind loads
Determine the loads taken by piles No, P1, P2 and P3.
4. Determine the factor of safety of piles No, P1 P2 and P3 under the above mentioned loading
0

conditions (in item c) using following data taken from pile toad test on a nonworking pile
The average ultimate pite skin friction along pile shaft == 240 kPa

The ultimate pile base resistance = 5000 kPa

I p~
r!\ d\ "
-[ -+-+-i+-\y'

~ ;! ---4-----.'~r3~---I~)----
E !

::;- rk'
'..v
rr.,
'1/
".-
,
I ; ,n ~ 1 3.0 I
on I
~9.om~

Soil Parameters:
\
l_ Soil parameter Sand
E [MN/m2] 120
~ J.Om ~ J.om -I v H 0,3
yl,( [kNhn1 20/10
c [kN/m2] 0_0
SAND <,'l [0] 38

E Primary loading stiffness

y1t' Total I Effective unit weight cf soi:
-_-:....-_-_-_-_--:....- c Cohesion
Angle of internal friction
-_-_-_:---_-_-_-_
ROCK
Figure (3)

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 AlN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FIICULTr OF ENGINEERING

411' Year Civil

January, 2012 Time: 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Five pages. 4/5

Question 4

Draw neat sketches to illustrate each of the following:

a) Distribution of stresses around a shallow unlined tunnel constructed through dry elastic soil
having 1<0< 1.
b) Comparison between stability or the tunnel face using Bentonite Slurry (BS) TBM or Earth
Pressure Balanced (EPB) TBM.
c) Effect of each of the rollowing on the ground settlement trough above a tunnel:
I. Depth of the tunnel below ground surface.
ii. Magnitude of pressure acting on the lining.
d) Effect of each of the following on the average soil pressure acting on a tunnel lining using
ground and support reaction curves:
i. Stiffness of the lining.
ii. Magnitude of pressure acting on the face of EPB-TBM.

QUestion 5

The zoned earth fill darn, shown in Figure (4), has six zones. Choose the suitable material for each zone
from the following list:

Material Size (rnm)

Sandy Clay -----
Rock stone 150 to 300
Sound Sand stone 300 to 450
Grouting ----~~-
Oversize Rock 600 (max size)
Crushed Weathered Sand stone 100 to 200

Max !:leight ::;,.80m

Ma~}ood oootrolpool"I m.o.

Figure (4)

A) Redraw the dam cross -section in the answering sheet, showing the following;
i) Choice for each zone interm of geotechnical design of the dam from the listed material.
ii) For each zone, the required instrumentation to check the validity of the dam design.

8) State briefly using neat sketches the Laboratory tests and field tests required for controlling the
construction of the dam.

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 .41N SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

4111 Year Civil

January, 2012 Time: 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Five pages. 5/5

Question 6

A) Compare between the following types of in-situ walls:

Steel sheet pile wall
Soldier pile wall with timber lagging
Tangent pile wall
Diaphragm wall
with respect to:
Induced Vibration during construction
Water TIghtness
Lateral Stiffness

B) Figure (5) shows two sides of excavation [side A and side BI. which are planned to be supported
using anchored-free secant pile walls with grouted tiebacks. For the secant piles, the diameter of
the R.C. pile is 0 8 m and lhe diameter of the plastic concrete pile is 0.6 rn, with an overlap of 0.15
m. It is required to:
1. Determine the relatively more critical side (which is more critical: wall condition on side A or
wall condition on side B?)
2. For the critical side wall:
i) Estimate the safe penetration depth:
ii) Calculate the maximum moment per each R.C. pile
iii) Estimate the tension force in each tieback
IV) Determine the maximum moment on the wale
v) Determine the free length of the tieback
vi) Draw neal sketch showing the connection between the tieback, wale and the wall

Clayey Silt
lb = 17 KN/1II3
C' =15 kPa 'P = 20

GW'f---

4.0

Sand GW'f;""'_-- Sand

"t,", = 20 KN/IIIJ '"f,., = 20 KN/m3
0=35 'l' = 35

Figure (51

9 BEST WISHES 9

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5
GIven ~--
30oton
e~ aAi rtet -=:_ t!)__ Thrl I 01Q.
())-w/C ~ -= 2- S 0r1 I, ' I
( 40 X ' , ~o) Ch,
(jFe():::::' 300 KCj I &i =-30 w.
a Fj~ LlaoMPCL
kU -:::.0, 3 N Im f112.
t} lrpu = \(45 H {mm'L
-

~~utr0r71

~. .---~.
=-=.-~

B~(> =-.1 ,q I'5 "/ 0,& ffl

r:jrle GJ}Jt USe- rSO~tLtJ FOCJtr'n_3

:2) r1::J 'S1Jc,P beam'- I

~ As 5u v710 -e--:::: (0 ---l - 0 )2) 5 --==-

.: -raRe e -== 0/65 fl1

'ZMJ;l ~o
__i5ook 6,5 :;::R,~S/bS
~fZ,= 3\\1.11 kN
L_Fj -=-0
.: R2. -:::-311 ~3/1> 9 kN

6
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-;:_!1 (0.,65+0/6)
fJ~--
ft I
- -l_.-.~
I fF~
z: 2/5 rfl

--;tp~" ";:-25 WI
~ Ap--c, -=- 311LII -= 25,916 in
1.20
t'V
r B ~ C, =- 25/:J2!b
1- /5 -= lCJ -' 3'7...t: J71.

B p,. c.. '=- L1, 14 ?3 '/ /' Q_

Lp.
~ )/e- CBJ17j- US-G stitt?

, ReDtcut3u~(!t,y Com billed FcC>t-ffl9 I~ R

1============- p,::;2i)ookr/ I P'2::.5'2P"K",v

~~
:~~::~~o
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)0,6 ~ x:J ~_
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-=-2 (3/fL{+o,b)
:::- 8/63 '
!t-% /1-0 m
":t p,rC -' ==- 2S Crt >2-0 G~

~
r- Rnr'--C, -= 6600
\"~o
5cJ rn
.:__
-== ~ 11-0* Sp/c,
7
 ~ Bp,c, -=- 6/~5
.~ 0AL -:;;6,35- 2. (0/15): S/3Sn1

u~tl'f)'ltl~e-~it1l/t ~oJsI-
PIU ~ \/5.]t-')_~oo -::::4iookN J fju ==-\J5*3800 -;::_57oo

it Y'lu::: Li'200451ao _ =- \ I 3t~3Z> kNlm \

'31'1-0
C) c:rv:::. ~1_C)o+51-oo . \g~"S2. kPo..-
8/1-oXS/b5

~ po i n-t F 'ti&"( 'Sh etLr

CJ C)
LVLoo

Y,. 0:::: Li 1.0 0 -=- 3./b_jIlJ

1/3'M3
Q Wl_
~I
~l'ttttX "::11~_Yt/33-t(3,3)2
lOP 2- '
- LJ ?-oo( ,:),6:1- i- O/~

-:::-5230/32 kNlm.. S,F,D

~i'\-+--*--+-~----.J. ~'"
d~ 5 5230/32'*106 ,g3
30-*5850

~ 36'3 mrY\

~ 880 mm

"'_
8
chek she;JJ/~-
GLrn CLX -= 319Gf CS5 kN
Gsu ':=- 3196~'SS - \131'/33 X-ot.l8~ =- 2\~5/\1-- kN
~'5u:: ~ 1'35/11-*103 z: a, lj16 lv'/mm2
<58So X ~1S0

C:Vsc-v -::: O~9Nlmtfl-" > Ysu .-::0!42.6 N!tljrllt (Yik)

GiVUl

IP 1.!:: 0: 6 + Of 3 -tCl:4 4 = ",3 Lltrl XIL= \rQ -to,4~+d/44 =-2..-63m

. Yt "';: c/b +oJ4 L{ t o}..t 4 :: ~f4'8m y~ =- 0~ y + (9/4 ~to.,L{ Ll::: \t23n1
~QPt -=- ~2oo _lCJ452(Vj4*l.f48) 61 =
Qp~ 5'100 -1<34,52~,-{) ?>kl/12)
::::'3 3 \l..{I ~ '3 1<:tV ::::.sl ~2 d\ K.N
q 33\l..t 23 *103
J
~ '51%/.1,11*10'3
e yp, ::: '330 ~L/2.J"13~o-+l4%oJ i &= 38()-*[2K-to~cH,--2~-llg-o]
== \1(,42 NlmrJ]1. z: 0,816 NII11;1}2.
L <y PW -r;:.l/45N~Y}'l- L_. ~pCv =- \/45/{jmw12..
9
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t 1
,
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v l/tB J. .k .1'S~ 1/
... 1'1 A A

\
~ _ 24 . .:c;:;::::_

cr.: - S10G = 32j,,\~ kPu

U_2 ~ 5,85*2/36
"Zf::: Sr85-O/b -=- 2/62- S!11 Zz c:: S;~-o'4 =2,'125YT]
2
" M[11 -==- '{o3,3YY- {2'~15 JL ~ \17] MV;L::: 31-:}I'O* (2,;f5t 1\'1
::::.\3 33? b 3 Kt/,rr1,- ~ l Q 21, 18 }\'NJrrI)

che-eK dp/Pt~\-
9 8a '=- C \ I i 33.3~63~.
lot
o I ~ ~o,1t looo

10
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f na-~ R,FJ~1-
-- -S23~~/iL,tv6/5f85- 3 153q . 'LJ \
A
~ s
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.
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- a I _j mm Itri

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bof"
= 56\Wb-*'(& 1s,1I5
L{oo*o :~lbf(D8o
= 33L(,S mm'LJfT1\

11tU1<s 'h(5e__ girT \-

13 8'163*to~ 'LJ \
Rs/:::, '-10",*0,%16 *,880 :::;~ f"1-3 ,L13 mm ;f1 t locfk51",\ 1
cAs2- \Q1Q_JI8~lo
6

1-\ 001(0/62 {; k9.J8o

=14Qo3"<5Lmm~m\ I C{ ~Qstrn\I
..--==:: .. -_-
F r all} If, fCK(le55 of RICr FooVh31-.

t~c, :::-d +'1 0

=::8fS 0 ,+'1'0
-:= 550 mh1

11
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12
 G 'I ve..n I
1 ~

* fooTI (13 2" 6 Jr\

'* 6 el fJr1e nt5
*" Kso -::::2500 KN/rr?) t =: 120 Un
* E 5 = 1200 kJl!n12 .> Ec =- 2 * \0'1 !< PC(
* Co:: \' 3 3./ C I=-O ,52::> C J_ :::: 0, 30 t C3 z: 0, 2-0
~ C4 = 0, I b _7 Cs = 0, r 2),

Solution I-
I

J 1m /
r 7

233

13
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*
PI -::: PSI C0 x- b
-= 2/?;/ KI'I
P2 =- 2P~2 ktl
P3 := 2 fS3 Kti

'-_.'.-~-
M~::. 2 fs, _ - ~ --
H3:= Lifsi + 2 f52 .. \050 - --- -
1\1 - S 45:- r _6 X ]X 10f 2;r(13(} = 3}-! 56;\ c7 1\/
6' So---,__.,_
_____ )C
r
a"- (\)2

M \ -\- L{ Jvl2 + M3 ~ 3 ~ /56 -t 101 ( - 5 I + 2 S 2 - S3) - - -CD

M2 -}- S M3 -= 3LI,S 1t 101(- S2-}-S3) - - ~
~--B ~ f-
t) ;//(/ kIey _7SItS5uvzPf[oll /-
Psf
sr=~--
1\50
PSI
2500
- -- - CD
PS2.
2500
~.------ - @J
PS3 --- ________
- ~ \UJ)
~
2500
14
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F'~r~ I
; , ._'"
I ~'::'l.!r
,')
.'-
I

Dit CD; - .
o ~ 11 (2 PSI) + (Lj fSJt-2 Gz-I,/5D) = 3~~b:;l'.- +2g2-P>~CD I
L- - -

I 13 )3 36 Ps I - r,z 64 6 Ps 2 -+ 13:32 Lf fs 3 -:::1 S D c> 1--- CD

4/1-
= ~~():Io(- Pi?
6
2 Ps I -+ '5 ( LI PsI+:2 fs2 -I oSo) -t fs3)
\22 Psi + 13'334 Ps2 -133zLj PS3 c:: 5250 1--0J
e5}r l-
i_ F;J = 0

2[2fs/+2fsz-+2G3l =2000

.: I Psi + Ps 2 -+ F?;3 -= Sc:>o I - -- _--

So/V(fJj 45 CD . )tU7J(J) JnI~3e_t I-
I

Psi = (66, KN/r/?

82 =- 16r6~ ktlJm?_
fl3 -==- 166,1 KH}m2_

15 \5~ -
 n
s/= t
(::1
c; k R;

CL _ ~/33 X-lo-4 m3/k:N

Es 1200

51 ::. '3/33 &, +CI Ps2..

X--I~~ ?<- (Co
-+ Cz Ps3 + C383+ eLf &2
+ Cs Pc; I) c, c2_
.: S{ = ~,'33X-lo-'1 (I' YS 15, -fO.68 f5z ~Oo'S/h) CD

Co

P1,@

=
S 3 '3",33A' 1;'1 (0-'5 0 f5, + 0,3'2 fs 2 +1 ,5'*.3) ~-~-r---t--r--r
I_ -_ fiiJ

16
1~
 S:_;bST;'tutir1)' ~s (Cl.::>i;)_JC) :J (r\)-l--':;> ta) ((Ito eysCJ)J V
I F' I

\~./2-j t-T I-
I

0},CD:-
o -t 4 (2Ps l)-t ( Lj ~I + 2 PS2 _I "Sa) :::c b
3L{- 5 ,c/o" X s;n!'-I 0'\ (- D5:J~
-t !/ SIi f!; z - 0 ,1( Ps 3)
16531) 2 Psi - L\~JoZ,03 Ps2 --+ 20Y 33,82 B-3 --= (05o - - - CD
~/;~
2 Psi -+ S( ~ ~ + 2&2 _I oS0) -=- 34,')(,*106 ~3,33Xlo4 ( -0,1'3 F$/+o:TIR;:
. +//03 Ps3)
5203,33 Psi + 20 q 4.j,g 2 P:s;_ _25652-1 3 &3 ~ '525" --(g

est
u

[PSI -t PS2 +(%3 ::::500] - ~ -

'S o !V!r13 4s CD? '/CV7-J (J) '7 y/e-je-t l :

PSi:: 2(t,{1 K/\//w/-

1~2 = (44,33 rcA/1m 2

P 5 ?:, = I 57- 'is3 KN/r?'?

