Energy Industry

Competency
Model
Generation
Transmission &
Distribution
Updated March 2021

Center for Energy Workforce Development

 Executive
Summary
W ith the growth and speed of changes in technology, the energy industry needs a
workforce with the knowledge and skills for traditional energy production and
delivery, as well as developing capabilities for the future.

The message for workforce development is clear: qualified and skilled utility technicians
will continue to be in high demand in all types of energy generation, transmission and
distribution jobs. Moreover, the foundational skills needed by this generation of new
workers are the same, whether the job is ultimately in a plant, on a transmission line
or in a trench. Students who want to work in the energy industry will be well served to
focus on gaining core foundational skills that are transferable and applicable to a wide
array of skilled technician jobs.

Adding to the workforce now provides the opportunity for experienced workers to
transfer their knowledge and skills, before they leave the industry. To accomplish this
knowledge transition, potential candidates must understand the industry and the skills
and competencies required to perform critical energy jobs.

These issues drove the development within CEWD of an energy competency model
that can be used by educators, workforce investment professionals, and utilities and
their contractor partners to articulate the skills required to perform the work. Working
from a foundation of core competencies enables companies to screen candidates more
effectively and then focus on training that is only unique to the organization.

A competency model is a collection of competencies that together define the potential

for successful performance in a particular work setting. Competency models are the
foundation for important human resource functions—such as recruitment and hiring,
training and development, retention and performance management—because they
specifically define what is essential to select as well as train and develop a diverse,
talented candidate pool.

WHY A COMPETENCY MODEL?

The Energy Industry Competency Building Block model is designed to provide a
consistent definition of the competencies required to work in the industry. The model
builds from basic fundamentals to more industry and career specific competencies.

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The Competency Model consists of stacked tiers increasing in specificity and
specialization as the pyramid ascends. Each tier is divided into blocks representing
content or the skills, knowledge, abilities and other factors that are essential to
successful performance in the industry. Not all competencies are required for all of the
jobs in the energy business; for example, all competencies on the lower tiers are not
necessarily needed to achieve the competencies needed on upper level tiers.

The competencies reflected at the base of the model

(Tiers 1 – 3) represent those needed for success
in life and in the foundation for success in school
and work. These foundational skills are a needed
prerequisite for workers to be able to learn new
industry-specific skills.

HOW SHOULD THE MODEL BE USED?

The Competency Building Block model is intended
to help educators, students, Career One Stops and
potential employees understand the competencies
required to work in the energy industry. The model
can be used by educators and Career One Stop
locations to tailor curriculum to reinforce the
competencies. Students can use the model to match
job requirements as identified by employers with their skills. Where there are gaps,
short-term training programs can be developed to address them or existing programs
can be modified.

HOW ARE THESE COMPETENCIES USED IN THE WAREHOUSE?

One of the difficulties that students have when taking math, English or science courses
is understanding how the course relates to the real world and the jobs that they wish to
pursue. Computer skills, problem solving and decision making are key requirements in
energy jobs.
• Algebra – increases problem solving skills which are needed when troubleshooting
problems in a power plant station, substation or on a power line.
• Geometry – using diagrams to install new equipment or wiring which requires
measuring and understanding dimensions and space.
• Physics – understanding the basic concepts of physics such as electrons and protons
helps in understanding how electricity is generated, moved along power lines, stepped
down in voltage and distributed to customers.
• History/Humanities/Social Sciences – understanding the experiences of other
cultures helps in teamwork, collaboration and problem solving.
•E  nglish – being able to speak, write and read English helps the individual follow
directions, ensure a safe job site, prepare reports and talk to the boss, coworkers, and
customers.

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 ENERGY INDUSTRY COMPETENCY

MODEL GRAPHIC

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FRAMEWORK OF COMPETENCIES FOR THE
ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY

Tier 1: Personal Effectiveness

PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
1. Interpersonal Skills: Displaying skills to work with
people
• Demonstrates concern for others by being sensitive to
their needs and feelings
• Shows understanding of others behavior by
demonstrating appropriate responses
• Demonstrates respect for the opinions, perspectives,
customs and individual differences of others by 4. Reputation: Maintaining a high degree of personal
including others in problem solving and decision ethics and behaviors
making • Is free from substance abuse
• Maintains open communication with others • Demonstrates financial responsibility
• Recognizes and accurately interprets the verbal and • Maintains an acceptable grade point average in school
nonverbal behaviors of others • Has not embarrassed oneself through internet postings
• Demonstrates flexibility and open mindedness when • Maintains a good driving record
dealing with a wide range of people
• Listens to and considers others’ viewpoints and alters 5. Motivation: Demonstrating a commitment to effective
own opinion when it is job performance
appropriate • Ensures that job is done safely, accurately and
completely
2. Integrity: Displaying accepted social and work • Identifies new and better processes or procedures
behaviors • Follows instructions and direction from others
• Treats all in a fair and equitable manner • Takes responsibility for completing one’s own work
• Behaves ethically through responsible use of company assignment
time and property
• Reports unethical behavior demonstrated by others 6. Dependability/Reliability: Displaying responsible
behaviors at work
3. Professionalism: Maintaining a professional • Comes to work when scheduled and on-time
presence and adhering to ethical standards • Complies with company policies
• Demonstrates self-control by maintaining composure • Does not attend to personal business while on the job
and keeping emotions in check even in difficult • Manages stressful situations effectively
situations • Fulfills obligations of the job
• Maintains a professional appearance by dressing
appropriately for the job and maintaining personal 7. Self-Development: Demonstrating a commitment to
hygiene self development and improvement
• Uses professional language when speaking with others • Identifies goals and career interests
• Maintains a positive attitude • Demonstrates an interest in learning
• Takes pride in one’s work and the work of the • Seeks opportunities to learn new skills and tasks and
organization to refine current skills

