Testing Connections

Simple Things Can Cause Big Problems

Some of the most common problems in vehicles today are poor electrical connections. Poor connections
can be caused by corrosion so slight that it cannot be seen (even by a well-trained eye) or a connection
that has become loose from age and vibration. Among the symptoms are:

 Low or even no charging

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 Dim or erratic lighting
 Erratic operation of gauges
 System failure indications on the dash or in the diagnostic codes

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 Voltage regulator functioning erratically
 Add-on devices operating intermittently or improperly

These problems can easily be found by using a simple test for voltage drop. All you need is a digital
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voltmeter, and this test will help you find the corroded or loose connections. Every electrical connection
drops a small amount of voltage in its normal operation, but as the drop in voltage increases there is an
increasingly greater risk of a serious problem.

The following will allow you to solve electrical system problems, by locating and repairing the poor
connections that can prevent normal operation and potentially cause damage to vehicle electronics.
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Rusted Connections Temporary Fix

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 Voltage-drop Testing
Common problems can be detected:
Every now and then, you will encounter an engine that cranks slowly, if at all, or an alternator that will not
keep the battery charged. Yet, when the individual components are tested, they all check out fine. What’s
going on? An often-overlooked problem is high-resistance in the high-amperage circuits that are part of the
starting and charging systems.
High-resistance in a circuit is usually caused by a poor connection where wires or cables attach. Many times
you can spot the problem just by using your eyes. We have all seen battery cable connections that are
sprouting corrosion, but sometimes corrosion can form inside a connection that looks like new on the

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outside. A voltage-drop test will quickly find these hidden problems.
Undersized wiring is another common cause of high-resistance. If the wiring is not properly sized to carry
the load, it will be a bottleneck in the circuit and keep the required amperage from flowing. One of the most

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common causes of 6-volt vehicles not starting is that the original 6-volt battery cables have been replaced
with lower-capacity 12-volt cables. Always check to see if additional accessories have been added that may
require upgraded wiring.
Voltage-drop testing will find all of the above problems, and more. It’s fast, it’s easy and it does not require
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any disassembly.
How it works:
Voltage-drop testing can be done only when current is flowing in the circuit. This means that the starter
must be cranking to test the starting circuit, and the alternator must be producing output to test the charging
circuit. More detailed instructions are provided in the Battery System Testing, Starting System Testing and
Charging System Testing sections. (See Index) The important thing to remember is - voltage-drop tests
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will not return valid results unless the current flowing through the circuit is near the maximum
amperage required for that circuit.
To perform the test, you must use a digital voltmeter. Many voltmeters are auto-ranging, but some require
you to manually select the scale. If you can manually set your voltmeter, select the range closest to 2 volts.
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Caution: Performing the tests in the following

sections requires working close to hot and
moving engine parts. We strongly recommend
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using test leads with alligator clips to hold the

leads in place and allow you to keep your hands
safely out of the engine compartment.
The illustration to the right shows a typical voltage-
drop test. In this case, the alternator output circuit is
being tested. Place the meter’s test leads on either
end of the circuit that you are testing. While the
current is flowing, note the reading on the meter.
This is the total voltage drop across the two points
that you are testing. You want a reading as close to
zero as possible. The higher the reading, the more
resistance is in the circuit. The maximum voltage
drop varies, depending on the type of circuit being
tested. The maximum allowable readings are listed
in the charts in the following sections.

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 Voltage-drop Test Point List

Refer to diagram on following page for test lead locations.

How to Load Test-lead

Readings Component or leads being tested
Circuit Positions

No load required A and B 12.66v Battery voltage with engine off

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No load required A and B 13.6v to 15.1v Charging voltage no load

Engine running

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Headlights on
A and B 13.6v to 15.1v Charging voltage under load
Heater fan on high
Engine RPM at 2000
Use starter motor to
B and D 0.1v max Drop between battery post and cable end
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crank engine
Use starter motor to
crank engine A and E 0.1v max
Drop between negative battery post and
chassis
Use starter motor to Drop between negative battery post and
A and F 0.1v max
crank engine engine
Use starter motor to Drop between positive battery post and
crank engine B and J 0.2v max
battery stud on solenoid
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Use starter motor to Drop between negative battery post and
crank engine A and L 0.1v max
starter ground
Use starter motor to
A and K 10v min Voltage at switch terminal while cranking
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crank engine
Use starter motor to
A and I 9.6v to 10.5v Voltage at starter while cranking
crank engine
Use starter motor to Voltage drop across solenoid while
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J and I 0.3v max

crank engine cranking
Engine running
Headlights on Drop between positive battery post and
B and G 0.3v max
Heater fan on high alternator
Engine RPM at 2000
Engine running
Headlights on Voltage drop on ground side of alternator
A and H 0.2v max
Heater fan on high while charging
Engine RPM at 2000

Take care when using jumper wires. Avoid causing accidental arcs and sparks because they can damage
onboard electronics.

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 Voltage-drop Test Point List

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 Testing Safety and Warnings
 Never disconnect the battery while the engine is running.
 Alternators are designed to maintain batteries, not recharge them from dead.
 Keep hands and test-leads away from belts, fans and other moving parts.
 Be sure belts are not worn and are adjusted properly.
 Start all tests with a fully charged battery.
 Clean and inspect all wires and connections.
 Be sure that all grounding surfaces are cleaned to bare metal.
 Verify that alternator amperage is adequate for the vehicle loads.

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 Be sure all mounting fasteners are tight.
 Do not over tighten alternator or battery cable connections.
 Ensure automatic tensioners operate properly. The tension spring should not bind, and the pulley

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bearing should operate smoothly without excessive free play.
 Ensure the transmission is in park or neutral during all tests, and the parking brake is set.
 Disconnect the battery before removing the starter or alternator.

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last.
 Always disconnect battery negative before battery positive and install in reverse order.
 Never use a battery charger as a power supply to test a starter motor.
 When replacing a starter motor, always inspect the ring gear for worn or damaged teeth.
 Always clean the starter mounting-surface to ensure the starter mounts properly.
 Always ensure all starter or alternator mounting bolts are properly torqued.
 Clean and inspect all connections to the starter, solenoid, alternator and battery when removing
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and replacing cables.
 Use dielectric gel in all plug connections to avoid future corrosion and water penetration.
 Be sure to replace all original brackets, air ducts, etc to ensure proper support and cooling.
 Some applications require the electronic control module codes to be cleared and reset before a
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replacement alternator will operate properly. If the proper scan-tool is not available, this will
require a trip to either the dealer or a well-equipped electrical shop.
 Always test and charge batteries in a well ventilated area. The gasses emitted by batteries are
highly explosive.
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 Always wear eye protection when working with a battery, and avoid getting the electrolyte on
skin and clothing. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid and is highly corrosive.
 When working with active circuits, be careful to avoid accidentally grounding circuits or
contacting wires and terminals with rings, watches or other jewelry. For example, contact from
the battery terminal to a wrench and a ring on the hand could cause a short if the ring came into
contact with the frame or fender.

Special Note
 The electronic control module may need to be reset using a scan-tool if the “Check Engine” light
remains on after any repair.
 Be sure to supply the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) and Accessory Number before
replacing a starter or alternator.