1.

Number
Natural numbers:
Used for counting purposes
a l l possible rational &irrational numbers
Integer.a whole number
Prime numbers:
AnB is shaded AUB is shaded O)
c's a subset of

divisible only by itself and one

1 is nota prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irratdonal nurmbers: cannot be written as a fraction eg. T
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational number
to itself twice.
Reclprocals: Anumber made by raising a
to -1,or 1 over that number
rational number
(:.o bEX
Efa, b, c, d, e) A' is shaded

of elements in A

1.2. HCF and LCM ¬ . i s an element of.

in otin =..is not an element of..
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Mutiple: A ' =compliment ofset A
or= empty set
=Universal set
Cammen AUB=union of A and B
"
AnB= intersection of AandB
ACB=A is a subset of B
ACB=A is a proper subset of B
HCF product of common factors of x and y
L C M = product of all items in Venn diagram A¢B=A is not a subset of B

1.4. Indices
Standard fom:

.104=10000
105 1000
48 2*2x2x2x3 10 100
Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers 10 10
multiply together to make the original number .100 l
10= 0.1
1.3. Sets 10- 0.01
10-= 0.001
Definition of sets eg. .
10 0.0001
A={r: t is a natural number} 10- 0.00001
. B = {(, y):Y = ma + c
imits of accuracy
C (:ar<b} The degree of rounding of a number
D {a, b, c, ...}

Set representatons:
Eg. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05<r < 2.15
Finding limits when adding/multiplying: add/multiply
B respective limits of values
BA Finding maximum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: max value divided by/minus min
value
Finding minimum value possible when
AnB is shaded AUB is shaded dividing/subtracting: min value divided by/minus max
value
c'sa subset of
 Units ofspeed: km/hr
1.5. Ratio & Proportion orm/s
Unlts of distance: km or m
Rato:used to describe a fraction Units of tdme: hr or sec
eg.3:1
Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to km/hr x Rm/sec
18
another using proportion
E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars
m/sec x km/hr
$1:0.30KD
$22.50:6.7SKD
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales
1km= 1000m
2. Algebra & Graphs
1m=100cm
1cm 10mm 2.1. Factorisation
Direct varlation: y is proportional to z
Common factors:
kT
3+6
3z(7 + 2)
Iverse variation: y is inversely proportional to r
Difference of two squares:

25 2

y= (5+)(5-z)

1.6. Percentages
Group factorization:
4d +ac + ad + 4c
Percentage
Convenient way of expressing fractions 4 (d +e)+a(e + d)
Percent means per 100 (4 +a)(c + d)
Percentage increase or decrease:
Trinomlal:
Actual Change
Percentage increase X 100
Original Amount
r+14z +24
SImple interest +12c + 2a + 24
PRT
I = z (r +12) +2(z + 12)
100
Where, P = Principal, R = Rate Of Interest, and (+2)(+ 12)
T = Timne
2.2. Quadratic Factorization
Compound Interest
General equatdon:
ar +bz +c = 0

Where, P Principal, T = Rate Of Interest, and

Solve quadratics by:
T = Timne
Trinomial factorization
Quadratic formula
1.7. Speed, Distance & Time - b t VB - 4ac

2a
Speed Distance
Time When question says, "give your answer to two decimal
places", use formulal
Average Speed
Total
Distance Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as saying
Total Time "Make z the subject in az* + bz + c = 0"
 an+be+c = 0 Quadratic Formula0
Factorizea out
e-g. - t -6 =

Where a 1 , b = -1, c = -6
Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:

()+e- =
-bt V-ac
Complete the Square 2a

Therefore
c=0
- ( - 1 ) + - 1 ) -4 (1) (-6)
=

2(1)
+c0 = 3

T2 -2

Complete the Square

b -4ac eg.r+10z +5 = 0
4a2 (WARNINGI Coefficient of r* Must be 1 for this to work)

T
r+10z +5 = 0
a
( +5-5? +5 = 0
+ tVb-4ac
+24 V4a2
(+5)20 0

Note: 4a is a square number ( +5) =

20

+5 +v20
tV-4ac
*20 2a
- 5 t V20
-bt Vb4ac Answer IS:
2a

Standardlzed form: 1 = -5 + v20,#2 = -5 - v20

y = ax+bx + c

Complete Square form: 2.3. Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)

y (x +a)' +b (Where axis ofsymmetry is z
= =

Standardized Form:
T o find turning point of quadratic equation, complete
the square, then the turning point is: (-a, 6)
Ways to solve Quadratic equatlon If a is Poslthve: If ais Negatve:
The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
Graphing Method
.Factorizing 1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
Quadratic Formula
Complete the Square 2.4. Cubic Equation
Graphing Method- Graph the equation,
see where the it touches the x-axis
- Factorizing
Standardized Form:
y =ax°+bx*4+cx + d
e.g. - T -