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• Adapts quickly to changes in process or technology 2. Locating, Reading and Using Information: Knowing
• Accepts help from others how to find information and identifying essential
information
8. Flexibility & Adaptability: Adjusting to changing work • Is able to read and understand written material
requirements • Sorts through distracting information
• Adjusts to changing priorities • Scans written material for subject of interest
• Identifies logical stopping points in work • Is able to identify main ideas in written material
• Refocuses attention to new assignment quickly • Correctly interprets written material
• Quickly learns new assignments • Integrates what is learned from written materials with
• Shifts gears and changes direction when working on prior knowledge
multiple projects • Applies what is learned from the written material to
• Anticipates and accepts changes in work complete specific tasks

9. Ability to Learn: Incorporating classroom and on the 3. Writing: Using standard business English to write
job training into messages to co-workers and reports to managers
work performance and associates
• Understands and uses material taught in the • Creates documents such as work orders or memos
classroom and on the job training in work situations • Uses standard syntax and sentence structure, correct
• Applies information provided in training to work tasks spelling, punctuation and capitalization and appropriate
• Desires and shows willingness to learn new grammar
assignments, procedures and technologies • Writes clearly and concisely in a professional and
courteous manner
• Writes effectively for a variety of audiences
Tier 2: Academic Requirements
ACADEMIC COMPETENCIES
1. Mathematics: Using mathematics to solve problems
• Adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides with whole
numbers, fractions, decimals and percents; calculates
averages, ratios, proportions and rates
• Reads and understands tables and graphs
• Takes measurement of time, temperature, distance,
length, width, height, perimeter, etc
• Correctly converts from one measurement to another
• Translates practical problems into useful mathematical
expressions and uses appropriate mathematical
formulas and techniques
• Solves simple algebraic equations
• Is able to determine slope, midpoint and distance
• Calculates perimeters, areas and volumes of basic
shapes and solids
• Reads, tracks and calculates gauge measurements

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• Communicates thoughts, ideas and information which 7. Science: Using scientific rules and methods to solve
may contain technical material in a logical, organized problems
and coherent manner • Discusses the role of creativity in constructing scientific
• Clearly develops ideas and elaborates on them with questions, methods and explanations
relevant supporting examples and specific details • Formulates scientifically investigable questions,
• Shows insight, perception and depth in writing constructs investigations, collects and evaluates data
and develops scientific recommendations based on
4. Listening: Listening carefully in order to incorporate findings
information into • Understands physical principles such as force, friction
work activities and energy
• Listens carefully to others • Understands weight and mass and how it relates to
• Correctly interprets information provided by others rigging, wind and structure supports
• Is able to incorporate information into actions • Understands and evaluates the characteristics and
hazards of electricity
5. Speaking: Communicating in spoken English well • Recognizes and understands the interactions of
enough to be understood by supervisors, co-workers compatible and incompatible substances
and customers • Applies basic scientific principles and technology to
• Uses standard sentence structure and appropriate solve problems and complete tasks
grammar
• Speaks clearly, in precise language and in a logical 8. Information Technology: Demonstrating basic IT
organized and coherent manner skills for workplace efficiency and work flow
• Keeps language simple and appropriate for the • Uses Personal Information Management (PIM)
audience’s level of knowledge of the subject applications to increase workplace efficiency
• Employs technological tools to expedite workflow
6. Engineering and Technology: Possessing an including word processing, databases, reports,
appropriate mastery of knowledge, techniques, spreadsheets, multimedia presentations, electronic
skills, modern tools and advanced technology calendar, contacts, email and internet applications
• Applies basic engineering principles • Employs computer operations applications to access,
• Applies the appropriate technical solution create, manage, integrate and store information
• Applies principles of engineering science and • Employs collaborative/groupware applications to
technology, techniques, procedures and equipment facilitate group work
to the design and production of various goods and
services 9. Critical and Analytical Thinking: Using logical
• Applies the basics of electricity thought processes to analyze information and draw
• Identifies and selects the appropriate hand or small conclusions
electric tools or diagnostic equipment for the work • Identifies inconsistent or missing information
• Solves problems where a variety of mechanical, • Critically reviews, analyzes, synthesizes, compares and
electrical, thermal or fluid faults could be the reason interprets information
for the problem • Draws conclusions from relevant and/or missing
information
• Tests possible hypotheses to ensure the problem is
correctly diagnosed and the best solution is found
• Perceives and understands relationships appropriate to
the task

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 • Applies interpersonal skills to help team achieve goals
Tier 3: Workplace Competencies • Gives full attention to what others are saying, taking
time to understand the points being made, asking
WORKPLACE COMPETENCIES questions as appropriate and not interrupting at
1. Business Fundamentals: Understanding the inappropriate times
relationship between an individual’s own job and the • Keeps all parties informed of progress and all relevant
goals and operations of company and industry changes to project timelines
• Is able to articulate the organization’s mission and • Demonstrates loyalty to the team
functions and its position in the marketplace
• Recognizes one’s role in the functioning of the company 3. Following Directions: Receiving, understanding and
• Complies with applicable laws and rules governing carrying out assignments with minimal supervision
work and reports loss, waste or theft of company • Receives, interprets, understands and responds to
property to appropriate personnel verbal messages and other cues
• Acts in the best interest of the company, community • Picks out important information in verbal messages
and environment • Interprets complex instructions and their relevance to
the work assignment
2. Teamwork: Developing capacities used to work with • Asks questions to clarify unclear directions
others • Acts upon the instruction to complete an assignment
• Accepts membership in the team
• Identifies with the goals, norms, values and customers 4. Planning/Organizing/Scheduling: Demonstrating the
of the team ability to work within a schedule using prescribed
• Uses a group approach to identify problems and procedures
develop solutions based on group consensus • Prioritizes various competing tasks and performs them
• Effectively communicates with all members of the team quickly and efficiently according to their urgency
to achieve goals • Finds new ways of organizing work area or planning
• Develops constructive and cooperative working work to accomplish work more efficiently
relationships with others • Estimates resources needed for project completion;
• Shows sensitivity to the thoughts and opinions of others allocates time and resources effectively
• Responds appropriately to positive and constructive • Anticipates obstacles to project completion and
feedback develops contingency plans to address them; takes
• Encourages others to express their ideas and opinions necessary corrective action when projects go off-track
• Learns from other team members • Plans and schedules tasks so that work is completed
on time
• Makes arrangements that fulfill all requirements as
efficiently and economically as possible
• Responds to the schedules of others affected by
arrangements; informs others of arrangements, giving
them complete, accurate and timely information
• Keeps track of details to ensure work is performed
accurately and completely
• Takes steps to verify all arrangements; recognizes
problems, generates effective alternatives and takes
corrective action

