CLASS: X CHAPTER ; REFLECTION AND REFRACTION ~ZI4HT nore Light : It is a form of energy that enables us to see the objects from which it 1s reflected. 1 Speed of light waves in air or vacuum is 3 x 10° mis. Its speed is different in different medium. 2 It does not require material medium for its propagation. 3. It travels in a straight line. This property is called rectilinear propagation of light. REELECTION OF LIGHT The phenomenon of sending back of light rays from an opaque surf is knowt reflection of light. tnt ray pages = Terms : 1, Incident ray (AB) : The light ray which falls on the mirror. iN ( 2. Reflected ray (BC) : The light ray which is sent A i “ back by the mirror. t see 3. Normal (NB) : A line perpendicular to the surface < of mirror. 4. Angle of incidence ( Li) — The angle between incident ray and normal. 5. Angle of reflection (Ar) : The angle between reflected ray and normal. LAWS OF REFLECTIOI i) First Law : The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal (at the point of ‘incidence), all lie in the same plane. 5 ji) Second Law : The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle, of incidence. ( gl= ar) Object | Anything which gives out light rays. Eg. Bulb, Candle etc Image « It is an optical appearance produced when light rays coming from an object are reflected from a mirror. 1. Real image : The image which can be obtained on screen. Z, Virtual image : The image which cannot be obtained on screen. SPHERICAL MIRROR A mirror whose reflecting surface is the part of a hollow sphere of glass is called spherical mirror‘Types of spherical mirror ed 1. Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is be w in or curv inwards. It is converging mirror. 2 Convex mirror: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards. Itis a diverging mirror ‘erms associated with spherical mirrors : 1 Centre of Curvature ( C ) : It is the centre of the hollow sphere of glass of which the mirror is a part. 2 Pote (P) : The mid-point of the spherical mirror is called its pole. 3. Radius of curvature ( R ) : It is the radius of the hollow sphere of glass of which the mirror is a part 4. Principal Axis (PCX) : The straight line passing through the pole and centre of curvature. 5. Aperture (MM’) : The portion of mirror from which the reflection of light actually takes place. 6. Principal focus (F) : The point on the principal axis at which all the light rays parallel to principal axis converge after reflection (from concave mirror) or diverge after reflection (from convex mirror). 7. Focal length (f) : The distance between pole and principal focus * Plane mirror has infinite focal length. © Focal Length = Radius of Curvature 2 ie Concave mirror ™ Convex mirror CONVEX MIRROR OR DIVERGING MIRROR 4 It diverges the parallel beam of light incident on it. 2. thas virtual focus, as rays of light appear to diverge from a point called focus.\ CONCAVE MIRROR AS CONVERGING MIRROR - Fy vy ~ i 4. Iteonverges the parallel beam of light incident on it, ———~‘7 -— Sf RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS 1. Aray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, passes through its focus, after reflection, \ Sy 2. Array of light passing through the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is reflected back along the same path. 3. Aray of light passing through the focus of spherical mirror becomes parallel to the principal axis after reflection use & 4. Aray of light which is incident at the pole of spherical mirror, gets reflected back making the same angle with the principle axis. © Ray Diagramsfor convex mirror Page — 166, 16% Ray diagrams (concave mirror) Table 10.1, 10.2 from NCERT (Page-167) USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR -» shay ini 4 Itis used as. ing mirror to see the harge image of the face 2. Itis used as reflector in torches, headlights and searchlights. 3. Itis used as the head mirror by doctors (dentists) to see the large images. 4 In solar cooker, the food to be cooked is placed at the focus of the concave mirror. USES OF CONVEX MIRROR ite used as a rear-view mirror as it forms an erect and highly diminished image of the object due to which it provides a wide field of view. SYMBOLS AND SIGN CONVENTIONS Object distance Radius of curvature = R Image distance Height of object = he Focal length = f Height of image = hiAll distances are measured from the pole. Distances measured in the direct of incident ray are positi: Distances measured against the direction of incident ray are |iyative. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are positive. Distances 1 measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are negative. gens $4, fs wate vO Magnification : - it is defined as the ratio of size of image to the size of object. It has ‘Mirror formula : nounit. « me ht =v w m —> — Image + —> © Virtual re | Give reasons Why i) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror? ii) Concave mirror is used as reflector in torches, car headlights and search lights 2 iii) Concave mirror is used as the head-mirror by doctors ? iv) ' Concave mirror is used in solar cooker ? v) Convex mirror is used as rear-view mirror in vehicles ? Ans. i) Concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror to see a large image of the face. This is because when the face. This is because when the face is held between the focus and pole of the concave mirror then an enlarged and erect image of the face is formed in the mirror. ii) Concave mirror is used as a reflector in torches etc. because it can produce on strong parallel beam of light when the source of light is placed at its focus. This helps to see things upto large distances. iil) Concave mirror is used as the head-mirror by doctors (dentists) to see the large images. This is because the tooth is within the focus of the concave mirror and an enlarged image is formed. In solar cooker, the food to be cooked is placed at the focus of the concave mirror used. The concave mirror converges the parallel heat rays from the sun at its focus and therefore high temperature can be attained in the solar cooker. iv) ¥)— Aconvex mirror forms an erect and highly diminished image of the object due to which it provides a wide field of view. Convex mirror is curved outwards so i provides a wide field of view. the normal to the Normal Incidence : The situation when incident ray coincides with the normal to ¢ surface. In this case (£i = 0). So, according to the law of reflection, J r= O.(Li=Lr 0): CHAPTER ; LIGHT REFLECTION AND. REFRACTION Q.31 Define refraction of ight. What is the cause of refraction 2 Ans. The phenomenon of bending of 0 othe eg att FAVS when it passes from ene transparent medium to another is ca! ‘ed refraction of iight. 7 Cause of refraction Refraction occurs dua to the change th the speed of light on going from one medium to ancther ° . ' 1 Mesum 4 [Mecham 2 1 Q.32. Classify the transparent media on the basis of the speed of light, Ans. ) iy Transparent media can be classified into two groups optically rarer medium optically denser medium hay ly Ra ium : A medium in which the speed of light is.more is known 88 optically rarer medium. These media have low optical donsitios 9. alr is rarer vent water; water is rarerwct: glass. drow lesser lly Denser Medium : A medium in which the speed of light is comparatively is known as optically denser medium. These media have high optical densities. Eg. water is denser wrt. air, glass is denser vivr.t. water Q.33 How does the light bend when it travels from d ii) Ans, i) fi) farer to denser medium ? denser to rarer medium ? When tight rays travel from rarer to denser medium then they bond . IN . towards thé normal oe af bi YY Demser Mteckitenn Here “2b rer When tight rays travel from donser to rarer modium, then they bend away from the normal, | : | Denacr Medium v {* Rowen madi | Here be 2‘Show refraction at an interface betweon two transparent medi and defino the following : incident ray (ii) refracted ray (li) angle of incidence (iv) angle of refraction Figure shows refraction of light from rarer to denser medium. Incident ray : The ray of light falling on the boundary between two surfaces is called incident ray Ray AO is the incident ray. i) Refracted ray : The ray of light which gets bent after refraction is called refracted ray. Ray OB is the refracted ray. i | v iil) Angle of incidence : The angle between incident ray and normal is called angle Of incidence. {_ AON represents angle of incidence. iv) Angle of refraction ; The angle between refracted ray and normal is called angle of refraction. {_ BON’ is the angle of refraction. Q.35 Give some examples or effects of refraction. nt & ) —_ Astick or pencil held obliquely and partly immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface due to refraction of light. . Adaad Posiisn ji) «An object placed in water appears to be raised due to refraction of A> Actual position of the object B > Appeared position of object 6 lil) A pool of water appeers to be less deep than it actually is due to refraction of light. iv) the gars appear to twinkle because of the refraction of light. ¥) any object kept in water appears to be bigger than its actual size when viewed from the sides due to refraction of light. : Q.36 State the laws of refraction of light. Ans. The laws of refraction of light are - + i) First Law : The incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. li) Second Jaw or Snell's Law : The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the gine of angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media and for a given colour of light i il Mec2 be. sini ow M2 orn oo WY own ° ' ~—= constant OY SME = 'yy or n> ; — ae a sinr gin 1 'S constant is known as refractive index of secon it ith re: first mediuer second medium with respect to the Q.37 Define refractive index of a medium and write its relationship with the speed of light. Ans. Refractive index of a medium is an indication of the light-bending ability of the medium. It can be defined in two ways : i) Relative Ref active Index : Relative refractive index of medium 2 wart medium 1 (n21) is equal to the ratio of speed of light in medium 1 to speed of light in medium 2. ie. y= & o ae where V; : Speed of light in medium 1 and V2 : Speed of light in medium 2. Note-Ithasnounits. Also , | My Pes ii) Absolute Refractive Index ; Absolute refractive index of a medium (n) is the refractive index w.r.t. air or vacuum. It's equal to the ratio of speed of light in vacuum or air to the speed of light in the given medium. Le. D> n= Speed of light in air 6 varguny a Speed of light in medium Q.38 Differentiate between rarer and denser media on the basis of refractive index. Ans. Rarer media have lower refractive index. Denser media have higher refractive index. Q.39 What are the factors on which refractive index of a medium depends ? Ans. Refractive index of a medium depends on the following factors : (i) nature of the material of the medium (i) wavelength or colour of light. Q.40 Explain the refraction of light in glass slab Ans. ABCD is a rectangular glass slab. Consider, it is placed in air, A light ray PQ js ifcident on the surface CD of the slab. It bends towards the normal as it enters into the glass slab and when it emerges back in air through the side AB, it bends away from the normalImportant Features : i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of ernergence i.e ie. 1 PQN=(_N'RS p\ is LiLe proc > a Ta \ \ A i -} ip eA \ hor WW a nv The extent of bending at the opposite surfaces oF glass slab is equal. Therefore, the emergent ray is parallel to the direction of incident ray but it is displaced laterally (i.e. sideways) Q.41_ Define lateral displacement and name the factors on which it depends. Ans. Lateral displacement : the perpendicular distance between the emergent fay and the direction of incident ray is called lateral displacement. XY in the fig. represents lateral displacement. It depends on : i) angle of incidence ii) nature of material of the glass slab fii) thickness of glass slab iv) colour of light Q.42 What is meant by lens 7 On what principle it works 7 Ans. A lens is a piece of transparent material bound by two surfaces out of which at least one is spherical. It works on the principle of refraction of light. Q.43 Explain the two types of lenses. Ans, Lenses are of two types : i) Convex Lens : A lens which is thick at the center but thinner at the edges. Its spherical surfaces are bulging outwards. It converges the light rays incident on it. ( il) Concave Lens ; A lens which is thin in the middle but thicker at the edges. Its spherical surfaces are bulging inwards. This lens diverges the light rays incident on it. Q.44. Define the following terms for spherical lenses (i) Optical centre (i) Principat axis (il) Principal Focus (iv) Focal length) (li) (iil) (iv) Optical centro : The centre : point of a fens is known as its opti pn ra figure represents optical centra. ° pleat centre rincipal IS: It is a line passing through the optical centre of the and perpendicular to both the faces of the lens, sateen Principal Focus : It is the Point on the principal axis at which incident rays appear to diverge after refraction from a Concave lens from Points F; and F2 represent the principal Focii of the lens. Focal length : The distance between optical centre and principal focus of lens is known as focal length. OF; = OF = fis the focal length. ah, A “ Rh a! Q.45 Explain the rules for obtaining image formed by spherical lenses. Ans, The image is formed at the point where at least two refracted rays meet or appear to meet. The rules used for image formation are : A tay of light which is parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus of a convex lens after refraction and appears to diverge from the focus of a concave lens after refraction. 