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SC Calc IEC 60909-Two Method

This document summarizes two methods for calculating short circuit currents: the impedance method and per-unit method. The impedance method calculates the equivalent source impedance using voltage and current values to determine Z, then calculates fault currents. The per-unit method converts impedance values to per-unit before calculating fault currents. Both methods are applied to a sample system and produce approximately the same results for two fault locations: 5.98 kA and 11.06 kA using impedance, and 5.97 kA and 11.1 kA using per-unit.

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Dwight Swayne Alegros
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© © All Rights Reserved
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72 views

SC Calc IEC 60909-Two Method

This document summarizes two methods for calculating short circuit currents: the impedance method and per-unit method. The impedance method calculates the equivalent source impedance using voltage and current values to determine Z, then calculates fault currents. The per-unit method converts impedance values to per-unit before calculating fault currents. Both methods are applied to a sample system and produce approximately the same results for two fault locations: 5.98 kA and 11.06 kA using impedance, and 5.97 kA and 11.1 kA using per-unit.

Uploaded by

Dwight Swayne Alegros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION AS PER IEC 60909 USING IMPEDANCE AND PER-

UNIT METHODS

Figure 1: Simplified Single Line Diagram

I. IMPEDANCE METHOD

Calculating equivalent source impedance

cV
Z = "
I x √3

The value of “c” or the voltage factor according to Section 2.3 Table 1 of IEC 60909 are as follows:

Maximum short-circuit Minimum short-circuit currents


Nominal Voltage Vn
currents (Cmax) (Cmin)
Low Voltage
1.05
100V to 1000V 0.95
1.10
(IEC 60038, table I)
Medium Voltage
>1kV to 35kV
(IEC 60038, table III)
1.10 1.0
High Voltage
>35kV
(IEC 60038, table IV)
Accordingly, c factor can also be calculated when nominal and the maximum rated voltage is available.
In this case.

C = Highest Voltage Level / Nominal Voltage Level


C = 12kV / 11kV
C = 1.09

1.09 x 11kV
Z =
29kA x √3

Z = 0.239Ω

Since there are no given values for resistance RQ and reactance XQ or simply X/R ratio, one may
substitute RQ = 0.1XQ whilst XQ = 0.995ZQ

Therefore:

X = 0.995 (0.239Ω) = 0.238Ω

R = 0.1(0.238Ω) = 0.024Ω

Thus:

Z = 0.024 + j0.238Ω @ 11kV

.
Z = (0.024 + j0.238Ω)x @ 3.3kV

Z = 0.002 + j0.021 @ 3.3kV

Using impedance method, we may need to convert the calculated impedance from 11kV to 3.3kV side
necessary to calculate the fault current at fault point “FB” as shown in Figure 1. Hence, we have two
values of ZQ that is referred to 11kV and 3.3kV. This applies to 11kV transmission line, 11kV
underground cable, and 11/3.3kV power transformer.

Conversion:

V N
=
V N

Since:

V = IZ

Therefore:

I Z N
=
I Z N

Re-writing equation:
Z N I
= x
Z N I

But:

I N
=
I N

Therefore:

Z N
=
Z N

Z
Z =
N
N

For the 11kV Transmission Line:

Z = 0.400 + j0.840Ω @ 11kV

.
Z = (0.400 + j0.840Ω) x @ 3.3kV

Z = 0.036 + j0.076Ω @ 3.3kV

For the 11kV Underground Cable:

Z = 0.009 + j0.007Ω @ 11kV

.
Z = (0.009 + j0.007Ω) x @ 3.3kV

Z = 0.0008 + j0.0006Ω @ 3.3kV

For the 12/16MVA, 11/3.3kV Transformer:

θ = Tan (12.375)

θ = 85.380

(0.095)(11kV)
Z =
12MVA

Z = 0.958 < 85.380Ω

As per Section 3.3.3 of IEC 60909, impedance correction factor needs to be applied for two- and three-
winding network transformers with and without on-load tap changer.
Z =K Z