I

8c1Jt.j, = 2/1,11+ 14~,J3+ l'31B5

-== {66,6 7 K ;V'/1112
3
~ r; (vfnK)e Y)
__ 2_ (00)5 200D
17 - -tl-:""Yy--'e-O(_- - -b-*-Z-
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or
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n
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r::-S (=-1
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18
 ..~.... "
......-' ~-. _-..I ... :~.:. .: -

QUeStio/) (3);-

G~jve.n :-
I PIre)r' r
!k19 e j/d_rYl[l:~ r
f r ,:
if ba7ed

1)
IS btaJ/'f!_3
I
on 0 :)()Y]j Pol,::>j 151'17:
f

x- E:;: 120000 kfa

110500 -
(7-,2 -t-/~5)2
-=- S35, ol-q-, k P{}._
U ::: 3 vn

S I~. 535:011 T. 3
/'V
r-

2} -= 120000 7\

=- 0,0 /3'3 '{ r71

= 13.31 mm
s~
So

3)

~ Gp" ' - ~40500 'S lfooo} 3

"3 3 ~4
19
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_40500 ::::_ /1 c) 0 0 1\\---(\/' ((_-'~omi,

-Yl 0 )\
'I
9

.: (iPl-
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I\
~--,r-.,

/ Cr //1. '--./,--,
! d ./, \_, rlf) I
\

~...~: . :~:

Gis ::::.240-); 77'; {,,2* IS == 1351/, b8 KN

() - S000 71vn"
'--Zb - *~_~
((2\2
L+
= CSr;54 -'t, 7 kN
~ QuPt, -== Qb + Qs -== 13S ''f/. 63 -i~s'c;sl/8t

iir6for1 :-
IfSSur71e Teri5ioil 5~'-1l Fficiio>"< ~ \,;;
2
Co,n!! sJ,;(\ fife tioYl
~ Ts:::. ~/;Lit 13 51{" 68 == 61<t5,2 L{ krJ
0' 0. W, -::;0 mdl
--
2f K \51i 2'5 ~ 1{211,1I'5 kfll
Lf
.: luft -;::c 679''),S Lj -t 4211-IIS::: 120'3 '36 KN
~.
~-:-:::':::.::...:...:_ ...-';.:_:.. :..:.,.,.:.-:.. -~~.;:.:. . . _... _ ' ...~' -_"_::".-,:c -:::::.";""-

>t- Fo};, p _ 13226.55

. 3 -
ioooo
'* FaS. 5:: 1322(;55
'-1500
* F-aS p _ , 1-
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22
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23
22.
p
 (\) M tl}1 n ltl,Je. 0 F Pi~'55 uie t
iLL {ft~ 0 (1 tk Fa.f-e_ o-F reVi y-
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~ 3>-

vr (tTlni)

24
jl1
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A)
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@ 'S ounJ sand 5tone (300-~5o rY}Jrl)
@ (taCK ~tone (ISo.--'3oo 111m)

So.Jldj J~
(Dtlm CDte)
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n) }r15 11 (11f't1tcrt{
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f

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25
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2) Fft~J Ptry~ b~{ij1~St5 (pumfrft!,) out) pVI71Plhl rn)

26
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27
Question (6-B):

1) Wall on side (B) is more critical than wall on side (A) because;

1- Tension cracks will exist in side (A) due to cohesion (c) of the clayey silt soil and non-presence
of a surcharge and this will result in decreasing active E.P. acting on the wall on side (A).

2- The compacted fill on side (B) results in an E.P. as it is cohesion-less soil which will result in
an active E.P. without tension cracks. Also, the surcharge will increase the active earth pressure.

:,- The unit weight ofthe compacted fill is higher than that of the clayey silt, which leads 10 higher
value of active earth pressure,

,
,,

28
2)
2) For the critical wall side (ll):

Anchored Free \-Vall:

ForQ>=35 :. Ka=O.271, Kp=3.69

r
;S3nd,
'y,:;: 2crkNfm'
<\1'"'35

......
--E3

1!i..18JJ'a 10~

29
Calculations of lateral Earth Pressures:

O"aJ = K, x q = 20xO.271 = 5.42 kN/nl

CJ a2 = 5.42 + 18 x 2 x 0.271 = 5.42+9.76 = 15.18 kN/m2

O"a-?' = 5.42 + 18 x 2 x 0.271 = 5.42+9.76 = 15.18 kN/m2

CJa3 = 15.18 + 4 x 10 x 0.271 = 15.18 + 10.84 = 26.02 kN/m2

CJa4 = 26.02 + 10 x d x 0.271'= 26.02 + 2.71 d kN/m2

(Jp5 = zero

CJp6 = 10 x d x 3.69 = 36.9 d kN/m2

Calculations of Forces:

EJ = 5.42x2 =10.84 kN/rn

E2 = 0.5x2x9.76 = 9.76 kN/m

E3= 15.18x4 = 60.72lu~/m

E4 = O.5xlO.84x4 = 21.68 kN/m

Es= 26.02 d kN/m

E6= 0.5x2.71dxd = 1.355d2 kN/m

E7 = 0.5x36.9dxd = 18.45d2 kNJrfl

Ewl = O.5x40x4 = 80 kN 1m
Ew2 = 40d k.N I {1}

30
Calculation of Safe Penetration Depth:

- LMa= 0

:. E3 x(2) + E4x (8/3) + Ewl x (8/3) + E, x (4+dl2) + Ew2 x (4+dl2) + E6X(4+2d/3) - E. (1)-
E2 (1x213) - E7(4+2d13) = 0

:. (60.72) x (2) + 21.68 x (8/3) + 80 x (8/3) + 26.02 d x (4+dJ2) + 40 d x (4+dJ2) +

1.355d2x(4+2d/3)-18.45cl2x(4+2d/3) -10.84(1)-9.76(2/3) =0

:. - 1l.397 d3 - 35.37d2+ 264.08d + 375.24 = 0

.'.d = 4.225 ill

.:, ( = 1.2*d = 1.2*4.225 = 5.08 m == 5.5 m (Safe penetration depth)

Calculation of Load on Waling Beam:

L F x:=;O (for all forces along the wall).

For d =4.23 m:

E6= 24.245 kN//1l\

Ew2= 169.2 kN (1-7\\

:. FA = 10.84+9.76+60.72+21.68+80+ 110.065+24.245+169.2-330.124 = 156.4 kr-I/m'

31
Tension force in each Tieback

T= (FAxS)/Cos a
= (1 56.4x2.2)1 Cos 30

= 397.31 kN

l\laximum l\10ment in Waling Beam:

- M max- waling beam = (FAX s2/1 OxCos a)

= 156.4x2.221 lOxCos 30

= 87.41 kN.m.

Calculation of lVlaximum Bending l\10ment on Wall

a) Determine the position ofpoillt of zero shear with !'espect to dredge line:

SEa:",,'= E1 + E2 +E3 + E4 +Ewl = 10.84+9.76+60.72+21.68+80

= 183 kN/m' > FA = 156.4 kN/ml

Point of zero shear is above the dredge line.

b'l Determine the position of point of zero shear:

" Assume point of zero shear at depth (z)

below G.W.T.
r
8
N 9.76
.'$1

:.10.84 + 9.76 +15.18Z + 1.355 Z2+5 Z2

- 156.4 = 0
N

L
(1.355) Z2

:. 6.355Z2 +15.18Z -135.8 = 0

32
32
:. Z = 3.58 m (check z == 3.58<4.00 m).

MmaxwaJl = M@z = 10.84(Z+1) + 9.76(Z+4/3) + 15.18Z (Z/2)+ 1.355Z2 (Z/3) +5Z2 (lI3)

-FAXz

Mmax-wall = 10.84(3.58+1) + 9.76(3.58+4/3)+ 7.59(3.58)2 + {1.355 X (3.58)2 x

(3.58/3)} + {5x (3.58)2 x (3.58/3)}- 156.4x3.58
= -267.89 kN.mlm'

Maximum Moment on R.C. Pile:

S::acing between the RC piles = <D RC pile + <D plastic pile - 2(overlap)
= 0.8 + 0.6 - (2*0.15) = 1.10 m

00.60

1--
1.10-
.. :.1::-.:;.\
acting on each R.C pile =M max-wall * Spacing 1._ 00.80
0.15
= 267.89*1.10 00.60
= 294.7 kN.m. ~ Plastic Piles
o R.e. Piles
-Determiuation of the free length of Tieback:

Graphical Solution (Figure must be Drawn to Scale).

,, .,
,,
I

,.,.
i
,,
,,
.~
E
I

H=6.00m
..c
4.00
Failure
Wedg~

,r
,
t

,
I

,,
I

,,
I

,
,
I

34
Correction:

Minimum embedded depth for the first grouted point is not satisfied ili.mb = 4.64m < S.OOm).
Then, free length must be increased so that h ernb <t:.. 5.00

Free length ofthe He back=6.00 m

il

s:
H= 6.0.0tn It
.0
E
'(D.

.s:

Fail.ur;.e
Wedge $ /.
~.,'
,
,
.',~..,~~;:;.".-,<.,O,,,
.;...1.,5,..._H...:~ ..~.~~ 1-
J
II
q "
~'Q."~~~--~~~--~

C
\;f)/ /:
Q) ,!!/-, ,-
__J
/;./ ;i'/
.c
m 'a. ,
.1.
,.
/.

,~
E.t3 ., -'"

'.rn
H
~
o
~'\I
II "Q5

+"'l~'~
:':t-
.~
JI)
.'
f
',"
J
__"'__--~ , , , ..
,
t:

,/.
tr
/

From Drawing, we can measure the Free Length of tie-back, which will be 6.00 In.

35
 A
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY
o
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING ,

~
.
STRUCTUR,lL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Fourth Year Civil
December, 2012 Time " 3.00 HI's

Foundation Engineering
The examconsists of six questions in Six pages Total Marks :::::140 1/6
Reasonably assume any missing data.

Question 1 (40 MARKS)

1.1 Explain using neat sketches the purposes of tie beams.

1.2 For the two columns, shown in Figure (1), It IS required to:

I. Suggest a suitable foundation type.

ii. Give a complete desiqn of the foundation (dimensions and reinforcement). Thickness of plain
concrete is only 10 cm. The allowable net bearing capacity is 20 tlm2.

iii. Draw neat sketches showing the concrete dimensions and reinforcement details in both plan and
elevation (using scale 1:50).

Figure (1)

Data:
Materials: Concrete feu = 300 kg/cm2, Steel 40/60, fy = 4000 kg/cm2
Working stress: fc=100 kg/cm2, fs =2200 kg/cm2, qc=7 kg/cmz,
local bond stress = 12 kg/cm2
Ultimate stress: qcu = 9 kg/cmZ, qopu=14.5 kgfcm2, qbu= 18 kg/cm2
C1 min'" 3.0, j = 0.74
C1 35, j :::;0.78
C1 4.0, j '" 0.80
C1 ::: 4.85 ! j = 0.826

Area of different reinforcement steel bars:

cD12: area = 1.13 cm2: cD16: area :::; 2.00 cm2 : <PiS: area 2.84 cm2 : cD20: area = 3.14
ern": <t>22:area = 3.80 ern"; cD25: area = 4.91 cm2

d = C1 ( Mu f ( feu. b) ) y, As = Mu f fy. d .j

36
 11TN SHAMS UNIVERSlTY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

4th Year Civil

December, 2012 Time: 3. 00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists ot six questions in Six pages. Total Marks - 140 2/6

1.3 For the two columns, shown in Figure (2), suggest a suitable foundation type. Sketch the foundation
concrete dimensions and reinforcement details in plan using suitable scale (1:50 or U 00). Full
design is not required.

Iit
90 ton q.1I :;: 30 tlm2
(30 x 50 ern) 20

} Qt , -. _. -. - - _. - n".-,"~ X_'~~~)

4.80 m Figure (2)

Question 2 (35 MARKS}

2.1 Evaluate the following statements (right or wrong) and comment on your evaluation (Any ilnswer
without comments will not be accepted):
i. Boredpiles are the most suitablepiling technique In off-shore structure
ii. Bentoniteslurry is suitable to be used to stabilize the driliing hole during construction of large
diameterbored piles in sandysoil.
iii. Pile integritytest is a quick and economic way to determine ultimate pile capacity.
iv. Pile skin friction is mobilized under relatively small displacements where pile base resistance
needs relatively large displacementsto be mobilized.
v. In a pile group under tension loads, the own weight of soil between the piles can govern the
pulloutresistance of the pile group.
vi. In a pile group that is connected with a rigid pile cap and subjected to horizontal load, the
horizontalloads are distributed equally among all piles.
vii. Settlementof pile group under vertical compression load is smaller that the settlement of the
single pile under average load.