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• Effectively coordinates the transition of employees at 6. Ethics: Describing the importance of personal ethics
the beginning and end of each work shift; disseminates and legal responsibility
crucial information in an organized manner to rapidly • Anticipates or recognizes the existence of a problem
bring employees up to speed at the start of their shifts • Evaluates and justifies decisions based on ethical
reasoning
5. Problem Solving/Decision-Making: Applying • Evaluates alternative responses to workplace situations
problem-solving and critical-thinking skills to help based on personal, professional, ethical and legal
grow the business and/or to resolve workplace responsibilities and employer policies
conflict • Identifies and explains personal and long-term
• Anticipates or recognizes the existence of a problem consequences of unethical or illegal behaviors in the
• Identifies the true nature of the problem by analyzing workplace
its component parts • Interprets and explains written organizational policies
• Effectively uses both internal and external resources and procedures
to locate and gather information; examine information
obtained for relevance and completeness; recognizes 7. Employability and Entrepreneurship Skills: Defining
important gaps in existing information and takes ongoing career development
steps to eliminate those gaps; recalls previously • Identifies and demonstrates positive work behaviors
learned information that is relevant to the problem; needed to be employable
organizes information as appropriate to gain a better • Develops personal career plan that includes goals,
understanding of the problem objectives and strategies
• Integrates previously learned and externally obtained • Examines licensing, certification and industry
information to generate a variety of high quality credentialing requirements
alternative approaches to the problem • Maintains a career portfolio to document knowledge,
• Skillfully uses logic and analysis to identify the skills and experience
strengths and weaknesses, the costs and benefits and • Evaluates and compares employment opportunities
the short and long-term consequences of different that match career goals
approaches • Identifies and exhibits traits for retaining employment
• Decisively chooses the best solution after • Identifies opportunities and researches requirements
contemplating available approaches to the problem; for career advancement
makes difficult decisions even in highly ambiguous • Researches the benefits of ongoing professional
or ill-defined situations; quickly chooses an effective development
solution without assistance when appropriate • Examines and describes entrepreneurship
• Commits to a solution in a timely manner and develops opportunities as a career planning option
a realistic approach for implementing the chosen
solution; observes and evaluates the outcomes of
implementing the solution to assess the need for
alternative approaches and to identify lessons learned
• Uses scientific rules and methods to solve problems

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8. Working with Basic Hand and Power Tools and • Keeps personal safety equipment in good working
Technology: Having capability to operate and order
troubleshoot electric and electronic equipment, • Uses tools and equipment in compliance with user
mechanical and electrical products manuals and training
• Selects and applies appropriate tools or technological • Calls attention to potential and actual hazardous
solutions to frequently encountered problems conditions as they arise
• Carefully considers which tools or technological • Alerts co-workers and supervisory personnel to
solutions are appropriate for a given job and hazardous conditions and deviations from safety
consistently chooses the best tool or technological procedures in a timely manner
solution for the problem • Maintains appropriate certification and is
at hand knowledgeable in first aid or first response procedures
• Demonstrates an interest in learning about new • Demonstrates knowledge of lock out/tag out practices
and emerging tools and technologies; seeks out • Notifies person in charge and/or co-workers of unsafe
opportunities to improve knowledge of tools and work conditions
technologies that may assist in streamlining work and • Stops the job if there are unsafe working conditions
improving productivity
• Knows how to maintain and troubleshoot tools and 2. Industry Principles and Concepts: Knowing the basic
technologies and emerging principles and concepts that impact
• Uses basic computer technology to receive work the energy industry, including: energy production,
orders, report progress and maintain records energy transmission and alternative energy
technologies
Tier 4: Industry-wide Technical • Is able to explain the flow of energy from generation
Competencies through distribution to the customer
• Is able to explain the role of regulators and unions in
INDUSTRY-WIDE TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES the industry
1. Safety Awareness: Complying with the procedures • Discusses the history of the United States energy
necessary to ensure a safe and healthy work industry/infrastructure (refer to Energy Information
environment Administration - www.eia.doe.gov )
• Is cognizant of the environment and potential hazards • Identifies the role and function of generation,
• Follows established safety procedures transmission and distribution organizations
• Evaluates changes in the environment with respect to • Explains the role of regulatory bodies in the energy
their impact on safety of self and others industry (such as: Federal Energy Regulatory
• Promotes effective local, state or national security Commission - www.ferc.gov ; State Public Service
operations for the protection of people, data, property Commissions) highlighting the concept of “obligation to
and institutions serve”
• Complies with safety procedures and proper ways to • Explains the different structures of energy companies,
perform work including investor-owned utilities, municipalities
• Understands potential threats created by deviation (associated utility practices such as water/wastewater),
from safety procedures and improper use of tools and electric cooperatives, independent power producers
equipment and is able to explain the different lines of energy
• Follows safety procedures and uses safety equipment business, including electric and gas
as specified by user manuals and safety training • Describes the process of metering and billing for
• Uses personal protection equipment including safety energy consumption
glasses, work boots and
hard hats

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• Demonstrates an awareness of alternative and
renewable energy technologies, including geothermal
energy, solar energy, wind energy, water energy and
biofuel