1) 2) TARAS A ray of light passing through the optica! centre of a lens goes undeviated or straight after refraction. (\ i ir directed A ray of light passing through the focus of a convex lens or « ‘ towards the focus of a concave lans becomes parallel to its principal axis after refraction through the lens. a FL Q.46 Draw ray diagrams to show image formation by convex lens for the following object positionsi) object at infinity i) object beyond 2F; Q object at 2F, iv) ebject betbveen F; and 2F, vy) object at F; vi) object between F; and eptical centre Ans, Fig. 10.16, table 10.4 (NCERT book) Q.47 Draw ray diagrams to show image fermaten by conca’ following object positions i) object at infinity fi) object between infin ty and optical centre cf the (eas Ans. Fig. 10.17, tab!e 10.5 (NCERT book) Q.48 Write the lens formula and magnificatior ‘Ans. According to the lens formula etl £ v Where v is the image distance, u is the cbject distan: the lens. Magnification produced by the lans : The ratio of the height cf & of object is known as magni‘ication. Where h is the height of image and h is the he'ght cf ebjact. Q.49 Write sign conventions used for the lenses. Ans. Optical centre is taken as the ori Distance on the left of origin is negative and on the right of ong’ positive, distance above the origin is po: Lo ve and below the oxig'a is n: *uis always negative. * Vis positive fer real image and negative for virtu: * fis positive for convex lens and nagative fer concave lans. “his always positive. “h’ is positive for virtual imege and negative fer real ‘magnification, m Is positive for virtual image and nagativa frQ.50 What conclusions can be drawn from the value of magnification of a lens ? Ans. If magnification is Positive > image is virtual and erect If magnification is negative, > image is real and inverted if magnification value is greater than 1 > an enlarged ‘image is formed \f magnification value is less than 1 >a diminished image is formed Q.51 Define power of a lens. State its SI unit. Ans. Power of lens is defi taken in metre i.e, The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre, denoted by ‘D’ ined as the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens Q.52 Define 1 dioptre Ans. 1 dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre 1 ie.1D= 1m Q53 What can you tell about the nature of lens from the value of its power ? Ans. If power is positive, then the lens is converging or convex lens If power is negative, , then the lens is diverging or concave lens Q.54 Derive the formula for the total focal length of combination of lenses. Ans. If fy, fy, fgete. are the focal length of individual lenses, then Total Focal length, fis given by the Formula: f = 1/P when P is the Total powers, combination Since, P= 14> P, = 4/f,, Pos 1H, Therefore P= P2+p, => | 1 sleep te Ff, Q.55 Enlist some uses of lenses. i i. Ans. ) Convex tens is used in m aking various optical instruments such as microscope, telescopo, camera ete fi) Convex and concave lens are used in the correction of defects of vision in the form of spectacles, Convex lens Is present in the human eye to form a real image.ASSIGNMENT : 1. 10. Calculate the refractive index of a medium in which the speed of light becomes 2 x 10° mis. Speed of light in air = 3 x 10° mis Calculate the refractive index of glass w.r.t. water if the refractive index of glass is 1.5 and refractive index of water is 1.3. Also find the refractive index of water w.r.t. glass. Calculate the focal fength and power of a lens which forms a real image at a distance of 40 cm from the lens when the abject is placed at 12 cm from the lens. Identify the type of lens used. Find the possible object positions for a convex lens of focal length 15 cm which forms 4 times magnified image. Name the lens :- a) Which can form: virtual,enlarged image ? b) Which can form virtual,diminished image ? ¢) Which has a real focus ? d) Which has a virtual focus ? e) Which is converging lens ? fy Which can form real images ? nd A convex lens used as a magnifying glass forms an erect, enlarged image. Find the range of object distances if the focal length of the lens is 10 cm. Calculate the power of a lens which forms 3 times magnified virtual image for an object kept at 20 cm from the lens. Power of a lens is 2D. Find the position of object if a real image of size 40 cm is formed for an object of size 15 cm. Give reasons Why :- a) Concave lens is known as a diverging lens ? b) Convex lens is used in cinema projectors 7 c) Light rays bend towards the normal as they travel from rarer to denser medium ? Calculate the total focal length of combination of a concave tens of focal length 12 cm and convex lens of focal length 24 cm. Also find the total power of combination and identify the nature of combination of lens.12) fovour of + (enenwe, inde te * Loam. Iona= Eve) 13) S1G_GNVENTIONS = - Mirror> Ww Mirror