2.2 Results of geotechnical investigationat a site showed that the soil profile consists of a thic Iaye: .if
very dense sand down to 25.0 m followed by rock formations, as shown in Figure (3). P. bridge 8;(',
has workingload (dead and live loadsincluding the weight of the superstructure, pier c.h ,0 fJ ie c:c'. i ..
36000 KN is to be founded on large diameter bored piles with pile diameter of 1.0 m in the sand
layer. Horizontal forces due to brakino and wind loads in both X and Y directions 3re "" i(:iiV.;..
Hx '" 1000 KN and Hy= 400 KN. The pile length is 15 m. Tile foundation depth is just at the ground
water table that lies 1.5 m below ground surface. Nine piles were arranged below the pile cap, as
shown in Figure(3). The following are required:
i. Calculatethe settlement of the pile group, neglecting the applied moments.
ii. If the settlement of the single pile under a working load of 4000 KN is 6 mm, calculate ',;;, P!!:':
group action.
iii. Determinethe vertical loads laken by piles no. P1, P2 and P3.
IV. Determinethe factor of safety of piles no. P1, P2 and P3 using the following data taken from a
pile load test on a nonworking pile:
a) The average ultimate pile skin friction along the pile shaft = 180 kPa
b) The ultimate pile base resistance= 3000 I<:Pa.

V. Commenton the results of point (iv).

37
 QVeS han (5)
() D~V.Q_~oPn1ent C>~ 310lJnJ su1Fa(Q_ se.rt~en1b1t dh1l9 Alot13/,ttljrl1~
SeeTrOY) d0Y fflj --t-t Cons tyucti'cn 6F a. tunnd '

~\(\I "':J 5h teO)

::=:::t:=::::t=' ::r:::=::r::=:J
i i)
o Pen FaLe I Bt'\
J\ ~ ~cJM~(lj Pfessvle_~ ~){ o

FaIe. J\ ~ ~\A J.=;- _9l_)! j ~FtLC~

,'TBf'\ J( (f~ -'
"-;9~o~ _)~9 (-'L ,Jl. cf (' ~ e

I ! t I
S-M.4\/r,t+e_J50if
C~eo..1
.. '-~~~.".~,=;, Ben\:Ji'l{t-t
>-----..
_l-,==I-r=! e.e~~ Dirt j EM \-on;K
.<

59 4
/-',I />
"
 AlN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACUL TV OF ENGINETlJNG

4th Year Civil

December, 2012 Time. 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Six pages. Total Marks ::: 140 3/6

(l~
Hx

IHY/ '''1I I

I
=
Qv 36000 KN
Hx= 1000 KN
=
0
0i
I, Hy 400 KN

~
I,
------- Bridge Pier
I

(-~l
QV
....,
(O_()Q)
. (0.00)

I I I (-~GW.T
Soil Parameters
! . !
E
Soil parameter
.. _ _j~_N_I_m_2._)+-__
Sand
100 I
I
!, I I Sand
v H 0.3
20/10 0
E: I
I
I
I I
+.
v)
0.0
38
~
II
Q)
I
I
I
I
t-Dpi!.e=LO

E = Primary loading stiffne 55

I'::: Poisson'sratio H
D. I
I
II
I
I

:' /"/ = Total I Effective unit welqht Of"~

c' = Cohesion
I
I
II
I
I

y'- = Angle of internal frictio n -1650) I

I LJ._
I I
I

3.0+3.0

(~

Dpile=1.0
/

3.0 f- 9.:Jf
'~~~-$-t---:-x
, ,P2,

l~O &--4r-~
l.oJ-.;-- 3.O---y--3.0~l.O
Plan
Figure (3)

38
 /liN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

4th Year Civil

December, 2012 Time .-3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Six pages_ Total Marks'" 140 4/6

Question 3 (15 MARKS)

The R.C. combined footing shown in Figure (4.a) is 1.50x 6.00 m, and carriestwo columns 3.00 m centerto
center. Each column is subjected to N vertical load. The footing is divided into 6 elements. The footing
thickness is 100 cm. The expected setllement profile below the footing due to the columns loads is shownin
Figure(4.b). 1t is requiredto determine:
i. The contact stress under the footing assumingthe soil is elastic, homogenous, isotropic and SSm'-
infinite. (Co:::1.33,C1=O.52, C2=O.30, C3=O.20, C4=O.16, Cs=-0.12), Ec= 2000 kN/cm2, Es::: 2COCO
kN/m2.
ii. The Value of N. N N

1 1
Figure (4_a)

1.50 m 3_00 m 1.50 rn

Length(ml
6 5 3 2 1 0
'-------'--~-----'------ ...
-.-,--------'------'------+- 0
l
-----------_-------- - 2
-------_. -------- ..--- - - _-----_ ...- ----
.. 3
4
I
'i::
5
6 E
<!J
7 "B
8 ~
9
10

Figure (4.b) "settlement profile"

Question 4 (25 MARKS)

4.1 State briefly using neat sketches:

i. The main zonesof earth fill dams.

ii. The laboratorytests and field tests required for controlling the constructionof the dam,
iii. Tile main field instrumentation for main zonesof the dam in operation stage (~, u,...)-') andthe
purpose of it.

4.2 For the earth dam shown in Figure (5), it is requiredto:

i, Draw the flow net and determine the rate of seepage.

ii. Show graphicallythe pore water pressure distribution over the impervious foundation layer.
iii. Suggest measures to reduce the rate of seepage through the dam and determine the raie Oi
seepage.

39
 AlN SHAMS UNfVRSITY, FACU/,TY OF ENGINEERING

4th Year Civil

December, 2012 Time: 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Six pages. Total Marks := 140 5/6

center of toe. failure circle center of toe failure circle

l' t
I I
!
I .....!_..
.
- max(CSU\.'OirleVC1:1~
-- K =7 J( 10-tlllln/scc
min r<",(Voir level I t ~18 kN/m', 9 =1.lI',
-- 1/ c: ~I
Impervlous Foundation 1 hOJOfi'z:()nt.~l dfiO
_
L___ <6_~ ~+_----~(~&---

Figure {5l

Question 5 (20 MARKS)

Draw neat sketches to illustrate each of the following:

i. Development of ground suriace settlement along a longitudinal section during the construction
of a tunnel.
ii. Comparison between stability of the tunnel face using Open Face TBM with Compressed Air
or Bentonite Slurry (8S) TBM. .
Ill. Two different types of tunnel lining for soft ground tunnels.
iv. Effect of lining pressure on the settlement trough of a tunnel constructed in a clayey soil.

Question 6 (30 MARKS)

6.1 Draw neat sketches to illustrate each of the following:

i. Details of connection between a tieback anchor and a waling beam for tangent pile wall.
ii. Details of connection between an RC roof slab and a diaphragm wall.

6.2 Figure (6) shows a cantilever secant pile wall that is planned to be installed during a project of
widening a water canal section. The secant piles consist of R.C. pile 0.8 m in diameter, plastic
concrete pile 0.6 m in diameter, with an overlap of 0.15 m. Considering the most critical condition of
the water table level on the excavation side, it is required to:

i. Estimate the wall safe penetration depth.

ii. Determine the maximum bending moment per each R C. pile.

40
 AIN SHAMS UNIVERSI1'Y, FA CUL TY Of ENGINEERING

4thYear Civil
December, 2012 Time.' 3.00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of six questions in Six pages. Total Marks = 140 6/6

(1=20 kPa
I

2.0 ml
Upper Water~T~a:..::b:.::lc~ T_

3.0 m Silty Clay

y,U( = 19 KN/mJ
qun = 100 kPa
C' = 20 kPa, 14l''" 20
Lower Wate!.,r
~T:a~b;lc~::-'_----''-;88:88:8888:f1

Figure (6)

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I
I
I

!
II
I
J
~ BRC ==- y,\ <b m ~ 4/2c rn 1
1I
l,
1
c~ec l( intGY'SeGtr6t1 of Fooh n9S r
I
!
i
I

I
t.
~ == 2!L{c - \20 - ~fLo '";~el,8rn
I

.-\~\ ~-;JW\
-~ \ JJ..~ \ ~ J;._\~ o~ ~
-,-:_-_-w c_ cAn't USe-.1 5 ol~tJ root i fl_3

,R
3506
.t
3500 /l
t 0~
'

t
~ L~( -=- \120 + o.L~.-t \15
I

2-4
2. - --2 c
== 3,oSrn r
/:.(il
t
)<~ 1 \ ,
I ,
\..
.: lr: ::::b,\~ m
.. '" -
If.c /'1. CJj.
- .~ --
l
~ l.rc -:::br\o + !l (oIl) ::: bl '::>0 rn /

C-3'

43
 'L
r: ARC - 1coo - '35 n1
260

~ B R!C, -= 5,'"t5
~ Bpc== S,1-'5+1(c_\) :::535h1

-_ -:
i
D eSi3n \" ~on3tudi na.~d liecTio(q~

.......,II
5250

B ,MfD. :> '5.. F;D ,

(1\ po f :t~ro' 5hettY '~a.'j5 {t

I'fl i 0

the C4fe;( of fooH~_9 .' (tx~~.,J;ll)

foo1<11.9 dt-ftll- 1
I

' '5-' 32?lXl()b, rr

'S ,F.D.l

d = '3o~57So
". ".. '.,~-<:'"".",= ---4--+-t--_'_~H------.t
Q CQ Q
J 0010 f'TUf\

l~e d -== 630 rnm

44
 x= 0,1 +Drb3 =\,'~3 tn

Qpu =- 52.50 -- 2 ~1:"L3b (J,33)2-

4120.46 KN ,------I--1I~~
I-- -~ t

'. R:::: b+2_d

~ 0.1'+ (2 1[6 b3) 1 -= tf 36 rn .... j I+~'

e Z ==- ~a~-o,l := 2/525 m

\J\
~ ~-:~-1
I I I I
I I
~OI"":::: 52.50 ::. Li6'5,8li to(Jm'L ,
u 5~15
X}t.9-b ,
I

. .. .,..--~i~:l.
M 3>(~~5,g{1 t (2r~2 5/ X \ rrj . ---~"..-t..
!
- \~85 ktl,mlm\

check de-Pi~\-
!
630 -= CI . 11{'85x
'3oXlooo
lo..{,
---4.1> c I =-.2, '33 >2,'16 (s.ue) I
!.

45

. , ,
 -.

Flrl~~ ih,cKnes5 of K,c-\-

t = 6 3 0 + 1a z: 1dO In rn

-='=====

R'Sm(t1> =- \/5 X 630 = '3 L{S mrrf (rn \

~onlj t\)di(]_~ J iYect(onl ~
- 2313x \06 h15 ['8i/>18Im' I
R s ~ot- - Yo6xo/62b'l\630
:= \'14'5 mm~rn\

15(P16J~\ I
11an5Ve_'YSe d ,fe_ct~on\- ,

Rs
60\ .
'" \4j)5 X lo/'
I{oo Xo,75 Xb30
= 80"f'l.'~ mm 2/ m\ II o~321rA I
~~.6
)j"
I
-i
~""'- -.,~---,,-, ,_,,_- ",c- -c_,_:-,-_,~,_ ' --, c--: - ,_ J.
': L~--~ B ~J v~ Cornb;nul J\ c? G~~~__Af." Cr'< -
-\ ~\ ~__t>- ~ i o_)~1 ~t-tU\():J>J(~
inc d _ ~ 730 tnm

~Otl3r diiecttol1t-
Asbot. ::: -(HIs/tn' , RSToP-t*l 1m'
lYa11S'It15e dffect{onl- Rs = 3qjJ32 {m\

46
 ..
~------------------------------------------------------~-

1
.-- ilhh
lIv \1" I
. ( o.oo)
5{f161~'YY '1/ '111 I 1YYI
~
.. . 1';; .'
-.. ... . I"
~ -..---",-y-v~ 'f . (-0.1)
gil~lri1 f

, "
..................
\. I -
,; r
-.. ..
..._ "
.. .. ... " ...
/ .;
""" ....... _.
(-1,4\
~ ." .,.,.,,, --0 0 ~ o C7 .", ~. "
, -.. - . 'r ,0' "" Q.- (.I~ ~ -~ ..... "1

il
.~
,
all181

o, ,
'5.15 0-1

. l:

i
" :' ,~ :;--::', " ....
_~~..
l-
-,.- ..

i
i .
~.

.,:.-
0-

47
e SU;\-a b~e__foufldatc(\
,'3Pe,
o CO(icleJe drrnS .. (ur)
R,FJJ d ~tCLiQ5){()fttn,

combtneJ Foottf!_3 IR
gooKt/ , I~okt.f
l XR,1 J

300

"y L K-C. :::::L ~C- _ :z. (C)0 -+~ -=- :2 (2 --tl{ + 0,/5)
-= 5,30 rn
~B~,c,-=- 1rOO ::1,2on'1
5',80

~ Bp/c-, -=- frQCJ -+ 2 (0!1) z: I/~o J?1

48
\~
~==========~=============-

tf5 ~{8orn

~v i 5,8om
. - :r
PLRN

49
 _ _

-_I

.12,ov
G iYUlI-
---- Hx
e Qv z: 36000 t\ tf o
If)

~ \--\~ =Iootl KtJ tf\

~ H i -::4 DO kN

H)
;:. > ~"'1:(jbi3~;:<:
,,::_
:::~:~._
..-->
........

((i) ~lf'lle ~ ~v c ~~~) + ~(~~~

z_(X7) = i (y{l) c= sx-(3t *2

= CS4 m/}_

50
Mt::: Hy'k l3/5D -= LlooXt3/S = Slioo kN?tr1>

M~ ==- \-\~." \3,5D == \000 X\3,5 ==- 13500 !\N'PL

36000 + C) L{oo ( ~ j) + 13500 (r)

5. - S~ 5~

- L{ooo + \00 (:If) + 25o(Xt)

~ Qp, = 4000 + 'lLJO\3) -t 250(3) -= 5050 KN

Q f'2 ~ LI 000 -4 I0 0 (0) ""\-2.So (0) := L{ DoD k ,N
Qr3 - 11<:>00 - \00(3)_ 250(3) = 2550 kH
\\() .'.
!
..
t~

e F5 = lo 0 K Po. ( 5 I\I'n fY(c no n 0-9~(l_9 P(~~shaft)

* CVb ::::. 300D KfcL ~ P{~e ba.-~e, 1e-srS1741-ce)'

,J
. <':':" .
~:+Fs 1-Rs
Q~lt/,.~.:;:;:\,~~:h.:R~~~-.
<;.,q.c ..':: '. ' ,. .