3. Environmental Laws and Regulations: Complying

with relevant local, state, and federal environmental
laws and regulations that impact the energy industry
• Discusses environmental laws and regulations that
impact the energy industry (local, state and federal) and
explains the importance of proper documentation to
ensure compliance
• Demonstrates professional responsibility for
maintaining all policies and standards for health, safety
and the environment
• Complies with all relevant environmental laws issued
by federal agencies, 5. Troubleshooting: Diagnosing and correcting
including EPA abnormalities and malfunctions in equipment and
• Follows energy standards produced by industry production processes
organizations, such as ANSI, API, NACE and NFPA • Monitors equipment to ensure maintenance schedules
• Identifies appropriate jurisdiction for local, state and are adhered to
federal regulatory agencies as they pertain to the • Demonstrates knowledge of normal equipment
energy industry operation (how the individual pieces of equipment
• Maintains current knowledge of regulatory procedures relate to each other) in order to spot potential
governing operations equipment problems before they occur
• Determines causes of operating errors, decides what
4. Quality Control/Continuous Improvement: to do about them and knows when to notify more senior
Demonstrating the ability to design, analyze and personnel
effectively use systems, components and methods
with a framework of quality and continuous
improvement
• Conducts tests and inspections of products, services or
processes to evaluate quality or performance
• Incorporates new information into both current and
future problem solving and decision making
• Monitors/assesses performance of self, other
individuals or organizations to make improvements or
take corrective action
• Determines how a system should work and how
changes in conditions, operations and the environment
will affect outcomes
• Uses logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or
approaches to problems

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 parallel
Tier 5: Industry-Specific Technical - units of electrical measurement (such as
Competencies | Energy Generation, henries, farads, reactance, impedance)
Transmission and Distribution - passive components, capacitors and inductors
- single-phase versus three-phase
INDUSTRY-SECTOR TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES - voltage, current, impedance, real, reactive,
| ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND apparent power and power factor relationships
DISTRIBUTION • Has a basic knowledge of water and general chemistry
1. Non-Nuclear Generation: Technical skills and
knowledge necessary for gas, oil, coal, hydro, solar, Basic Components Knowledge:
wind, biofuel or geothermal power plant personnel • Is knowledgeable of the location of equipment in
the plant, how the equipment operates and normal
Science and Engineering Theory and Concepts: operating parameters
• Is able to define and explain the differences and • Is able to use tools such as hand tools, power tools and
similarities of power generation, including use of meters
different fuel types (fossil fuels – gas and oil, hydro • Describes the theory, construction and application of
and marine, alternative fuels – solar, wind, biofuel and the mechanical components such as air compressors,
geothermal) and different plant uses (i.e., peaking, load heat exchangers, steam condensers, steam generators,
following, base load) pumps, ejectors, strainers, filters and traps, steam
• Is able to explain the advantages and disadvantages of traps, steam turbines and valves
alternative energy sources • Describes the theory, construction and application of
• Understands the behavior of matter diesel engines including main structural components,
• Applies direct current (DC) concepts and laws; main moving components, principles of operations,
performs calculations and measurements including the failure mechanisms and systems and accessories and
following: support systems
- basic electrical circuits such as series and • Describes the theory, construction and application
parallel, series-parallel combinations of air conditioning, heating and ventilation systems,
- conductors and insulators including refrigeration machines and the basic
- direct current (DC) theory and DC sources refrigeration cycle
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal
voltage and current)
- electrical laws (such as Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s
voltage and current laws)
- electron theory
- units of electrical measurement (such as ohms,
volts, amps, watts,
coulombs, joules)
- voltage, current, resistance and power
• Applies alternating current (AC) concepts and laws;
performs calculations and measurements including the
following:
- alternating current (AC) theory and AC sources
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal
voltage and current)
- basic electrical circuits such as series and

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• Describes the theory, construction and application of • Explains bearing design and lubrication principles
structural and auxiliary equipment such as boilers, associated with the following:
elevators, fire barriers, hangers and snubbers for - determination of oil levels and requirements
support and restraint and hoists and cranes and addition of correct oil to plant components
• Describes the theory, construction and application of - environmental hazards
rotating equipment including generators, motors and - factors that affect lubrication
motor-generators - friction and wear
• Describes the theory, construction and application of - fluid lubrication
resistive electrical equipment including heaters and - lubricant types and characteristics
heat tracing - purpose and necessity
• Describes the theory, construction and application of - storage and transfer
electrical supply components including the following: - symptoms and problems associated with
- batteries and chargers improper lubrication
- circuit breakers (such as protection) - safety hazards
- inverters and uninterruptible power supplies • Explains the principles associated with
- switchgear, load centers and motor control thermodynamics and combustion
centers (such as protective relaying and • Is knowledgeable of hazardous and safety procedures
schematics of a basic system from high voltage • Is able to calibrate and certify tools
to lower voltage) • Is able to plan and organize relevant materials and
- transformers (such as step-up transformers tools prior to job site work
and step-down transformers)
• Describes the theory, construction and application of Computer Skills:
electrical control components including cables, control • Is knowledge of procedures to access, file and use
circuits, meters and relays record-keeping logs
• Describes the theory, construction and application • Understands computer operation, utilizes integrated/
of valve actuator types (such as motors, pneumatic, multiple software and networks
hydraulic) • Is able to use Microsoft Office (or equivalent) software
• Describes the theory and application of electronic to prepare spreadsheets for data analysis and reports
equipment including the following: for management review and approval
- analyzers (such as H2, O2 and chemical)
- signal converters 2. Nuclear Generation: Technical skills and knowledge
• Explains the principles associated with instrumentation necessary for nuclear power plant personnel
and control and describes the following:
- basic control circuits (such as proportional, Electrical Science:
integral, derivative and a combination of the • Explains and uses the fundamental concepts
three; saturation cutoff, steady-state error, associated with electricity (e.g., electric charge, electric
limiters, effects of disturbances) current)
- pneumatic devices (such as actuators) • Understands the components of electrical systems
- sensors (such as types of sensors, for example, including switchyard construction, transformers,
pressure, flow, temperature) relays, circuit breakers and motors
- hydraulic controls (such as actuators)