6 =
0 Properdes:
Highest Exponent of z is 3
2- -6 = 0 Has a maximum of 2 turning points

(-3)( +2) = 0 Turning points are points after which a graph changes its
gradient's sign, therefore changing direction between upor
1=3 down

2 -2
 Using differentiation
d gives you the gradient of the curve at any point in
terms of
Wheny = z", = nz-

Stationary/ turning point: a= 0

.1st Derivative = f («)
2nd Derivative =f'(=)
T o determine if stationary point is maximum or
minimum:
2.5. Exponential Graphs
Use 2d derivative
Maximum point <0
y S(x)=2"
2 Minimunm point: >0
Use gradients around the point
18 Input values slightly above and below
stationary point and calculate gradient

2.7. Simultaneous Equations

Can be solved either by substitution or elimination
Generaly solved by substitution as follows:
Step 1:obtain an equation in one unknown and solve
this equation
Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into i
equation to find the other unknown
The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
solution of their simultaneous equations
Mathits.cqm x
10864 4 6 8A
2.8. Inequalities
Standardized form:
y = a(b)* Solve like equations
Propertdes: Multiplying or dividing by negative switch sign
ais the y-intercept
Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches, but
never touches because the curve continues to infinity, -7x -3
in this case the y-axis
b i s the rate of growth yS21
When 0 <b< 1,the graph will go downwards from When two inequalities present, split into two
left to right
< 3 - 1 < 2z+7
2.6. Gradient of a Curve
TK 3 z - 1 3-1 < 2z +7
By drawing tangents
I n a straight line, gradient is constant
Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph.
<8
To find the gradient at a point
1.Drawthe graph
2. Draw a tangent at the point in the graph, ensuring it
only touches the graph at that point (Use a ruler)
2.9.Linear Programming
3. Find the gradient of the tangent For strict inequalities (<, >) use broken line
For non-strict inequalities (S, 2) use solid line
wwwww anoend
Stepsto solve:
Interpret y=
ane here
mc t c

Draw straight line graphs

Shade
 Solve From O to A: Uniform speed
From Ato B: Constant speed (acceleration= 0)
From B to C: Uniform deceleration / retardation

cceleration Decelerationn Constant speed Stationary

2.1
+2y =4
A r e a under a graph = distance travelled.

Gradient= acceleration.
fretardation.
the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or
(moving body is slowing down.)
2.10. Sequences
2.13. Functions
Linear sequences: Find common difference e.g.3, then
multiply by rn and work out what needs to be added
Quadradc sequences: Function notation:
Format: an' +bn+c f:z 22 - 1
F u n c t i o n f such that æ maps onto 2 a - 1
20 30 12
a +b+c = 2
10 12
Composte function: Given two functions f(a) and g (c).
3a+b 6
the composite function of f and g is the function which
2a =
*2 *2 maps z onto f (9 (z))
Work out the values and then place into formula to f(2)
work out nth term formula Substitute r = 2 and solve for f («)
Geometric progresslon: sequence here term has been
multiplied by a constant to form next term
fol=)
Substitute z = g (c)
Tth term of G.P. = arn-1) ()
Let y f{T) and make z the subject
termr
a1 =
common difference
2.11. Distance-Time Graphs 3. Geometry
3.1. Similarity
Similarity can be worked out by the AAA (Angle Angle - -

Angle) rule.
AAA (Angle - Angle - Angle) rule: All the corresponding
From Oto A: Uniform speed angles of the triangles must be equal.
From B to C: Uniform speed(return journey)
From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0)

Constant5ped Return Journey cceiereton statonary

Á ( A
3.2. Congruence
Gradient = speed S S S (Side - Slde - Slde) rule: All the three sides of the

triangles must be equal

2.12. Speed-Time Graphs
 Rectangle:

diagonals bisect each other

RHS (Right angle - Hypotenuse - Side) rue

Parallelogram:
There must two right-angled triangles Opposite sides parallel/equal
The length of the hypotenuses must be the same
One of the corresponding sides of each triangle must be opposite angles equal
the same
diagonals bisect each other
SAS (Side-Angle- Side) rulde: Rhombus:
There must be an angle and a side present
A parallelogram with all sides
The angle of the adjacent sides must be equal
equal
The two sides of the triangle must be equal

opposite angles equal

diagonals bisect each other

Trapezlum:

ASA (Angle-Slde- Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the

equal angles must be of the same length. One pair of sides parallel

Kte
Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal

diagonals are perpendicular

3.3. Triangles to each other

3.5. Construction

acule
Scalene triangle
equilateral
triangle
isosceles
lrian gle
obluse
scalene tnangle
Constructing triangles:
Step 2

isosceles right right triangle

triangle

3.4. Quadrilaterals
Step 3
Step 4
Rectangle:
Opposite sides parallel/equal
all angles 90°
3.6. Symmetry
LUne of symmetry: Divides a two-dimensional shape into
two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of syrmmetry: Divides a three-dimensional shape
into wo congruent solid shapes

The number of times shape fits its outline during a

Corresponding angles are equal
complete revolution is called the order of rotational
symmetry

Number of Unes of Rotational Symmetry

Shape Order
Symmetry
Square
Rectangle 2

Parallelogram Alternate angles

Rhombus
Trapezlum
Kte
Equllateral
trlangle
Regular
hexagon
*****.
Properties ofclrcles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length

Co-interior angles add up to 180°

3.7. Polygons
Sum of angles at a point = 360°
Angles on a straight line = 180

Sum of angles in a triangle = 180°

For regular polygon
External angles =30
S60
Internal angles= 180°-
F o r irregular polygon:
Sum of exterior angles = 360°

Sum ofinteriorangles= 180(n-2)

Vertically opposite angles are equal
 OR

absin
Triangle= bx h
Trapezium= / (a + b) h

****.
Circle-
Sector=
Tr*
Tr* X 366

4.2. Volume and Surface Area

Cuboid
2hw
Surface area =
+2hl + 2hw
Volume = hlw
Cylinder
Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite 2 C u r v e d surface area = 2mrh
Volume = ar*h
Cone
C u r v e d surface area = Trl

Volume =z(Tr2h)
Sphere
Surface area = 47r

.Volume =irr*
Hemisphere
Surface area =
2nr2

3.8. Circle Theorem .Volume =înr3

4.3. Units

Volume:

Angle at center wicee

angle on clrcumference ngie subtended by same arc
Angle subtended arc at x 1,000,000 X 1,000
clrcumference are equal

m3 Cm3 mm°
Angles in semicircleare
90° Opposite angles in a cyclic
quadrilateral = 180°
+1,000,000 +1,000

Tangents from one point Mass:

are equal. 2 between
tangent and radius is 90° Alternate segment theorem

4. Mensuration

4.1. Area

Parallelogram =bxh
 Length between two points:
1,000 X1,000 x 1,000

kg 9 mg
5.2. Sketching Graphs
+1,000 +1,000 000
3

Capaclty

f-1

X1,000 x 1,000 X1,000

kl cl ml

,000 ,O00 ,000

ix) =x x)= 1/x ta= 1

6. Trigonometry
Connecting volume and capacity
1ml =lcm 6.1. Bearings
1kl = 1m3
Mass .The bearing of a polnt B from another point A is:
Density= Volume An angle measured from the north at A.
I n a clockwise direction.
5. Coordinate Geometry Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000° to 360°)
eg.The bearing of B from A is O50

5.1. Graphs
Gradlent ofa Stralght LUne:

Gradient = 2
6.2. Pythagoras Theorem
Equation ofLine:
.To find hypotenuse
a+ =c2
Find the gradient, m
Find the y-intercept c

Gradient m

Midpoint of Graph:
 6.4. Graphs of simple trigonometri.
functions

a sin ()= sin(180-z)

b 0.87

0.5
Y sin 6
To find one of the shorter sidess
a =c -
b =c2-a2 30 60 90 120150
Angle of elevation: 180 210 240 270 300 33060
Angle above the horizontal line
-0.87-
(Object)

KO (Angle
of elevation)
cos () = cos(360 )
AHonizontal line B
(Observer)
Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.

087 y=cos 6
(observe Horizonta -
P Ne (Angle of depression) 0.9

0 60
120 150 180 210
24070 300 330 360

R (ObjecC) 0.5-

-0.87
Area ofa trlangle: |ab sin c

6.3. Ratioos

Rlght angled trlangles: Sine and cosine shifted by 90

Sine has x-intercepts at multiples 180", and cosine at (90°
sin opposite-SOH
=hypotenuse multiples of 180)
cos T = mtem CAH t a n ( ) = tan (180 +z)
CO* bypotenuse
tan T = TODA
djacent