.:." .:, ~'6()o"':'f11* ~ + \ SO'~7r~t1; \5

Ii
=- ~os30~q3 kN
C1 F / OJS,:::. Qu~t..
ct/P/k

51
 F.,oS.
P,
= \o838,~3
SoSO == 2,"1
I'I1
o

F/o/5. P2 -=- \ 0 E38, 43

4(')00
= Q .' '1!

lV)

~oYCe T

52
G iYe-n ',-
t'rlfcKncss of ~(X)t(n3 ::: looCm
]
Se-tr~e.me_nt fYo F eVe 3,..00 \ \/50 l
Ec::: 2- oei 0 l\ti Icr?-::. 1..~ ld K PCL \
6100

~ .. . .. 'I)_OboO. v 0 .".
. ,s.- ; :;:::;::.~:.C::hr.::~c.~:0:
-'.0'=-":
4
e c~~~33 J' ;;;'C\:"'_ Or 52 :> C2 -= 0.-30 6 3 g
se tt~~l71en P(of[~e.
j C3 -:::.Or'LO:> C~ :::0/1b:> Cs :::0,12. ( em)

f') CoYltCLCts tYe55 Ui1Jd t~e foo1~IY1j? aSsorntrejtk Sor~

IS eSltstfc) ~C>fl1_O<je(\OL)S:J IsotYoPrc and sem, ir1F[fJfte,
fl) I~e Y~ue of (N)

h-Ps eSf5~-

53
---------- --

.: 1:>, == 0;04 =- --2~ooo \\,45

L PSt + 0,68 PS2_-t 0,5 fsJ~
~
< e.tt P"klr.\'u l
<, "v-
JuL\
-: \,45 PSt +oJb8 PS2 +0,5 Pss -= 8oc> - ~---- CD

.. _ _ f:;.,,'b. -
.. ,-.'.-_ -' .. :.:::- --i:
'lLoo +c]
[CI
---
PSI + Co fs2.
PS3+C2 P53
+C3 PS2 -\-G4 Ps,]
Cl
Co
.: b1=OdJ6:=_\_
'Sett, frofi~e )\~.[ :20000
[0 6 Zfs
1 i -Ie [/53 fS2 -I- 0, 3'2 p~
- '. ,

.: . 0,68-. P51 .+ l/53 PS2 +oli2Pss -= 1200 ._

.._._.. _-@

6.3:: --_
1-0000
\LC1.Ps, +C, fS2
+Co~3 -tel P'S3
+C", PS<2 + C.3PsI~

54
So~V,'(\3 VVs cD_:,@?@ J yle5et
PSI = \S3,3b KNlrn1_
Ps?. =- 360/2. ~ K N(n-/-
Ps~ =: bb3,S73 KN!m!l

6b3,s1~
C Qlljg,pi: ,,_~.1;1eS5....
_ . ._;....' " r-' ~.

e ~_,.'~'~-.._ 0 .~~k"'ftiX. ~,,.-:.:.'\'." j

.: IN-=- f [VSPs( + \.sPsz -+ \.'5f'5?] !

- .

.: N --:- [1.5*153.% + \.5,0&0.2 ~ + 1'5~&&3,573]

- ~ 'J"+1 I,\1 kN

55
 --0

() f)
().o D

,) }rr1 Pe{'/ (tJu 5 Coy e. \(C~t~ + &0 .ml5~t)

.of S r~ a f

J-) ups tietUY1 -s he2 t Fife r.

0 f1 ft~ l)

3) Dia{l1ct3e ~ag.tr IfFf~~1\\ (SoI1J(lJ1d~1~vJ)

11) DottIn 'StieMn s'heU ~ftfch"ot1 Fr~R')
l,-============

56
Question No. (fi/t):

...:>
o
o Given:
K = -; x 10-" rum/sec
fWd = I 8.0 kN/m3
ClI = 60 kPa
c'~ 20 kPa
c cp' "" 28

;. Scale of drawing 1:400

~ Considering the
~--~~_/~s-..... ~ maxim Lim reserve ir
level
Ysat was assumed = 19.0
I<N/m3

t7
-<,

w '"
.g._
C
"

57

., .
 6.H ::::..70.0,#\ 2 AID =- B 2 II;; :::::2'0
k.91vt.."
. .:::7*10-4 M1M1/5C(
~ :::k If 6.j.i lr /Vf
ND
= 7x ro' X 10-3X 20 x 2/8
II lin/sec III

1'>. h - ~}-i - _!!:_ '""J50

/dyop - NJ) - 3

ai- d~ ba.y_ :-
/Jrl}ff =-/( = 6vs- 7f ryp
~
h'T - he
w he~ al-- bL{SC q II po,Mi.5 4fr. ~ -Ih~ dar'uMl.
.-_ he -=0 ~ .; hp:::: 1-11

55

, ..
\\{) 0 \~PeS 0 F ~(!1(t1g \-

t) w'ate_rf tl~3h t conClft~e_

:l) a0 or [io(l ,

p~
IV
r:
0 F:= Po - p~
Cu

,';' \/ L (G-1ou(l1J.kss) ex. 0 F

('.;Ys ::::_.A. VL ( Vs eX VL)
.. Vs (j .!.
p~~~t(} in9 f1e2Svt~

60
25
~
Nut ._./t-

Rc iooF s ~tLb d Dfttph1cr_3rn }\1M.

OJup~eJ{
~ \; jj~ R c. fo f S' ~ a b
0

. ,_
d~~ RrF,T,

61
 Q. (;) -2-

........
4.. ,i i:cmr _ CIW =""___ __ ~_

2111

3m

Corn PwteJ Fr~~}-

=======
( USe.- D rai (lei Parfttmete%5 c" rf; I)
 o oa, == KCL Ov \ - 2 c{k;_
-=- 0126 Flo - 0 ::: S/J_ KP{L

o6{LQ_ - 5,2. +[ 01 26 * 2()~21 = 15-,6 K PLL

er 0;;;2\ = o,14j [2o~2 + 1~]- 2*!)0 t<-~ = \,Li kPa.

0(Z3::: \/4 + [0 ..49* 3*3J == \~/63 kf1L

c %4 z: + [0/49 -* 5 --o]
\ L{( 6 3 := IYtb3 -+ 4)-11 d Kfd.
w qs ':: 1\ P <' -t- 2 c iff
= 0 -+ 2"*{lo~ ~ 5t/13 K Pd
e cr6 z: S 1,13+ [2roQ f31d] =- 51,}3 -+ \ 3,36 d

f WI ~ tb t3o:t 3 -=- ~~ I\tJlrA\ t:::: s1/13 d k !VIlA\

E \,,;~ :::: -'50 d \\.""/~' t/1*18;36J
[3-::: kd
E I -=- 5r2 'kQ = \0.-4 KNI Y(\\ ~ ~L\~ d1- kNlm\
f;L =- \/2 *(15;6--S"Q)-*2.::: -\OJ,-{ \<tJ1m\
3::: 1,4--t3 = ~ ,2 \"(N/m\
f.4 z: \h (\4,63 ~l'~) *"3 :::\~r9)-lSKNIJ11'

tS;: l4 ,&3 d \({\I \m \

[6 ::: \b. t44\ d-d -:. '2/10) dQ \\rv'IYJ\\ 1

63
 ~ tJ\o -= :&'10
~ ' W, (%4 d) -\- [w~( df:,.) + EJ (~-td) -t [2 (:3 'l/3 -td)
--t b (\,5 +d) -I- E'{(3f::.J-I-d) -\- Es(0/2) -t (6(db)
- E1- (d(2) ~ 8 (d/3J =0

~ - [~I+L(J (l-td)+[fw1-+ES-E1-1d/2 +I(~-tct)

-I- b (3. 61- +d) -i; [ E c- bJ dis + b (liS + d) co o

~ [45+ \9,8YS](I-td) -t [3od+\Y/b?>d-St,13d] d/2

-r \c.'4 (q+d) -t \0)-\ (,3,6-1-+ d) -\-[_J,205 J2-l\8dZ] d(3
-+ 4,2 (\,5 td) -=- 0
.: 611,'0115 (, +d) - IQ,5 d (dh.) -t lo.,~ (4td) -t \04 ~3,61-f"J)
- 6.915 .lQ. ( d/3) -1- Lj,2 (ISI-J) :::0
N b~/r3M5 +b~id~H-5d- 6f2Sd
" ' .
Q+ LU,b + \0)'1. d +'3 % 116~ + loltd
- 1/?/1 CS
.-
d 3+ bl3 + 4lL d :=:0
;v ---2/32 S d 3 _ 6125 d 2 + 85;~~5d-+ ,~.915:::0

- d::: ~dS~ YY\

~ L ~ \r1.* ~fiL\ *\ 12 :='3,l{ ~ f(1 rV t::: l)6'50 m

2j.
;p-
 om
30
\
Ew2.
l

30
18/~6 ~ +51,13 c 14..63-\-'-\,1-11 'c

a RSSume- point of k10 shetlY (G) a;rde.p-r~ ('l) h~~ouJ

d1Q)ge ~ ~Y1e '
o ~ C :: {4 ,63 ..\- 4,~I l: KAI/Tt12
c CSPc- '=- srJ3+1?)/36l foIl~1.
byCS I-
==- \ Lf ' 63 'l I\'N I HI\
t ~\
t:.6 -;:_2. f IJ._ 05 :z Q K All in\
t-t ::: C)'{/ I~ 7::: kN'lm\
~\:::.q ,f ~ 2:~'KNlm\
u;'z -= '3 0 1 KJJ 1m\,
65
 2_ F"{bz.== Z:-e-Yo
E ere \ -, \ E\ \
+ t::~ + '-1. +
r
/V (+ G:L [__.LUl --\- Es + E6 -t- ECL'2 - 1-,- 'C~ =-6
N lo.,~+ loA+4,i + \Cj'6ttS+LiS-f \4/631:-+2/1051'2
+302? - S'1~l3~ - g,lilZ -=:0 .:

.: - 6/3 1-SlQ. - \2/5 l -+~5, '845:= 0

~ r_ = 2;3 m (chevK ZLd)

.: M: = IVIlll

=- [w'1-E~J (1-1-1:-) +[~2- +E5 - tr]~ -\- t_ I (Yt~)

+:L (-:, 161 tT.) + [Eb - _~JZ"h. + 3 (I,') tt0

:::. -:2 ..32 5 ~:3 _ (;125 z -z + 83 I gL~5~ -t 150 .,913

::: +'3 0 Q / IiIi ktil rfI f m \

r0 H r7l4 :::: M~ .~ 5 Pttf_[ 113

Pf~e rt&f
~ 302)-{ ~.*t,.\
:::. '3 '32, 6 B~ kt/'rn)

66
EXAMPLE:

1) For the anchored-fixed diaphragm wall, shown in Figure, if a point of zero

moment can be assumed at a depth 0[0.60 m below the dredge line, it is
required to:

i) Determine the safe penetration depth of the wall

ii) Determine the force in each grouted anchor.

iii) Calculate the maximum bending moments along the wall, and design the
diaphragm wall cross section.

iv) Estimate the requited total length of the tieback.

N = 6250 ton
Total working load of building

(0.00)

Grouted tieback

Sand
'(dry = 1.65 t/m'
1$>1.= 1.84 tlm3
cp = 33

111
- Solution:
q =10 tlm2
raft = 6250/(25*25)
For Sand: <p = 33 :. Ka"" 0.295

o
ll)":
N

-....:.:o=.-:-::::::=:=:::-:--
I.. Sand

N
- ill
I
I
I
Y=1.'65{jm"
y"" ",t84\Vm'
(j)=33

L ~

{J.
I
I
I
I
8
lI)
-I
~ I
"" I
! Ew:1
8t
~,
I
d I
I
I
-0<)

Assuming that:

Point (A): is the point of zero bending moment.

112

...
 Point (0): is the point of rotation of the wall.
'j, L!t)cll)a\lOn~ 01)areral "F-art"h 'PJ;:_g~Jlre~:
(} al = q, K a =10*0.295 = 2.95 t/m"
UaC = 2.95 +0.5*1.65*0.295 = 2.95 +0.243 = 3.191 tlm2
(J aA = 3.191+5.6*0.84*0.295 = 3.191+ 1.388 = 4.58 t/m"
craB = 4.579 + y*O.84*O.295 = (4.579 + 0.248 y) tlm2
(JpA = 0.6*0.84*3.392 = 1.71 tlm2
O"pB= 1.71+y*0.84*3.392 = (1.71+2.849 y) t/m2

* Calculations of Forces:

E, = 2.948*0.5 = (1.474) ton/m

E2 = 0.5*0.243*0.5 = (0.061) ton/m
E3 = 3.191 *5.6 = (17.87) ton/m
E4 = 0.5* l.388*5.60:::: (3.886) ton/m
E5 = (4.579 y) ton
E6 = 0.5*0.248y*y = (0.124 y2) ton/m
E7= 0.5*0.6* 1.71 = (0.513) ton/m
E8 = (1.71 y) ton/m
E9 = O.5*2.849y*y = (1.425 y2) ton/m
,,,,[ = 0.5*5*5 = (12.5) ton/m
Ew2 = 5*0.6 = 3 ton/m
EW3 = (5 y) ton/m

-;,Analysis of wall part above point ill):

- ~ 1\1@' (B) = 0

:. E! (0.25+5.60) + E, (5.6+0.5/3) + E3 (5.6/2) + E4 (5.6/3) + Ewl (0.6+5/3) + Ew2 (0.6/2)

- E. (0.6/3) ~ FA (5.6)
= zero

:. 8.623+0.352+50.036+7.254+28.33+0.9-0.103 = 5.6 FA

:. F.; = 17.03 tim'

Taking L F x = zero for the wall part above sec (x-x) , to get QB

.., Q8 = 21.248 Urn'

113
 t-
!
0 ..
an
q

Fe
Sand
.,.- y~::::1;6.5:Vm~
N r~''''1.84tim'-
'qr=TP

<:)
9.
to
L / 8
10

-~~-
i"!IIII-~-t-~EW2
~.-'t-..
....
--'---~-;--'-'--'
Plan.crzero
~. _
enclf;:; moment.
_ ' "-

----,;--:-~~ -
Pla.J :;: zero
~-,~

jer_,.; -~ riornent
-.~,:~~:'_'-:--,,:,~
.......:QA
............ ,;,;,0;;;;;;;==--....,-.;~:_.=~: .. ~....
'- ~.