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Reactor Theory and Operations: • Chemistry – Explains the chemistry terms, units,
• Explains the general design overview of the basic definitions and basic concepts and applies the concepts
reactor types successfully on the job, including fundamentals
• Demonstrates understanding of reactor startup and of chemistry (molecules, mixtures, solutions and
shutdown procedures compounds, corrosion control), water chemistry
• Explains the fission process including the construction control, reactor water chemistry and the corrosion
of fission product barriers process
• Mathematics – Has experience and knowledge in
Operations and Repair: scientific notation, dimensional analysis, geometry,
• Complies with the procedures necessary to ensure a trigonometry, graphs and control charts, relational
safe and healthy work environment charts, exponents and logarithms and basic statistics
• Operates, repairs and tests machines, devices and
equipment based on electrical or mechanical principles 3. Electric Transmission and Distribution: Knowledge
in order to diagnose machine malfunctions and skills necessary for the transmission and
• Operates basic hand and small electric tools and distribution of electricity from the generation source
equipment to the end customer
• Conducts tests and inspections of products, services or
processes to evaluate quality or performance Science and Technology:
• Determines the kind of tools and equipment needed to • Understands the components and workings of the
do a job electric transmission and distribution network
• Watches gauges, dials or other indicators to make sure • Applies direct current (DC) concepts and laws and
a machine is working properly performs calculation and measurements including the
• Is able to read, interpret and create basic prints used following:
in the design, operation and maintenance of electrical - basic electrical circuits such as series and
systems including engineering drawings, diagrams parallel, series-parallel combinations
and schematics - documentation diagrams, single line - conductors and insulators
diagrams - direct current (DC) theory and DC sources
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal
Additional Academic Requirements: voltage and current)
• Physics – Explains and uses physics terms, units, - electrical laws (such as Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s
definitions and basic concepts including mechanical voltage and current laws)
principles (laws of motion, energy, conditions of - electron theory
equilibrium) and units (pressure, temperature, flow, - units of electrical measurement (such as ohms,
volume) volts, amps, watts, coulombs, joules)
• Basic Atomic & Nuclear Physics – Explains the basic - voltage, current, resistance and power
atomic and nuclear physics terms, unit, definitions and
basic concepts including atomic structure, nuclear
interactions and reactions, sources of residual heat/
decay heat and reactor operation

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 14

• Applies alternating current (AC) concepts and laws and • Understands the way fluids (liquids and gases such as
performs calculations and measurements including the water and air) act as conductors or insulators
following: • Understands the movement of heat, specifically which
- alternating current (AC) theory and AC sources substances warm up quickly when heated and which
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal ones warm up more slowly
voltage and current) • Understands how specific heat works, including how
- basic electrical circuits such as series and different materials hold heat for different amounts of
parallel time
- units of electrical measurement (such as • Understands and applies tag out/lock out procedures
henries, farads, reactance, impedance)
- passive components, capacitors and inductors Basic Components Knowledge:
- single-phase versus three-phase • Is knowledgeable of design techniques, tools and
- voltage, current, impedance, real, reactive, principles involved in production of precision technical
apparent power and power factor relationships plans, blueprints, drawings and models
• Understands how electrical current moves through a • Is knowledgeable of machines and tools, including their
circuit or a system and how electricity affects a circuit designs, uses, repair and maintenance
or system. Understands how to control current and • Is able to work with electrical instruments such as
resistance. voltmeters, ammeters, fault locators, etc.
• Understands the way solid things move and how • Understands the application of hosts, tackle and knots
leverage, force, friction and momentum affect that used in construction and maintenance work
motion and is able to solve problems with simple • Understands the interrelationships among components
machines, complex machines and mechanical systems of systems in order to understand how such
components affect each other, act together, fit together,
etc.
• Is able to identify “unusual” sounds or vibrations from
among competing, “normal” sounds or vibrations
• Is able to detect deviations or exceptions from normal
operating conditions

Customer Focus:
• Interacts directly with the public listening to and
understanding customer needs and determining how to
address them
• Interacts with customers regarding the termination and
restoration of electric service, which is required as a
result of maintenance and construction work

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 15

4. Gas Transmission and Distribution: Knowledge • Understands the way solid things move and how
and skills necessary for the transmission and leverage, force, friction, and momentum affect that
distribution of natural gas from the refinery to the motion and is able to solve problems with simple
end customer machines, complex machines and mechanical systems
• Understands the way fluids (liquids and gases such
Science and Technology: as water and air) move through systems and is able
• Understands and applies the fundamental concepts of to solve problems with plumbing, hydraulics or
natural gas pneumatics (compressed gas)
• Understands the components and workings of the • Understands the movement of heat, specifically which
gas transmission and distribution network, including substances warm up quickly when heated and which
metering and regulating stations ones warm up more slowly
• Applies direct current (DC) concepts and laws and • Understands how specific heat works, including how
performs calculation and measurements including the different materials hold heat for different amounts of
following: time
- basic electrical circuits such as series and
parallel, series-parallel combinations Basic Components Knowledge:
- conductors and insulators • Is knowledgeable of design techniques, tools and
- direct current (DC) theory and DC sources principles involved in the production of precision
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal technical plans, blueprints, drawings and models
voltage and current) • Is knowledgeable of machines and tools, including their
- electrical laws (such as Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s designs, uses, repair and maintenance
voltage and current laws)
- electron theory Customer Focus:
- units of electrical measurement (such as ohms, • Interacts directly with the public listening to and
volts, amps, watts, coulombs, joules) understanding customer needs and determining how to
- voltage, current, resistance and power address them
• Applies alternating current (AC) concepts and laws and • Interacts with customers regarding the termination and
performs calculations and measurements including the restoration of gas service, which is required as a result
following: of maintenance and construction work
- alternating current (AC) theory and AC sources
(such as ideal voltage and current, non-ideal
voltage and current)
- basic electrical circuits such as series and
parallel
- units of electrical measurement (such as
henries, farads, reactance, impedance)
- passive components, capacitors, inductors
- single-phase versus three-phase
- voltage, current, impedance, real, reactive,
apparent power and power factor relationships