Where:

c
K = 0.95
1 + 0.6х

This KT is unitless therefore reactance XT must be converted to per-unit quantity before applying in the
equation, thus:

X x MVA
х =
V

(0.955Ω) x 12MVA
х =
11kV

х = 0.095

Therefore:

1.09
K = 0.95 x
1 + 0.6 (0.095)

K = 0.980

Thus:

Z = 0.980 (0.077 + j0.955Ω)

Z = 0.075 + j0.936Ω @ 11kV

3.3kV
Z = (0.075 + j0.936Ω) x
11kV

Z = 0.007 + j0.084Ω @ 3.3kV

Thevenin fault impedance at Fault “FA”

Z =Z +Z

Z = 0.024 + j0.238 + 0.400 + j0.840

Z = 0.424 + j1.078Ω

Calculating Fault “FA” at 11kV bus

1.09 x 11kV
I" =
√3x(0.424 + j1.078Ω)

I " = 5.98 < −68.529kA rms sym


Thevenin fault impedance at Fault “FB”

Z = Z +Z +Z +Z

Z = (0.002 + j0.021) + (0.036 + j0.076) + (0.0008 + j0.0006) + (0.007 + j0.084)

Z = 0.046 + j0.182Ω

Calculating Fault “FB” at 3.3kV bus

1.09 x 3.3kV
I" =
√3x(0.046 + j0.182Ω)

I " = 11.062 < −75.816kA rms sym

II. PER-UNIT METHOD

Power Base = 12MVA (arbitrarily chosen)

Calculating equivalent source impedance

Accordingly,

Z = 0.024 + j0.238Ω

Convert to per-unit values:

Z x MVA
Z =
kV

(0.024 + j0.238Ω) x 12MVA


Z =
11kV

Z = 0.002 + j0.0236 pu

For the 11kV Transmission Line:

(0.400 + j0.840Ω) x 12MVA


Z =
11kV

Z = 0.040 + j0.083 pu

For the 11kV Underground Cable:

(0.009 + j0.007Ω) x 12MVA


Z =
11kV

Z = 0.0009 + j0.0007 pu
For the 12/16MVA, 11/3.3kV Transformer:

θ = Tan (12.375)

θ = 85.380

12MVA
Z = 0.095 x
12MVA

Z = 0.095 < 85.380 pu

Z = 0.008 + j0.095 pu

Since the value is already in per unit quantity, therefore:

х = 0.095

1.09
K = 0.95
1 + 0.6 (0.095)

K = 0.980

Z = 0.980 (0.095 < 85.380 pu)

Z = 0.0075 + j0.093pu

Thevenin per unit fault impedance at Fault “FA”

Z =Z +Z

Z = 0.002 + j0.0236 + 0.040 + j0.083

Z = 0.042 + j0.107 pu

Calculating Fault “FA” at 11kV bus

1.09 x 1.0 pu 12MVA


I" = x
0.042 + j0.107 √3x(11kV)

I " = 5.97 < −68.569kA rms sym

Thevenin fault impedance at Fault “FB”

Z = Z +Z +Z +Z

Z = (0.002 + j0.0236) + (0.040 + j0.083) + (0.0009 + j0.0007) + (0.0075 + j0.093)

Z = 0.050 + j0.200 pu

Calculating Fault “FB” at 3.3kV bus


1.09 x 1.0 pu 12MVA
I" = x
0.050 + j0.200 √3x(3.3kV)

I " = 11.100 < −75.964kA rms sym

III. SUMMARY

Initial Symmetrical Short Circuit Currents, I”k rms


Calculation Method
Fault at “FA” Fault at “FB”
Impedance Method 5.980<-68.529kA 11.062<-75.816kA
Per-Unit Method 5.970<-68.569kA 11.100<-75.964kA

Two methods are presented herein and arrived approximately with the same results. With this simple
example and presentations, one may decide which method they want to be familiar with.

Prepared By:

MJJ Federico

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