114
* Determining POZS in the wall part above point (ll):

Assuming that "POZS is located @ distance (Zt) measured downward from point (A) of the

r
lateral support.

o Cl
LO
.::; l.C1
o

Fe

~
N

Plan of zero
she~r-- O.248Z, z,

Since EI+E2+E3+E4+~vI=35.791 >FA= 17.03

Taking::E F x@ZI = zero

:. FA = EI + E2 + 3.191Z1 + (0.5*0.248Zr*Zr) + (0.5*5/5Z]*ZI)

., 17.03 = 1.474 + 0.061 + 3.191Z1 + 0)24Z12 + 0.5Z/

:. 0.624Z12 + 3.191Z1 - 15.617 =0

:. ZI = 3.061 m < 5.00 m o.k.

- the corresponding maximum bending moment @ POZS of upper' wall part is:

- M@Zl =: Fc *Z] ~ E, (ZI+O.5/2) - Ez (ZI+0.5/3) - 3.191Z1 (21 '2) - 0.124Z/ (ZI/3) - 0.5 Z12 (Z/3)

- M@Zl = Fc *ZI - EI (ZI+0.25) - E2(Z}+0.5/3) - 1.596 Z12 - '. '::~'8Z/

- Mmaxupperpart(Zj=3.061m) = 17.03*3.061-1.474(3.061+0,::, - >:61(3.061-1'0.5/3) - 1.596(3.061/-

0.208*(3.061)3

115
 - :,~:::,-'d ;:::52.129-4.88-0.197-14.954-5.966:co 26.132 m.t.vrn' B.M. direction
I

II
: ~ .-\.nJ[YSis of wall part below point (B):

- ? . :.=-.: (3) is considered to be the point about which the wall will rotate.

- --:->:':'~ 3.:1 approximation of: :EM@B = zero (can be assumed)

. ---.--:~":,-cr'''M@
_,~:' __ L.~,=,''__' -
Blowerwatlpart-zero

:. ~~o. Xy -T- Es (y/2) + E6 (y/3) + (Ewr Eg) (y/2) - E9 (y/3) = zero

.', ~ ~.:+S,y '7' (4.S79y-1.71y+Sy)(y/2) + (0.124y2-1.425 /) (y!3) ;:::zero

.' - O.-D4l+ 3.935 y2+ 2l.248y = zero

:. :- = 12.87 m

:. Tneoritical Penetration Depth (d) = y+0.6;::: 12.87+0.6 = 13.47m =:;: 13.5 m

:. Safe Penetration Depth (t) = 1.2*d*1.2 = 19.4 m == 19.5 m

* Determining POZS in the wall part below point (A):

,.. ... ~~"....,...._ ..QA

.'~'-~;'~ .. .;-.~-~

'" EB' -----1- ___

J..,.:~-+- Ew3'
N I

l--e!)'"hOf
z~ro:s :Cjr
...._..__ ----.,,-,-_,.. ~E.-
(2;8.:4.9 Z2)!lm.
..
-._-.:
--.... i __,
1]1 Vm
:.--..
-.-J_ ..
~+---.E6~

4;9.7.9Viii' {O.248ZM/nj2
-
1-l=5'Vin"
--

Assuming that POZS is located @distance (Z2)measured downward from point A

Z2 < 12.87 ill (distance y).
I:F x = zero, for the lower wall part 'E distance (Z2) downward from point A

116
... Q A T'E 5I + E6'-l-' ~
Lw3 I --
- E8'+ E9 I

:.21.248+ 4.579 Z2 + 0.124 (Z2)2 + 5Z2 = 1.71Z2 + l.425 (Z2)2

:.1.301 (Zzi + 7.869 Z2 - 21.248 = zero

:. Z2 = 8.072 m < 12.87 OK

- Hence, the corresponding maximum bending moment @pozs of lower wall part is :

= (4.579 Z2 + 5 Zr 1.71 Z2) (Zi2) + (0.124Z/ -1.425 Z/) (2Z2/3) + QA * Z2

= 3.935 Z/ - 0.434 Z23 +21.248 Z2 ..... ...... (Same equation in previous page)

- M max lower part (Z2=8,072m) = -0.434*(8.072)3 + 3.935* (8.072) 2 + 21.248*8.072

= -228.262 + 256.394+ 171.52

.. Mmax2 = 199.65 m.t./m' B.M. direction ~<4-+"'~~-

:. 1\'lax Bending Moments along the wall arc as follows:

i) Mmax I = 26.132 m.t, /m' @distance Zl= 3.061 m measured downward from lateral support position
* Tension Side is at Excavation Side.

ii) M max 2 = 199.65 m.t. 1m' @distance Z2= 0.6+8.072 =8.672 m, measured downward from dredge line
* Tension Side is at Earth Side.

~. . Fc*Spacing 17.03*2.25
Force In each grouted tie-back = = = 50 tons.
Cos ex Cos 40

117
 Design of the diapbragm wall cross section:

Maximum Value of Bending moment acts on the wall cross section = 199.65 m.t/m'
Neglecting the normal force acting on wall cross section .

M max = 199.65 t. m./m'

.. d=Cl -~=
Mult 4 199.65~1.5*10"7 = 126-) mm Tare:
k d = 1.300 mm.
Fcu*b \) 30*1000 '

:. Take: t = 1400 mm

Determining the length of grouted anchor:

Totallcngth of grouted anchor = free length + grouted length

/
From graphical solution
\ from design of grouted anchor

Free length determination using gra phical soln. : (Drawn to scale in next page)

.:. L free length = 9.98 m

118
E
=
o ,
.0. I
~
1!l

E"
d
, (l)
rD
,
I
11
f .ri.
~.
...

s:

Fail ure Wedge

j
)

r
I

,
I

45 + .5

119
 Determination of grouted length:

SCind
<(;= ;l,J35 tim]
Y*<it :::::'1;84 tlm~
:w..,~:$;Bri

120
- Assume: - Anchorage length = L
- (E) is the midpoint of anchorage length.

()vl'(E) = q + Ey'h
= 10 + 0.5*1.65 + (6.9-0.5) (0.84) + (L/2*sina) (0.84)
= 16.117 + 0.269 L

O-vl\Etcosa =(16.117+0.269L)*cos(40)
= 12.346 + 0.206 L
T = Cfn * tan (5 ; where: (Tn = (aYl'(E)* cos a), and 0 = }4*<P= 0.75 * 33 = 24.7

:. T == (12.346+0.206L) * tan 24.7 = S.678+0.094L

For Static equilibrium of tieback:

. c .. Friction force between soil and grout t+trd=L

TenSlOn lorce 111tie-back = SO = = ---
F.G.S 2

:. 0.094L2+5.678L - 100/ (red) =0

Assume: d = 0.3m, :. L Grouted = 14.98 m 2: IS.00m

'"

Then: The total length of the tie back = Free length + Grouted length
= 9.98 + 15.00 = 24.98 m. (Take Total length = 25 m.)

121
 II IN SHAMS UNfVEIIS1TY, fACULTY OF EN(;JNEERING

4th Year Civil- Public Works Department

May, 2012 Time. 3. 00 Hrs
Foundation Engineering
The exam consists of four questions in Threo pages. 3/3

(7) Throughout the iollowing forms, the most suitable form for a coarse-grained soil to
be used In the construction of an earth embankment IS ..
(i) 10% sand + 85% gravel + 5% (ii) 40% sand + SO'VOgravel + "10% fines
fines
(iii) 85% sand + 15% fines (iv) 40% sand + 40% gravel + 20% rifles

(8) The occurrence of base failure of the side slopes of earth embankment is highly
dependent on the shear strength ol..
(i) foundation soil only (ii) embankment soil only
(Iii) both embankment and (iv) non of tile above
foundation soils

Question 4 (17 MARKS)

Figure (1) shows a cantilever steel sheet pile wall (SPW) that is planned to be driven across a
water channel to allow for the construction of 3 new irrigation structure. TI18 hiqn water level in
the channel is 4.0 m above the bed level. Tt18 subsoil below the channel bed consists of
a 6.0 m thicl( layer of sandy silt followed by a deep deposit of sand If the water level on one
side of the SPW is to be lowered by 4.0 m to reach the bed level, it is required to

( i ) determine the safe penetration depth of the SPW,

( ii ) determine the maximum bending moment on the SPIN.

srw

Water channel

,=-\
Bed level Bed level
Lowered
\VT----
Sandy Silt
hll = 19 I<N/m3
6.0 m C> 10 k Pa
'(j) = 300

Sand
y,,, ~ 2.0 KN/mJ
<p = 350

Figure (1)

-------------------------_----_._--
g BEST WISHES 0

PDF created with pdfFac\ory tria! version WWoN.pdffactory.com

122
 ---_., --_ --------_. ---'---'-'~----"-'- .__ ------_._-_._- ---- _"

- Question (..L:

-For Sandy Sill Layer ; (I) = 30 .. Ka"" 0.333 , KI) = 3

-Fol' Sandy Slit Layer; (I) = 35 :. KiI"" 0.271 , Kp 3.69 O~

1" Assumption: d > 6.00 m :

Penetration depth (d) here is assumed to be more than 6_00 111, which means that the SPW will
penetrate the whole thickness if Sandy Silt Layer and extends into the Sand Layer.

Penetration depth with respect to this assumption wili be calculated, If the value of the
Penetration depth obtained from calculations is more (han 6.00 m , then the assumption is
correct. Ifcalculatioris showed that the value of the Penetration depth does not make sense
(e.g. less than 6.00 111 or anegative value) .Ihen this assumption \\ILlS wrong and another
assumption has to be made.

I~-C. \ ""]
4.00

I \EWI

-- __ -".,..,,,...,,.,._1476 Kpa
Mh /, 15l' 'ID INN."
t_-__
I
\40 ...~a~-_,____----
Sandy Sill

/ :1 I h"J=385nl I ~):1;O~~:~OKp8
" ~-
r---,
E5.

.J '
I

I
\
I \ E1
Ew2
6.00
d

_-r--'-/-.....:..'16 2 K_Qa
/,
1 (Q):K;t
)4.61([.)<)0.: :K
~._.4_5--,:K-,p_a_~_~====;
r------'-c

CD \
_ -------_ ....

/ :\ Sand

E1: E6 E2:\ y y=20 I<N/m3

cD= 35

J /' @u@: \
36.9y Kpa 199.27 Kpa 14.633 f\pa 271v Koa 40 Koa
i) Cniculatiolls of latenll Earth Pressures;
I
eral =0 ..2*10" ";0.33 = -ve :. Tension crack zone does exist .: her =(2C[fraV yKa = 3.85 111.

(fa2 = 3*(6-3.85) = 6.45 KN/m2

(Ja) = 9*6*0.271 = 14.633 KN/m2

123 5J:--
 --
...
-----.-.-
..
-.~~-------- - ...
-._--
...,.--- .._- ...-'-"'~------'---_------l

()nl = Cfa3-i- 10"'y*0.27J ~ 14.633 + 2.71y KNhn2

Up) = 34.641 KN/m2

CJp6= 138.591 +27*(6-3.85)= 196.641 KN/m2

()p7 = 9*6*3.69 = 199.27 KN/Ill2

() vS = 199.2"1 + I Oy*3.69 = 199.27+36.9y KN/m2

ii) Calculations of Forces:

EI = 0.5*6.45*(6-3.85)=6934 KN

E2 = J 4.633 KN

I EJ = O.5~2.7Iy*y = 1.355/ KN

E4 = 34.641"'6 = 207.846 [(N

I Es = 0.5* 162*6 = 486 KN

I
I r, ~ 199 27y KN

I E~= GYJ6.9y*y = 18.45i l<'N

: E -v I "" 0.5*40*4 ::: 80 KN

2,,/7. = (6+y) * 40 = 240+40), r<'N

ill C::l.Iculations 0 r Penet ration Depth:

- Assuming that point 4 "or point 8" is the point about which the wall will rotate, then-

- M @ (4) = 0

:. E1(2.15/3+y) + E2 (y/2) + E3 (y/3) + Ewl (4/3+6+y) + Ew2 (6+y)12 - E4 (3+y) - E5 (2+y) - E6 (112)
- E7 (y/3) = 0

I :. E](2.15/3+y) + (E2 - E6) (y/2) + (E3 -- E7) (y/3) -I- Ewl (7 .33+y) + O.SEw2 (6+y) - E4 (3+y) - E5 (2+y) =0

:. (6.934)(O_7167+y) + (-184.657y)(y/2) + (-J 7.09S/)(y/3) + (80)(7.33+y) + (240+40y)(O.5)(6+y)

+ (-207.846)(3+y) + (-486)(2+y) = zero

:. 6.934y + 4.9696 - 92.3185/ -5.698 / +80y + 586.4 +20 l -+ 240y + 720 ~ 207.846y - 623.538
-486y - 972 = zero

l_~_~
124
-~---~-~----- --_

:. -5 693 :>' - -:-: :_::1S:; y" -373.846y - 289.138 = zero

:. )',= -O~9277 (-ve number)

r. Yii= -S.88+4.48i (imagirnary number)

:. Yiii= -S.88A.48i (irnagimary number)

ALL VALVES AH.E REJECTED

- Which means that the assumption that (d) is more than 6.00 lTl is wrong, and another assumption of
d < 6~OOmhas to be done.