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 16

 2. Manage Plant Systems
Tier 6 Industry-Specific Job Specific • Is knowledgeable of the characteristics of fuel and the
Competencies | Energy Generation, quantities required to produce a given output
Transmission and Distribution • Is able to identify the levels of resource availability
and to estimate amounts required to meet output
NON-NUCLEAR GENERATION: Technical skills requirements
and knowledge necessary for gas, oil, coal, hydro, • Is knowledgeable of hydraulics and travel time
solar, wind, biofuel or geothermal power plant • Is knowledgeable of inventory and logistics control
personnel systems and procedures
• Is knowledgeable of the impact of variable weather
PLANT OPERATORS conditions on plant equipment operation
1. Operate and Monitor Plant Equipment • Is able to identify deficiencies in resources and
• Is knowledgeable of standard operating procedures, knowledge of reporting procedures
documentation requirements and required logs • Is knowledgeable of how flow and level of fuel impact
• Understands how plant systems interrelate and the one another
impact of this interrelationship on plant performance • Is knowledgeable of flow versus level of fuel
• Is knowledgeable of industry, plant, company, • Is able to make manual adjustments to plant
equipment, scientific, technical, tool, safety and equipment to restore or maintain system performance
personnel terminology
• Is knowledgeable of corrective actions and responses 3. Support Equipment Maintenance
for specific problems • Is knowledgeable of the scope of work of the
• Is able to read and document equipment histories and maintenance to be performed
trend data • Is knowledgeable of energy isolation and how to remove
• Is knowledgeable of the types of adjustments to make all potential energy to put equipment in a safe condition
on equipment and the correct quantity of adjustment such as de-energizing pressure, electrical, rotation
• Is able to recognize alarms and is knowledgeable of and springs
the meaning of the alarm and the associated corrective • Is knowledgeable of lockout/tagout requirements and
actions procedures
• Is able to identify and report out of compliance or • Has a basic understanding of the maintenance process
unsafe conditions and procedures
• Is knowledgeable of chronic problems and system
malfunctions and their resolutions ELECTRIC, MECHANICAL, INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL
• Is able to demonstrate knowledge of schematics and TECHNICIANS (common for all classifications)
diagrams (mechanical, electrical, civil) and symbols
• Is knowledgeable of priorities and criticality of 1. Science and Engineering Theories and Concepts
problems and root causes of problems • Explains the basics of the following topics:
• Is able to operate project control systems such as the - grounding systems
Digital Control System (DCS) and Supervisory Control - electrical hazards and safety
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - electrical power sources
• Has a basic understanding of PLC’s • Is knowledgeable in the following foundational science
and engineering concepts
and theories:

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 17

• Pressure and chemistry of steam/water, boiler water, MAINTENANCE AND INSTRUMENT & CONTROL
air and oil (common to these classifications)
- Gases and liquids 1. Maintain and Repair Equipment
- Mechanical energy • Explains clearance/tagging requirements
- Levers, pulleys and machines • Describes the proper methods for handling and
- Hydraulics and pneumatics disposing of waste or hazardous materials that result
- Principles and causes of cavitation from system maintenance
- Water treatment and purification • Describes component failure modes (for example,
- Friction and bearings on machines valve thermal binding and relay failures) and discusses
- Hydrologic life cycles (hydro fuel delivery/ the possible diagnostic and repair actions that may be
source) necessary
• Describes the proper methods and practices for safe
2. Thermal Concepts troubleshooting of defective components
• Understands the sources of fuel and the differences in • Describes the proper methods for breaching systems,
quality, composition and chemistry including applicable radiological exposure and
• Understands the basics of processing and storing fuel contamination controls
• Describes the application and operation of various
3. Maintain and Repair Equipment devices (for example, video cameras, filter removal tools
• Is knowledgeable of and is able to perform diagnostic and remotely operated machines) used for radiological
tests, use test equipment and interpret the output from exposure reduction
the tests and diagnostic equipment • Describes potential hazards (for example, electrical
• Is able to access and read equipment logs and histories shock, high-temperature or high-pressure fluid used
• Is able to execute isolation procedures in system) associated with maintenance activities on
• Is knowledgeable of the differences between prime specific systems
mover equipment versus auxiliary equipment • Describes the proper disassembly and assembly
• Is able to explain the following systems in detail: methods, including removal, replacement, repair and
- auxiliary feedwater or reactor core isolation torquing techniques
cooling • Describes the proper methods for adjustments and
- auxiliary steam, including boilers calibrations on components or systems
- circulating water • Describes the methods to test a component when
- condensate, feedwater and polisher maintenance work is completed
(demineralizer) - leakage test
- fire water systems, including pumps and - component operation
special valves - loop functional test
- instrument and station air - valve operation
- systems that contain important valves • Explains the limitations of and requirements for
- thrust bearing maintenance activities associated with environmentally
- guide bearing qualified and safety-related components and equipment
- oil transport • Explains acceptable cleaning and inspection techniques
- potable and non-potable water for system components
- ventilation
- oil filtration
- fuel delivery
- fire protection
- ash removal and disposal

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 18

 indications and diagnoses the probable causes
- Identifies when components have been removed
properly from service before maintenance
activities are performed
- Identifies system cleanliness requirements and
describe the methods used to prevent foreign
material from entering systems and components
- Identifies industrial safety measures necessary
for work in the vicinity of specific operating
equipment including job aspects related to
identifying, diagnosing and repairing system
and component problems and using plant
procedures and drawings
- Identifies proper rigging and lifting techniques
• Explains the lubrication principles associated with for major components such as pumps and
components, including the problems associated with motors
improper lubrication such as: - Identifies where the use of special tools or
- valves equipment (for example, cranes, scaffolding,
- pumps breaker grounding devices) will be required and
- motors describes how they will be used during work on
- valve actuators various components
• Explains post-maintenance testing requirements and - Identifies repair and surveillance procedures
responsibilities including: that will be used on the job
- interdepartmental notifications (for example,
Operations, Quality Control, Engineering) ELECTRICAL TECHNICIANS
- importance of documenting maintenance 1. Maintain and Repair Equipment
actions and component parameters • Is able to explain the following topics:
- acceptance criteria determination - basic electronics components (such as
- program commitments (for example, technical transistors BJT, FET, IGFET, MOSFET, SCR and
specifications, industry standards, regulatory diodes)
documents) - circuit functions (such as switching amplifiers,
- component testing requirements (for example, voltage regulation, limiters and rectification)
inspection, leak test, functional test, calibration) - circuit breakers and fuses
associated with a work activity - construction of conductors and insulators (such
- visual inspection characteristics (for example, as examples of various cables, shielding and
component free of corrosion, fasteners/ failure mechanisms)
terminations tight) - electron theory
- installation activities (for example, wiring - inductance, capacitance, impedance, resonance
checks, pressure tests, torque verifications) and reactance
- operational test characteristics (for example, - instrumentation schematics, control circuitry,
proper rotation, temperature, voltage, pressure) ground detection and protective relaying
- Identifies alarms, indications, interlocks and (including the use of associated drawings for
automatic features affected by important diagnosing circuit trouble)
maintenance activities
- Identifies abnormal system and component