Hypotenuse
Opposite Goes to infinity at 90, 270°, 450,
Has x-intercepts at multiples of180
6.5. Sine& Cosine Rules
Adjacent
Sine rule:
 The centre, angle and direction of rotation are needed
sin a sinbsinc to describe a rotation
A clockwise rotation is negative, and an anticlockwise
Cosine rule rotation is positive
T o find the angle given 3 sides
Translatdon (1);
+c2 a
COs a
2bc
T o find side given angle and two sides

a=+c2 2bc cos a -

7. Vectors & Transformations When describing a translation, it is necessary to give

the translation vector
Enlargement (E):
7.1. Vectors T o describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K
and the centre of enlargement
Vector quantity has both magnitude and direction
E-g.Vectors a and b represented by the line segments,
Scale factor = length of image
can be added using 'parallelogram rule' or 'nose-to-tail Jength of object
Area of image = K* x area of object

IfK> 0, both object and image lie on same side of the

centre of enlargement
IfK0, object and im ie on opposite side of the centre
of enlargement

method
8. Probability
Multiplication by a scalar
Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an
Scalar quantity: has magnitude but direction
a no

The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector event happening
Column vector:

P(event) =number of favourable outcomes

total number of outcomes
. I fprobability 0, event is impossible
f probability =1, event is certain to happen
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1

8.2. Events
T o p number = horizontal component

B o t t o m number = vertical component Exclusive events:

Parallel vectors: Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same
time
if
Vectors are parallel they have the same direction
In general, the vector k () is parallel to ()
Modulus of a vector:
In general, ifz =

(u), |zl =
V(m2 +n2

7.2. Transformation

Reflection (M):
.When describing a reflection, the position of the
mirror line is essential
Rotation (R):
 10
Y

i Y
R

Construct tree diagram.

Write the outcomes of the first event
Connect both the second and first events outcome
R Y Write probability on top of each event's line
Multiply probabilities on the lines to the required outcome
Note: The probabilities reduce with each step if objects
R are replaced
6
The OR Rule: Calculate using two-way tables:
Column and row headers are the sample space of the
F o r exclusive events A and B
P A or B) = PA) + P{B) two events
Fill in each cell with the correct number
of outcomes
Independent events: Take the required number from the table and divide
by the sum of all values in the row/column of the
Two events are independent if occurrence of one is condition provided.
unaffected by occurrence of other Remember: P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the same
The AND Rule:
. P ( A and B) = P(A) x P(B)

9. Statistics
8.3. Conditional Probability
Probability of an event (A)., given that another (8) has
9.1. Histograms
already occurred

Symbol: P(A|B)

6 7& 10 1 Age
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
Histogram Displays frequency of continuous or grouped
discrete data in the form of bars
Bars are joined together and may be of varying width
4 Frequency of the data is represented by the area of the
bar and not the height
When class intervals are different, area of the bar
P(A|B) is A given B represents the frequency, not the height
Frequency density plotted on y-axis, not frequency

P(A B) =PIANB)=2 Class width= Interval

Frequency densty= Height
Frequency = Class uidth x Frequency density
Calculate using Venn diagram:

Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of both 9.2. Averages
events
P A | B ) = P{A n B) / P(B)
.Mean
Calculate using tree diagrams: Sum of values
umber of values
Median Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
T h e middle value - when the data has been written in one set is overall higher or lower than another data
ascending or descending order set. (3) and (4)
Odd no. of values 3rd value Variation in lengths of different sections and position
=3.5th value of median show how evenly the data is spread,
Even no.ofvalues compared to other data sets (1)
(add two values divide by 2)
Mode:
Most frequently occurring value
Range
Difference between highest and lowest values
Estimated mean of grouped data:
Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by
frequency
Divide by number of values
9.5. Pie Charts
9.3. Cumulative Frequency
Sectors represent data, and these sectors form a circle.
Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given
Angle ofa sector
point
Inter-quartile range= upper quartile -

Number of an item 360

lower quartile Total number of items

a***
Mschool
45
90
sleep
I Playing
120
Study
30 r. v.
9.4. Box-and-whisker plots
Others

Construction
Find median and two quartiles
Draw three lines of equal width along these values
Complete the boxes
Draw 'whiskers' extending from the box to the
Sum ofangles in a pie chart is 360
maximum and minimum values.
Draw two more lines at the ends 9.6. Stem and Leaf diagrams

Stem-and-Leaf diagram is a quick way of summarizing a

range of data.
There is a column known as the stem, contains which
contains unique elements of data formed by removing
Medan
last digits of the data.
Quwrie
Keys are used in this diagram

stem
1. 2. 2. 3. 4, 444, 5,
Interpretation:
Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found byy
reading on the scale of y-axis
s 2. 7, 7.
Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
Long whiskers meana lot of extreme values and vice
Key: 613-63 years old
versa (1)