7."U Assumption: d < 6.00 m :

~ Penetration depth (d) here is assumed to be less than 6.00111, which means that the SPW will
end within the Sandy Silt Layer

" 3.85 m < d < 6~OOm

\ T
\ \
4.00

\
\
_____J::w1
\
4.76Kp-3 \ 40 Kpa
;,"iY'''l7 If -'(3) x xeD ?"77>
-~~
I
Sandy Silt
I
I' I
1
hcr:3~85m
y =19 KN/m3
I
I

1
( I
cD= 30, C=lOI (pa
f
/ I
I
E2 Ew2 d

E3/ I

/ I \
/ 1
'-~
,/
103.95+27y Kpa 34.641 Kpa 3y Kpa
I @:r, ;r.<V\ 1 40 Kpa

125
 ~-- -~------ -----_-_-. __ -_--

I
i
I il Calculations of lateral Earth Pressures:
I
0': = 0-2" 10* -,)0.33 = -ve ;. Tension crack zone does exist .: her =(2C~ /( a)/ yKa :; 3.85 m.

- = (9*d*0.333) - (2* 10*,,(6:33) =

= (9*(y+3.85)*0.333) - (20*-v'0.33)
= (9*y*0.333) + (9~J.85*O.333) -- (20*-')033)
=::3y KN/m2

Ci:: = (9*zero*3) -l (2 * I O*~3) = 34.64 KN/1'o12

,_,
~, = (Jp} --1 YhKp
= 34.64 + 9*(3.85+y)*3
= 34.64 + (9*y*3) + (9*3.85~J)
= 34.64 + l03.95 + 27y
= U8.591 + 27)' KN/11l2

, ii; Calculations of [i'orccs:

= O.5*y*3y-= 1.5/ KN

= 34.64 (y+3.8S):=, 133.368 + 34.64)' KN

= O.5*(I03.95+27y)*(y+J.8S) "" 0.5*27*(3.85+),)2

= 0.5(400.208+ 103.95*2+ 27 /)
:; 13.5/ + I03.95y + 200.104 KN

[..",J = 0.5*4*40 = 80 IG~

= 40 (3.85+)')= 154+40y KN

126
 ------.---.--.-- ----_. '-'~--I

lii) CrticlIl;)tions of Penctrntion Depth:

- Assuming {hat point 2 "or point 4" is the point about which the wall will rotate, thenr-

- :.[ @ (2) = 0

., =!(y/3) - E2 (3.85+y)/2 - EJ (3.85+y)/3 -I- Ewl (4/3+3_85+),) -I- Ew2 (3. 85-+-y)/2 = zero
-E-:>3)=zero

., (I.S/)(yi3) + 40*(3.85+y)*0.5*(3.85+y) - 34.641 *(3.85+y/*0.5 + 80(5.183+y)

+ (-l/3Y (3 .85+y)*(13.5 y2+ 103. 95y+ 200.104) = zero

:.0.5/ + 2.68/ + 20.632y + 39.717 + 80y -I- 414.64 _4.5 yJ - 5 1.9751 :-200.104y -256 g - 4.5 /
1-51.975y"-200.104y-256_8=zero
.,-4/ _49.295/ _-99.472y + 197557 =: zero

!:.
I
)'i= -8.911 (-ve number)

:. Yii= -4.614 (-ve number)

:. Yii;==1.201 (+ve Value and less than (6.00-3.85=2. 15m ACCEPTED

:. d ==her -I- Y =3.85+ 1.201 = 5 05 111 "Theoretical Penetration Depth" .

:. Safe Penetration Depth(t) == 1.2* 1.2*5.05 = 7.272 m =- 7.5111

I
L. ~ _
127
.~~~--- -. --- .---------~-.----------.-------- ----.- -._--------,
I
.. To ob',:;~1:~.!.:.<~'._:'~::~C'r:~C!~t0'1 the SPW, Position of POZS has to be determined, Assume
POZS exs.s:s ". >':::1 [~le[ens ion clack zone, with distance Z measured from dredge line,
I
I

So, Z < 3.35 l1i

I
v;/.\, 4.00
\.,
,
\.

~- Sandy Silt
(j) Q)
c: '-- "( := 19 KN/m3
i ~ ~
f
I
~
u ~
(/)
z (J)= 30, C=10Kpa
I
/ >4641Z 3 C;
c.~
13.5Z"2./ lou
-/-~ in..::>::
, leo

----~!-I _L__ ~ j_ L
_----_.-------
2!Z Kpa 34.641 Kpa 0 4G kpa

IF, = 0

:. BO+40l=34.G(IIZ -\- 13.5Z2

:. 13.5Z2 - 5.359Z -80 = 0

:. Z = 2.64 m

.. M@o = 80(4/3+Z) +20 Z2 -17.32 Z2 A.S Z3

:. M max (at Z = 2.64m) = 80(1.33+2.64) + (20-17.32)*2.642 -45)*2.643 = 253.48 KN.m/m'

~_.J
128
 (o ..ao)

rAc:;.:.~~~L.JC..LL..C...J.~/] -'0' ~ (-2.,00)

sand
1=38
tb =Jo kN/m3

" I ~'\e F (q ute 5 hOlds a-n ciA Je/y Cj found M ~'rYo 5 ttl-fron
uJtfc~ Corls/sts of An Ckor~d Fjee DJClphl((jm wd.ff
~t IS 1eJyurred 'ro fl_

f) CctQCu~ttte -tRe, saJe, pe-ne:tfattorl d~Pt~

II} Ct~cv~a_te t~~ ~Xfa~ Falee. (r1 rtf R~C, foof (ki'v'ltil~
i i\) DB'SI~n ttt 0 /ttPh itLgrn wJf,
\v) D1(LlU Connut(an (A),

129
SO~ utfor1l-

cP C1n-fC~ Ctt-5e J \ ~, / \;1- ~ l ci RaF t JI j__;. i ~.\{

e

If'k J1 trW\ d~ c)\::J tr _; / RtlFt~ ~. _) Y9 ($

- ~(iU l5: OJ~

--
1m 'Y/lIY/
- Fn (Ki;~t>
Stlnd
trfl </J'-=-33
'z}b :;:.20 K(\II~
It
I
Y/'I/r
d
n
-

l J~ ~q) c} t ctXi'cJ ForCe 1(\ 'tte, R~c RooF J I vi b 1.1 c

r <?ouJ I .J Wtl\(l'\j 'oe,uYl Y; ~_)j , ~oaJ 0(1 suPPoft ~

'RfC~ ~~(LbJ\ <}i- 6):;-b \ ?J~ \ or \ U (Fn) vft J\:j lr~
!ills\ '7?-'~<51 I DlqP~1a.Jjn'\ ...toH J I '\-""'"'y,. LJbJ l ,-;,)1Ll ~
,f \)1tPhY~rYJ w~ J\ ~ f\O\ p~\ f Mrn~{1.{ ~~

3 RrC s\l(_b ~( C0r1nectrcII\J, vL bilf-~8Y\ ~y-lU,\9

r DidP hill3t7\ '"h!~f

130 ILl
c,p-

" .
o R TcUl-3en t PfRe 'Y/d--~ W{LS CDnS T1ucte_ J to S\}PPc j +
l 1

f..fuVt{t!6(1) ;(1 a. (e__1-rdl'n sft.e (ts'Sho'vv'n tn F,"Sv!e,-

~t "IS i'e-CYuiYeJ to l-
f) W~ic'h (5 rna/e.. suth(b~e~a..S \(L're-Ytll SvPPo1t- Pcl
t~e_ Rrlchole.d fl~e. l1"aJI~ aM w~~f?
a) ~t1ut b) I(e bru1K
{j) ceJ ct,,~ate tk SCLFe. fknet(q hbn d~-p+ p,\

iii) oJ Cv~c[h?_ t~e_ ro1Ce- in t~e.fd-td~ Suffei!

Ctnl dej~imrr7e itS fj Pe-
i v) cJCu~a.:re \-te. MdX./mum inDY71RJ1t (Yi t~R._ f\'~eJ 1 F
't~e p I"\~e d/dn1ete-r 15 60 011 )