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 19

 - magnetism (such as Faraday’s Law of - structural and auxiliary equipment
Induction, Lenz’s Law, amp-turns, volt-turns, - hoists and cranes
B&H fields) - fire barriers
- relays - electric boilers
- series, parallel and combination circuits -  elevators
applied to AC and DC circuits - valve actuators
- Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems - manual operation
- theory of operation of plant electrical - testing
components - position indication
- motors (such as types and - environmental impact
classifications) • Explains detailed construction and use of the following:
- generators (such as types and - battery systems
classifications) - cathodic protection systems
-  transformers - electrical distribution, including alternating and
- types, functions and operation direct current systems
- fault symptoms and hazards - emergency power systems
- safety and environmental precautions - generator excitation and control systems
associated with cooling mediums (such as oil, - protective relaying systems
air, hydrogen) - station heat tracing systems
- fire protection systems - transformer systems and auxiliaries
- voltage regulators • Is able to perform the following specialized tasks
- linear and switching power supplies - breaker operation, setting, adjustment and
- inverters (such as battery backup systems) repair
• Diagnoses problems and performs maintenance on the - motor-operated valve diagnostic testing
following equipment - motor overhauls
- electrical supply components - high potential (“hi-pot”) tests
- switchgear, load centers and motor - stress relief of major components
control centers - high voltage connection preparation
-  transformers - relay setting, adjustment, calibration and repair
- inverters and uninterruptible power - special soldering
supplies - tempering and annealing
- circuit breakers - battery load testing
- batteries and chargers - switchgear testing
- electrical control components
-  relays
-  meters
- control circuits
-  cables
- resistive electrical equipment
-  heaters
- heat tracing
- rotating equipment
-  motors
-  generators
-  motor-generators

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 20

INSTRUMENT & CONTROL TECHNICIANS - structural and auxiliary equipment
1. Maintain and Repair Equipment - valve actuators
• Is able to describe the following: - manual operations
- advanced electronics theory, including operational - alignment for remote control and/or
amplifiers, integrated circuits and solid state automatic operation
circuitry -  testing
- digital electronics, including the different type of - position indication
logics used and methods for programming and - impact of environmental conditions
controlling circuit timing • Troubleshoots and repairs the following systems and
- electrical circuit and instrument loop schematics equipment
- pneumatic and hydraulic valve operator - analytical equipment
fundamentals - circuit boards
- principles of operation of on-line chemistry - computers
instrumentation such as conductivity analyzers, - turbine control system
turbidity detectors and dissolved oxygen - variable-speed pump controls
instruments
- process measurement systems for pressure, WIND TECHNICIANS
temperature, flow, level and vibration 1. Foundational Science and Engineering Concepts
- process control, loop tuning and control • Is able to describe the power generation delivery grid
fundamentals system from generation to end user including VARS
(Vertical and Azimuth Reference System)
• Diagnoses problems and performs maintenance on the • Describes wind energy and the way it is harnessed
following components • Defines kinetic energy
- electronic equipment • Lists and describes the topography and weather
- computers/microprocessors patterns of states that effectively harness wind
- analyzers • Explains hydraulics (brakes and/or blade/tip pitching)
- signal converters
- electrical components
- power supplies
-  transformers
-  breakers
-  relays
- fire barriers
- hoists and cranes
- instrumentation components, including
problems associated with placing components
into or out of service (such as valving
transmitters being placed into service)
- sensors and detectors
- transmitters and indicators
- recorders and annunciators
- controllers and positioners

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 21

• Comprehends gearing, fasteners, torquing, and 3. Install, Maintain and Repair Equipment
lubrication (oils and greases) • Reads and follows plans, drawings, schematics and
• Comprehends how Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) installation manuals
are utilized • Ensures proper assembly and safe installation of tilt-up
• Has a basic understanding of aviation terminology and towers and turbine including fasteners and guy cables
basic aerodynamics (physics) and appropriate tensioning of cables
• Is knowledgeable in instrumentation and controls logic • Utilizes crane operator signals and protocols when
theory working with a crane operator
• Has a basic understanding of fiber optics • Installs all electrical components including inverters,
• Has an understanding of basic rigging controllers, grounding, lightning, surge and over-
• Is knowledgeable in wind turbine concepts such as: current protection devices, junction boxes, batteries,
- Statics dynamics disconnects and monitoring equipment according to
- Thermodynamics NEC and equipment specifications
- Basic meteorology • Programs, adjusts and configures inverters and
controllers for desired set-points and operating modes
2. System Design • Has knowledge of location of material and parts
• Quantifies customers’ energy needs including peak- storage
load demand • Has knowledge of lifting equipment and ability to
• Identifies suitable site based on soil types and access manufacturer’s specifications
obstructions • Has knowledge of wind turbine components and how
• Determine minimum tower height they interact
• Estimates wind shear, average annual wind speed and • Has knowledge of how the site collection system
turbulence operates and interacts with the substation
• Establishes system performance expectations • Is able to test for and determine status of wind turbines
• Selects major components and determines general • Is knowledgeable of normal operations of wind turbines
configuration and the ability to acquire and verify base line readings
• Identifies zoning, building permit, setback, right-of-way • Visually inspects mechanical installation for structural
and FAA requirements integrity
• Determines appropriate footer, tower configuration/ • Verifies proper wiring practice, polarity or phase,
design, earth anchors and guy lengths based on site, grounding and integrity of terminations
soil, structural code requirements and equipment • Observes and listens to turbine and equipment to
manufacturer specifications determine if system is operating correctly
• Determines wire sizing, de-rated ampicity, voltage • Checks fasteners and guy cables for proper tension
drops, over-current and disconnect devices and • Verifies and demonstrates complete functionality and
appropriate grounding based on equipment performance of the system including start-up, shut-
manufacturer specifications down, normal operation and emergency or bypass
operation
• Performs mechanical and electrical diagnostic
procedures, implementing service procedures for the
tower, fasteners, guy wires, turbine, wiring, grounding
system, lightning protection and batteries
• Identifies and corrects performance issues and safety
concerns