131
 ~~~.----~ _-_

I I I _l I I I J I I I T

d
1.-,

() 'S tr~,t- IS tt~ Sv{t-abr~\'fTtYctf

5urpol~ clu~fa 'r~-e_
P'/eSe_nCe of lJj'(LCent bu1iJ'"j, I~e. CaVlst(ucflOY)
of T1ebtW,K \'5 ImP6SS;b~e,;'.
Ii) i M;y It -:=-0 .--'"r ~h{ ----'rt =1,2.d

tri) J ~e FcY(Ce_ rr1 P(l.t~f~ 'SvfPoY t -= FI ;f'S ::;;f KrV

i (u.'i?7 fie 55rcvj
'1
hI) ca.l c'" td-e tLUl cJcut,r. Ml7ttl'PI~ellS f.,H",,'),
I (v( ~ )

Mmttx ;;;; MmOX,., X S P(LC(ILJ

r,~e !{d!\'
~ MntJLX'1r 0/6
t/ttit \..y
lCl!2QJ1t fr~e.- Jl F ~ csraC/Y1j JI

132
 D

EXAlVIPLE:

An excavation works will be carried out in the site shown in Figure (1). An
anchored free diaphragm wall will be used as a shoring system. It is required to:

1) Design the critical wall side using the critical load case. Explain your reason
for selecting the critical side.
2) Calculate the safe penetration depth of the wall.
3) Calculate the force in the tie back.
4) Design the R.C waling beam. Sketch the main R.F.T.
5) Design the diaphragm wall. Sketch R.F.T details.
6) Calculate the total length of the tieback.
7) If a secant pile wall will be used instead of the diaphragm wall. Calculate the
maximum bending moment on each R.e. pile, if the diameter of the R.C.
pile is 120 em, and the diameter of the plastic concrete pile is 60 em, with
overlap of 15 em. Also, calculate the quantity of reinforced and plastic
concrete needed to construct the secant piles.
8) If the foundation level of the adjacent building was 4.0 111 lower than the
current foundation level. Suggest the suitable anchorage system. Explain
your choice. Sketch the anchorage system arrangement on plan.

1
 1000 ton
1000 ton

AtC3 1i20x 25 Area lOx 25 ].

(0.00) (0.00)

G.W.T G.\V.T
---=:---- "'<7ill----='~ (-2.00) (-2. 00) [;"/}<_,.--...,.,.."._--=,-,-""--_
- -~ ~.~

~ Temporary construction S=2.S0m,

load = 10 kPa.

~@ Silty clay
'(bulk =; 18 kN/mJ Ybulk = 1 S kN/m1
<..I..Il:t: (-8.00)
Ysal. = 20 leN/m) G.W.T Ysal = 20 kN/m1
qUll =; 100 kPa (-9.00) qu.n = 100 kPa
c = 10 kPa, ~ = 20 c = 10 kl'a. <I> =< 20

Side (A) I Side (B)

Sec. A-A

_----/;~'%:l

1liIiiIIiIIiiI-------B9;i
-- W---_

-----
__ ---MJ o
o
~
s
1;';'",---

WA---_

60m
-
I
I I

2
 Q 10000 . (J 10000
v::. 2oX2S -::'20 KPlt y-::' 2o'X~5 ::::2ol<Pa
TlllllTTT T I TllTllrTTT
if
j.YJ1
A

QI~Q_.c1(r'c~ Y/cJ~ 'Si'Je-ls Ifi'\

I..l2l ?
\beCauSe ,,()llL3 flrtL'J~l
It rVi1 J

e'X CR.Vcl-tta (} de,p+~,

l-t B -:::.'0 m '/ HA =- {; m
r~e, c/,iifeal fOlLJi(J3 uSe- [5 i3rloil't19 su(c.ha1g,,_ 0;'\

--r~~ pa-sSiYe- s,d~ of tk ~/~..So;> TRe- pasSive

1eSi 5 tclllce decreaS e.5,

3
 !;
J
I
!
i
II
2r11!
i
;

iI
I

I
I

bm I
I
I
1j
I
1

1m I
I
I
Ti
d i
I
.8 4
~ i
9

1 2<!>fLf ~ +65/32 '-t1/111 + Ii,S'y

I) cJcu Qat/on 0 F c>O-Jop.? y.I,p, 1-

(-~ro~) C; ~ ~ PaS5IY~J I ~ U cY /iil ~ /l;J- \ ~

(5~::w-c> 0

I mole ct ('t~ (51 Po.-sslye, fZe..srshtnCe.. ~ ru !:..3

si ~t:1cQt1~~d!3eil-
(c\~~\) [rgnore- bJ
UIIG:::J,-rdCOr7! PteS$jCr) 5t~eJf3+h

vp _
1\ ~
\
f\(L ::: ,2 f 0 li

...
 "" O(i_! ::: k<c (cry'-\ 'V) - 2 c (k;
-= OJ43(o+5Ze - 2*\oi~
- - 4,2 K Pa ' ( lenS Ion c1ttC~~S)

:::-'-1 .Q + 0;43-* 1<3"*,Q

~
t: t 3, l{ k P{L b

CoQCI)~ate- (RCi)\- (ciaer;. Mrrh)

~ ~o
~T

.: K'CL( 1'b~kr +~) _2C {ka =0

.: 0,43 (\'akr-\-~o) _Q.t\Ol-Yo/J.g::::-o
.: 0 J4~ (I s icr + J.o) :::: .2-ldo Vo,1{9

.c tcr = o'i:8 m
OCZ-3 -== oa-1- + )(a- r {Sub, 'r 1-
= !~,4tt -+ ,0.-49 'k\o N 1-
===-~:r~t4 l<Pa

O(Zu\ ::: 41'1~+ j('a-- '*is J,,,.* j

(J

-= ~l;tL( + o/t3*10 *" ~

=- Lr1;t~-t 11,j;J K PlL

5
 a-p -:= + 2C ~
k'p 0-;'

"v "75 -=-= t J.ol/ * 0) -I- 2*ID *[M

:: 2~~6 kPCL
rV~6 ~ J.S,~ -+ (2,o~k\S'I)
-::- 65/3'2 k'Pct
~ ~7- =- 65,32 + !\plOSObJ*J
::: 65,'32 + 2'04* to k]
-:: ~S/32- + 2- Cl,y j 1\ Pa.

2) cJ CDQ LLt(0 n 0 f Fo)'Ce5 !-

o , = \/f1_ -'f; \3/44*1,52 = t 0/2 \ lojlm \

e t.l = 13,11 Li l~ f -::::
3L{.o~ I\,fl\m>
t> 3::: '1(2 (. 4t-/tL{ -:-13/44) *t::: \20,05 ktll h1\

" IL{:: L{ 1/f~ ~~ ::: 41,1-'1.Y kNlm\

e 5::: o /S 4./3 ~ * *~~ _2,LiS ~'l Ktlil71\
Q WI -.:: 0/5* 1-0 *1-= 145 kNlm \
ID Ew';2 :: ~ *'~ ::; TO ~ kl'ljm \
E6 = 2'3/6* t :::- 2'8/6 kMm\
o E1- ~ 0,5 (G5 32 -28/~ F ft I ::: \ &36 ktllm \
"tg==- 6S/3'l *~= 65;32 'j ktl}rr1\
~

e E3 -::-\/~*Qo,4 ~ -K~:::: t 0/2;k

~
N/'ll'

" ,
 ~ HA=o
~ - 1 ( \,'~' ') + 2;'; 3,'5 + 3 (2!,,-~t)+ bit ( 2/3n)
-\- E J-{ \ ~ 1;2t '1-) -t E w;;. (~/~ + t) -\-E 5 (2h j 4 r)
- 3 (~h +7) -):.5 (2/3}\-l) - 6 (6/5) - 1\b~bt):z:0

~ -1 (IS;) -t f2 (3,5) T [bt Eh't]J (Ity8)

-t U~1It t.W2 - gJ~~1t+1)-+ [Es-j] (2!3~+~
.L- Lf ((FS) - E"]_
-,
(b /(1)::.. 0
'3 b5/s5
( ,/ /, ,-i-~I .."
r-: - \o~?;) + 'Wol{'3,S) -+[\2(M5j:~~S.Jlt(\LV00
"\ 51.L\1~

+ [/fH'1 '~'1,t5-1f'gr:65'32 ~/J\JIf1) .: ,""'.

+ [2,45 ~C IICJ,h~}((ilkj +~ - (Q I), b;1' 6,5) - (\3'3~b,6V
u Q_ '3 /
tV
f

2o!21r61
~ /)_/

-+~~1 '} + 3tb/S4f -

~
sy1~ -'5/,25; '2.

-=- 1'85/3 - l12~~6 z: 0

~ -S/16'1 ~3 -23,04 ~~-r-366/3Lf j +\1\9,,31 =0

r-
(
:1::: 8,\3rA
N d::::i + \ -= 3/13171

7
3) LoJ 0(\ W~iYl3 bwn 1- (ReadTlIr] ~(l50Pfo1t)
2 Fx c=- 0 (Fo)' cJIl w.4ll)
~ E, .-tEQ__+ E3+4 +EWJ+V/2+E5-E6~:E7-8~
-FR--=o
fofC0'\-
fLt:::: lr1~14~ :;: Ltt'tY *8 ..\9::: 33013g ktl/m'I
bs::: 2,45 (y)2..::- 2,45 ('B{\~)2.:::. \6il,3'1 ktllrn\
fw~ ~. 10(:)) := 10 ('b,\3):: S 1-3 ,3 k';JJ~\
3:= b 5, 32 (~) ::: 65,.3:2 (\q3)::: 5 3~B1- kN'lm\
g::: \oJ.Q (j/" ::::-10,1 ('6, 13Y~ 6 '34, \~ lVIjm\

~ 10,21 -1- ,)It.o'3 -+ t'2M5 + 3.3 ,33

--t 2 Lj5 + 513,.3
0

-+ W+3 Lj - J. 't;JL _ \'3,36 ~ '531..\,31- - b~,LI13

-FR:::-o
;v FR;:= ~ 3] r'6.t kH/rn\ (~oa.J on Wal/rt9 bi?flh1)

L.{) ForCe In t~ "ire- backl~

r::: _F;t.y; 5 _:::. 33~~6*
Cosr}...
:LSo
CoS 200 - t: 1) 82, 83 ktl (lens/on)

8
 -
~

~ j ~C l' Jv1 * irS

Fe" ~ B
fl55u~ B~ 500 mrn
I,c5-K 33I, 3 , fl1l6
-=- i-3SnuA l}:~oon1m
25 *500

1,5*331,5' 6*lab. -=-

36CJ*o/~2 '1/300
2 \01, ~ tnt71'2 I So #\S -I
--

9
 b) C{L~Cu~a;tI0l1
of MflYlX-waW 1-
e De1-errnj(le po5ft(o(\ e F polt1T o~ leStoshear

StL!L::: . 80e'~Lf K.N {rn~

St?>:: \;_~( 41,~4-13'4~ ~ 6
= ~ 8/,2 . r(Njm\ 6m
h'. r; \ta~ bo :,6 ~\~o ktllrn'\
o

. o '1+ St1+ a_3 + (w:::: 3S~Lo5 ktl/fT1 \

-: Z_ QoW 7" FA :::33 L~ 6 kN'Jm\
,;,. . point of "lCj{o she1l.1 IS tlbDye tRe dfeJ~~'
t) PosItron of point oFle-1o sheotll-
R s5uI?1e pofflt of l:JL1o ~i af-de.Pih (2:) be~0~(.1
t~.e G/w;f"
e-O(Ll -= \3r44 -+ k"Gl-*-1svh,t-c
-=-13,.44.+ oJLf3+ICJ}(-l:
-:;:(3)-\4 -t 4.'3 1:: f::Nlm1-
"r(]; ;= 'tw 'l * :=. lo 1. k.N/tn2 N
o E~!2 = J3/L{/i ~ ktf/~
Ea.-3 ~ V~lr 4r3 llr 1:. 7:- j,li5 2:'1. r:;tllm\ tal:
" ~ r:::. \f!L1r \ol"k1:- ::::521). 1\/V'lrn\

10
 1/45 =l Q_ + 13, Lt Ii l - '3 i J~ 65 ::. 0

rC -tc -=- 5,13 tTl ( che.ck LLbl7l)

N ~\::: 13,Q1 5,1-3 * -= "fi--o\ kN/.rn"\

Sz~ s- *
2,!i 5 (S,13)'2 z: '80/411 kNld1\
fH\ -=- 5it:(5.-i-3') 1-~ 16 ~,J6 k tllm\

;0 tJ\ rJlo-X
\P,~
~ M cv l--
,,0 M~ -=:. -t [I (',~ + iL) + ~2(liz) + ~3 C%)
- FA (1)
-t- J~ A '( LIz b/2-J
.: M~ '" .f 1~'s'7-3)+ ':r'rol ( S!?) + '304'l(')'~
lo,!l.\ (
+ I {'4,1& *( 5,%) _ 331 ,86 (St73)
:::- I\ 5Or \ kt{ rn /171,

Mu,L. -=.. 1,5* M;'j '" 16 <k /150,1 -=. 1125,15 k'N,r1/./t11 \
d :::C1
'30 *
1125,1.5<J(--I 0-6
1000 =.J
Q
s 3 mm A-- 1000 mn1
~
,. er\ ifj- ~~

11
 ::::'58 L{'l m m1- Irn\ 1 81t~2Im\ I
134t32Im\
~ R(15{eJe

8)\ ot~ ~q_ngt~ f i tebtZC\(~-

0

10tll~Lmg~ - F1ee Len3r~ + G1aut~1LeJl5~

G1ltPhr~ 5d{tl' O(\ f_ ryv<lh'"i'l

Fre-e- LV1Jth (Lp) I-

I Lr- _') ~~. to S0-~ '6l kJ~ \- I 0-.@

, (b
:.--
<i J:..I.ll ~
~
vf 'Vo _bb I L;'~ e

12

"":" "l
1: ; ~ :

II : . 1
 I
/
~.
II
~Ol
~~
~/It
-b
e- I
/
/
/

-- /
/
/
I
/
/
I
/ 0
L\5+ .2~

13
 Grouted L~n9t~ eLf) 1- "

Rss ume Grout Dra~r~r (D )~300n r !

= o/3rn "1~rJ-====--1(_____755ct~,-::.2ok Ir.

&r ov\ =: ~ +l1b*Q -+ !fsuhr ~3/5 f L'h Sfll~

I ,v""y'_ 20 + (IU:2) --j- 10;( ( 3,5 + L%t5If1~

, \
A_," OY -=- 20 + 36 -+ 35 + l'-tl ~
-= 5( + 1/1- \ L:r k peL
o $ := 3/4 1> *
-=- 3/1 ~o ;:: \ SO

~ T -*F,O/S r == 1(1t-O "Lyt [Of{ 1flIl5]

~ g~2,35*2:::: 7fxo,3 f~*['1I-1I'l\ ~J*iPn 15
.: l165/18:::: o/~5Q_ [31 LI; -t Vtl L}]
1- r
.: 1-001" \:= 1,11 L}-+ gl L}--
.: \ 11-1 LZ_;r-\--3{ L} - 1001 1 -::. 0 j

~-=- 4~f12 tJJ ~ ( ~r \:s ~ f\ ~ ~ LJ' _~J~f\lSI;)

-I ;)~; ~J ~3 ~ -l;~ ~ ;J L{r ~ 0

\) P1Q; 65th .2) Ort1rf1L~j (D 3115cnV

14
 Pr~ "S Paf'-ffl:3 - cPp"C ~ <P~, - 2. oVe1~C(p
-:::- I /20 -+ 0/6 o -!2 "* 0 15
J

-;:::\/50 m
-: M~ ~ MUlttX '" PiPe. CSPLtC/flj
p~ rI~
~ t 150,,1 *" I,S CJ
- \125,15 KA(rr1JO

~ ~VaJ1tft:1 0 F RrC o.J p~51rc contte_:k nuJJ +0

~<)tyvc t ~e seCotlt Pi'P{_5 ~-
(!) sfte- peire~Y -=:::: ,2. (100+60)
-::'31.om

til R ss UrJ'l __ that r~e__ Pr~ ~5 ~

tte- same PeJ1etttt1-fon deYt~ V\J

It
rts tk D faPhtajrn -ylcJi:
::::z:
.1

N PI ~ e. ~RY1~ 'r~-==- H -+ t o
\[)
-,

-:::11/50 -\- 3
~ \9/50171
ty iota_{) NOlo F ff~~5ff~P-e=- slteP~({~n1eter -= 2/10
pr~~Sfd_CIftj 1/50
.: 1'101 0 F R,c~ pr.ks = 2. J3/33 p~S ~ 21 L{ ff~e_
rV No! 0 F p)aSt,c Pi ks -:: 21?> {1~S
15
rt10 t QUCU11~rt~0 F
(L~ R~, Prres ~ No'/el F fl~-eD * TTl: (<:pR,f,Y' * FtVe~
:z 21~}7Tf(I,QD)1_ *' 19~~o
1-\
= Ii 11j,55 tn '3

"" IO-t-oV Qj}an1fi ~ F P~ot511c Pi~~S -= t/'o,oF prks ~ w:*- (<fled* ~~n
0
'1 1\ ~
(
"" '213 Ar;K-~{,) Ji- \ 9,50

-=- 11 t 4 ~!;;f (//.3

(-2/00 )

-v
(xx)
--\Jritr ~t1ui5i1'(eb!CK JI:J Ll14l fs- tV

16

, '
 -..

Question (~)

The figure shows a fixed earth supported 2.00 tlm2

diaphragm wall.Assuming the bending
moment equals zero at point (A) that
presented at depth 0.8 m below the dredge 1.5
fine,calculate the. following:
------..------..-- ----..----- y =1.6t!m3
a)The force in the anchorage tie.if rhe 45
spacing bet\vecn ties is 2.5 ru.

b}The maximum bending moment above

point A. G.W.T.

ka ~ 0.22 . kp = 4.6

j.

17
 - ,
...
. -..
., - ,
Q 3 I

\6
ib ::t,b tId
El
~5 E-z G,w1-,
v-i . L, 2.

--
o'S<t\.= 1.$-1j~
Ka.:::.o.11? \\p ::.4,6
4,00
-:~ 3
(4

-4 E5
- --_-
Lj
--- - '6
2344 A 2,'~4
_ ..
- - - I

ko-::. 0,Z1 ( 3 ''len)

pornt oy'::(t5eJf ~ ~)+<t Ka. I C d{i -:: I<tt6v \- Ie {t-

kc,.

I 2 0,:7- L 0 o~qL{
2 2 +1,{,*3 = 6,g - 0122 0 r ,So
--
'3 6,~+ oJ~*L{:: I0 0,12 0 2,2 tL

2, 311- 1!
4 \0 +o,S'fO;8:::: lo,f,{j 0,21 0 I
I

18
I.
! -
 :.r~
-.-

pOint av\-=. ?e-ff*~ K'p C or ~ kp~\+1C&

.
5 0 LL6 0 a

6 0,611 l{,6 0 2, :l~4

~l!\ ~G'..9~ ~LL\ ~~ ~

-ze10 csy4 ~U\ c.Jh; & ~U\ ~ .;

Ct{~CuQatio(l of Fo1ceS 1-

E1:: 0,44* 3 = 1.,32 tIm"

f2 = \/2 [1}5 -0,4 ~ * 3 -=.. \,53 tim "-
. E3 == 1,So * t I rn"-
L{::: {;
. :4:: 1,-1[2,'2 -IS]* t\:: I,Li t j YJl' I .

. :5 ~ 2,z*0/3::: 1/16 tim'

6 ::- t/2(2,3~-1.J.-)*o/(g = o,oC){, t/rn'
E"1 ::: \;2* '2}3 L{ y*"o I <g -. \ .. \ 3 t (n1"

I I! ~ MR = Zeto
i
: i
J
i
a
I
iI .-: E I (1;5 }/i,g) + Ez (I +i.J ,8) +3 (1.+0,'8) + f4( 1.33+o,1S)
! iI

~o;o) + E6 (o~Zo) -E7(0;0 )-Fc

.
, I
; I
, I
, I + E'5 (1'')+~+o.S)
1
I
1
1 - Ze.r o 19
I
1-- -----.- ...- ....-.
,
!

.._.
g,3 \-6 +~L1.2. 2 + l~,8 + 2.52 Z +o,loLi +0/015
- o . 3146 7 - 6 , '3 Fe =. 0
Fe -= C:;" 33 -tll{\\
~ Force , -T~'
In ie
rc x- Pac,'n5
= --------- 'S b ~twe-ljl Ti" S
Cos 0(
_ 5/33 2,,5*
CoS 45

2t,\1 ton

.: A'S50rrle POi()'t of Zet '5~ea1

. a-t de_f t- ~ (-1.) be90w GW;fJ \,5

-~.r:~: ' . l,es + 0/22*'0,8

J J
*1
-- - ;J)
Z k<'t.. .Osvb -z. -
= 1,,5 +0,,\ 16 (7)
.: E; == I,S r_ -tlm\
['2, =- \(1 *0/\ 76 ('1) ~ 1-
1- A
= 0, 0 8~ (1:-) .

20
 =- 0

" \
.: . -Fe + E, + E-z. + E3 + 4 =:0
~ . _ 5, g.3 ---!- I' 32 t 1.53 + \,CS (1) +0 ' 0 ~g ( 1::) L. -== 0

.: o,o88(r)2+1~) (1)_3,02=0

~ Z::: \,8'S2 rn

.: M~x = ~ M
tt-\:> 0 ye_ OJ 7-
PtA
-= -5/J3 (1-'5 + \'ZSl \ + \,32 ( iS tl ,3)~ +ISJ(I+1,Z512)
..._.. _. + \')0* I,3'~2*(I,~52) + 0-0$<3 (1,85Zl * kZt
- _;/'365 rn/t/r71'

.. ' - -

..' .. _ ..... -_ ... ~.

..~-.
-"""...-:':'.~' -'.~-'.:-_.:'.:- - ,'- .'
;-,' .; ..

I
~

I
!
21

I ...
 TUNNELS
1- Draw neat sketches to illustrate each of the following:
i) Stability of tunnel face when using bentonite slurry TBM of Cairo Metro
tunnels.
ii) Details of Tail Seal of a bentonite slurry TBM and its role in reduction of
ground loss in Cairo tunnels.
iii) Use Ground Reaction Curves of the Ancient Egyptian tunnels in Luxor
and of Cairo Merto tunnels.
iv) Effect of strength of ground on surface settlement.
v) Effect of tunnel diameter on surface settlement.

2- Sketch the combined settlement trough above two parallel tunnels for
the following cases:
i) The two tunnels have the same diameter and depth below ground
surface with large distance between their center lines.
ii) The two tunnels have the same diameter and depth below the ground
surface with small distance between their center lines.
iii) The two tunnels have different diameters and the same depth with
small distance between their centerlines.

3- Use Ground Reaction and Support Reaction Curves to illustrate the

effect of each of the following on the magnitude of soil pressure acting
on tunnel lining:
i. Depth of the tunnel below ground surface.
ii. Stiffness of the ground.
iii. Strength of the ground.

iv. Stiffness of the lining.

v, Amount of ground loss before lining activation.

22

...
 I)
i) sitLbf~rt~of lunn& FtLCe W~eA l)stng {3en1b(JI+e

~t1~ TBM a F Caito M~tfoTV~51--'~'-~-=::;;;;-

R:::.C+b
B==k" +A
b~_ vb f Job
B ~----=-----7'~~-"~~

B.eJ\-[c,ntte sk)'j 1'($ M

j t~ ~~v~ GYovt -\- ~Jf -;~ \J-D 1ctif 5~ Jl vP 0

~ d~~_j IBM C}1. J~~\ 'Vb sui_:> Nj\ b c}>- ~

rGYOtJnc! ~ aSS _jl

23
 -F================================
)1 LI)X:of J '0 _;~ l J\i/~~"
/;lJ{ v] ~lIJ- u~ r
Hl~-h ell (NoMed fof ~(f1h1B)
1,18~Jj;fly~C\; 2~
Ii fi p! ~WI if ~~i{\, ] d~f~/~
U.:r'\ 0 ~ - -: ,I;"
r=:: ::' ..
1~3
,. 1~
---~
'-'
J :d ~ 'SoFt~
~1~~ \
,.~

- ._-

iy) EfF.ec t 0 F stre1l9 tho F 310urtd 011 sur FaJe- se..tt~emmt[-

~ of- Po - Pr' S 11\
- Cu

.: 0 F cI. elL)

~ v'L (X of
,
,
~VL~_j_
,
'"
j i
~Vs::: ')...VL Cu
~YsrJ..J__
Ccl

v) <c ffect of 1unnJ DtttlTl~'( on sU7frwe settfemmh-

" (F g Il\o('~e5 5)
j .: Yr:::. ~ L{
J\/'leitA.$d
!
j
;
i

.
/YVL ex \1-(
II ~Vs=-j\ 'It
~ V 5 tfl.C iu..8eS 7'0
~ surfttCa- "S<,~t t ru~,
24
I
, I

II ;
I '
'2.) Sett~ufIerrt TYovS~ A-bove -rvtlo PtittLl:'J 1unn.JS t-
dl) -rW {(\ Iunnd 5 vJ {th Qd-iSe-- d(St(f1& be r~.an th V11o/-

~-~ ..- ---l-

25
 -t--_E[j -
1

i I

26
 3) t~Qustytlte USfnj Ground ReiL0hol1 CuYV0-
-- .

\) HF.ect F 0 De-Pth 0 P 1vrtMjl b~"-' STovnJ Sv'fP1lk (~)

\fAl
vat' ~
_J'\l
W..) . \'
r w->
I\~

.9 'Po A0 ~y { (yf(-ll ~
l~tr1IYlj PteS\vfe)( ~~ c} ~ ~
~ POI >,Po.1. (Po:::-trh)
,.v Pf, > P~1-
fl) fF~ct r 0 stiFFness of tk3tovnJ (50~)
ort 'fl1ir1:j pieSSvfe !- B'
( '7'Si<.c
."-./UtePaStrc C( -- tSo;Q
t r~i
"; Uirt<13 h'c D( E~ rl P1,
to If [ tnc-(e-)e5:J U-r de_cr~S,
~ Ltl'1{ns PIe.$S()/~ /eLt/eAt-j, ut 11lm

iii) Effect 0 F 5ttui~t 0 F 3iouM ~ n 91'11((11 Pie$sv>t~- (Cu)

As Cv i(1o(uSe5 Pr
N DeFofm~/JofJ5 J '0C1eQ.JeS P~,
Pf2,
~ P~'n;tlj d e1~geS
L--1--__;::"_-~-7-
Vr

i 27
j
I
.I
 rF s tfFfn~ss 0 F Ltt1~ In~~
-: L [nff1_j PieS5oie. \ f\Cre4eJ r

Pr I

A GtOU(lJ QoSS beJoYe_ f/nln1 aetf)ttfto(1 ,

15 t~e. oJdij, ~~
~ If DJ0 ~ltof~? ~"Y1tlJj Pk8_)u~ ~
de_C1ettS~S
I

_,
Uf{rtJmj

28 .

. ,.
".

IO.Allowable pile load is determined only from the ultimate load by applying a
factor of safety.
[ L Pile skin friction is fully mobilized at small settlement value.
12. Settlement of a pile group is bigger than the settlement of the corresponding
single pile under the same average load.
13. Pile integrity test can help as quality control and quality ?~,,"r:tnc:e.
14. Pile allowable load can be determined from integrity tests.
15. Pile integrity test can determine the change in the 'pile cross section.

Question (7) 25 % of total

Results of geotechnical investigation at a site showed that, the soil profile (Figure 5) consists
of a thick layer of sand down to 13 m followed by a layer of silty sand with 6.0 m thickness. A
very dense sand layer was found extended from depth 19 rn below the ground surface. A
column with working load (dead and Jive loads) of 9000 leN is to be founded on a group of
driven piles with pile diameter of 0.5 m in the upper sand layer. The allowable pile load
should be 1200 kN considering a factor of safety (F.S. = 3.0). It is required to:
a) Determine the required pile length in the upper sand layer.
b) Determine the required number of piles to support the given coLumn load. .
c) Draw a sketch showing the pile cap dimension and the distribution 'of pile beneath it.
d) Calculate the settlement ofthe pile group assuming that the settlement is controlled only
by the silty sand layer. .
e) If the settlement of the single pile under working loads is 5 mm, calculate the pile group.
action
. '.

.,.. + G..o I
'r -1-'

Soil pclllUl>OIo;r Sand Silt;y Sand Very dcuK; S&Jld .

&.lind E (MNIn1:t_) 60 10 100
For Driven pile:
y [-J 0.3 0.3 03
. y I t' (l:NImJ)
~=O.8
0'-"213<1' c
. {kN!m~
1818
0.0
19(10
5.0
20IH
:.Q.O
N;. =- 75 <p ["I 35 30 31,5
E lXimna1ioll111odnhu Of m (Young', MQdnhuJ)
y ~D'atfitio .
rj, ToOlJ I Effoc1i1fo unit weight of "iI
c Cobc:lion
~ofmtcmAI ~tion

:!

-19.0 Figure (5)

Very dense sand

Best if1sltes
G-iven ~-

s D1f'le n PI? e
ad-:=50Cm

Q~~ = 1200 KN
s
CD Lo5I ~
/1' _ 3,00

E
('(\

Si~t:f Sand
E = 20* J5 '((!'Ilrr?-

--
------:-:v~er:~;-d~e:n:S~e'
~5and

30
SO~l)-t f on J-

S(bnd J I ~ c 0'3/ W \ j~ ~~ r ~.rt~J,

\ cj ,-!}bb\ "
I SlNnd JI /"~'b c_- j:J_I-J J_9/W\-vi ci0~

o R 55 um e t ~e P (~e s
~en t \), f CS (~)

~ Qb -= q NC} A b a.Se.
cP-SoJQ

cI RbaSe =1T (0/5)2 -= 0,\36 m2

L{

o ~ = l'b * 1/5 + IS *f z: 13 (~t-l.S) kNlm2

Gl Nq, = 7'5 (Grven)
.: Q b::. I <Z 0+ \.5) *75"* 0. I '3 6 =:2 64, is ~ + "3'3/1 KN

* Q'S
cP-50I~
=- (K:I/C Po tal].5) *fis;de
~ RSfde = n*o,5~? = 1/57 ~ m
I-

~ Po =- 12*1.5+ !g~% =27+3~ KNJm2

S -= '2~ -= 213 ~ 35 0
::. 23,33
0

GtVen 31
.; Qs= O,8(z1+'3~tan23,33*1.'57~

-= L\/815~'2 + \li,b25 ~ KtJ

N QuPt = Qb + Qs
=- Lt,~7'5 ~2+273,215~ + ~g6/5

Lj/g75 ?'Z+ 27~,Z25~ + 3<]6',3

~ 1200
3
~ Fo.S, (GfVen)

~ Li ,'875 ~'2 + 21C':L2Z5 ~ __ 3203, \ =0

B:! "So~ Vin3 4ua--t,on
We '3et ~ = ':1,735 m J"V I~ = 9,8' rn I
b) ca,~cu~~t(of7 of num beY of Pr\lzs:-
C) Pi~eCap dimenSion'S afJd pi?eS a_.11ti17']ement i-

Rss lime - . I
I
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e= d = o/Sf!}
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p,5 1,5 IS LoS

400 'I

d) C{l.ku~a_tfon of Sett~erT)ent Of me 'jiouP j-

o DJrnen5ion5 of pre/

L= B
=25+d
= '27(/,5+0.-5
= 3,50 rn
/'( Se-ctRement 'is Gonb'oP~ed II 'Sfh~ sand
:t: E=2o* l03 hi/';'
b~ 5(~t~ Sand ~ct:3ey'
33
Ve1::J de n$e >tLfJ d
/I"
r V
Sa = E
'_j
~a H

~ H = 6rn (rtic ~neSsof siRt~ 'Sand ~a:Je.),)

-(t E -= 2 a *-l03 kPcL ( G[yen)

e) Pi~e ']louP a.ctlor) ;-(GR)

G = 5ett {)-rcl17ent of
0
P[1e <3100 P
()
59 ~
GtRcvPaied
R -setHemznt of S(n9fe f(ge ('So)
. ~G/Ven
1-\0
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34

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