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 22

 • Determines appropriate sizes, ratings and locations
for all system overcurrent devices, disconnect
devices, grounding equipment and surge suppression
equipment
• Determines connection interfaces for additional
subpanels or for connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems
with utility services or other power generation sources
• Determines photovoltaic (PV) system designs or
configurations based on factors such as customer
needs, expectations and site conditions

BIOMASS AND BIOFUELS TECHNICIANS

• Discusses the major sources of biomass
• Defines biofuels (e.g. ethanol, biodiesel and methanol)
• Outlines the pyramid of energy flow, including the
different trophic levels
SOLAR TECHNICIANS • Describes the major sources, scale and impacts of
• Describes solar energy and how it is harnessed biomass energy
• Explains the differences between passive solar and • Measures and monitors raw biomass feedstock,
active solar including wood, waste or refuse materials
• Is able to diagram PhotoVoltaic cells (e.g. array, panel, • Operates valves, pumps, engines or generators to
module and boron-enriched silicon) control and adjust production of biofuels or biomass-
• Describes a central receiver system fueled power
• Identifies parts of a solar plant • Performs routine maintenance or make minor repairs
• Assembles solar modules, panels, or support to mechanical, electrical or electronic equipment in
structures, as specified biomass plants
• Installs active solar systems, including solar collectors, • Assesses quality of biomass feedstock
concentrators, pumps or fans • Calculates, measures, loads or mixes biomass
• Installs photovoltaic (PV) systems in accordance with feedstock for power generation
codes and standards using drawings, schematics and • Calibrates liquid flow devices or meters, including fuel,
instructions chemical and water meters
• Performs routine photovoltaic (PV) system maintenance • Inspects biomass power plant or processing
on modules, arrays, batteries, power conditioning equipment, recording or reporting damage and
equipment, safety systems, structural systems, mechanical problems
weather sealing or balance of systems equipment • Operates biomass fuel-burning boiler or biomass fuel
• Activates photovoltaic (PV) systems to verify system gasification system equipment in accordance with
functionality and conformity to performance specifications or instructions.
expectations • Operates equipment to heat biomass, using knowledge
• Applies weather sealing to array, building or support of controls, combustion and firing mechanisms
mechanisms • Operates equipment to start, stop or regulate biomass-
• Checks electrical installation for proper wiring, polarity, fueled generators, generator units, boilers, engines or
grounding or integrity of terminations auxiliary systems

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 23

• Calculates, measures, loads or mixes refined feedstock • Designs and lays out geothermal heat systems
used in biofuels production according to property characteristics, heating
• Operates chemical processing equipment for the and cooling requirements, piping and equipment
production of biofuels requirements, applicable regulations or other factors
• Operates equipment, such as a centrifuge, to extract • Determines the type of geothermal loop system most
biofuels products and secondary by-products or suitable to a specific property and its heating and
reusable fractions cooling needs
• Operates valves, pumps, engines or generators to • Digs trenches for system piping to appropriate depths
control and adjust biofuels production and lay piping in trenches
• Processes refined feedstock with additives in • Prepares newly installed geothermal heat systems for
fermentation or reaction process vessels operation by flushing, purging or other actions
• Assesses the quality of biofuels additives for
reprocessing HYDROPOWER AND MARINE ENERGY
• Calibrates liquid flow devices and meters including TECHNICIANS
fuel, chemical and water meters • Defines hydropower
• Collects biofuels samples and performs routine • Explains how hydropower works
laboratory tests or analyses to assess biofuels quality • Describes ways that hydropower can be utilized without
• Inspects biofuels plant or processing equipment harming fish and wildlife
regularly, recording or reporting damage and • Defines marine energy
mechanical problems • Explains how marine energy works
• Measures and monitors raw biofuels feedstock • Identifies and addresses malfunctions of hydroelectric
plant operational equipment, such as generators,
GEOTHERMAL TECHNICIANS transformers and turbines
• Defines geothermal • Monitors hydroelectric power plant equipment
• Identifies how geothermal energy can be used for operation and performance, adjusting to performance
generation specifications, as necessary
• Explains the process used for Geothermal Heat Pumps • Starts, adjusts and stops generating units, operating
(GHP) and geoexchange valves, gates or auxiliary equipment in hydroelectric
• Identifies and corrects malfunctions of geothermal power generating plants
plant equipment, electrical systems, instrumentation or • Communicates status of hydroelectric operating
controls equipment to dispatchers or supervisors
• Installs, maintains or repairs ground or water source- • Implements load and switching orders in hydroelectric
coupled heat pumps to heat and cool residential or plants in accordance with specifications or instructions
commercial building air or water • Inspects water-powered electric generators and
• Monitors and adjusts operations of geothermal power auxiliary equipment in hydroelectric plants to verify
plant equipment or systems proper operation and to determine maintenance or
• Adjusts power production systems to meet load and repair needs
distribution demands • Installs and calibrates electrical and mechanical
• Backfills piping trenches to protect pipes from damage equipment, such as motors, engines, switchboards,
• Calculates heat loss and heat gain factors for relays, switch gears, meters, pumps, hydraulics and
residential properties to determine heating and cooling flood channels
required by installed geothermal systems • Maintains logs, reports, work requests and other
records of work performed in hydroelectric plants

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 24

• Maintains or repairs hydroelectric plant electrical,
mechanical and electronic equipment, such as motors,
transformers, voltage regulators, generators, relays,
battery systems, air compressors, sump pumps, gates
and valves
• Operates high voltage switches and related devices in
hydropower stations

NUCLEAR GENERATION: For information on

the required competencies for nuclear generation
positions, please refer to INPO’s ACAD 08-006
document • Cleans, tins and splices corresponding conductors by
twisting ends together or by joining ends with metal
ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION: clamps and soldering connections
• Climbs poles or uses truck-mounted buckets to access
LINEWORKER equipment
• Installs, changes, transfers, moves and removes • Enters manholes and other confined spaces with
poles, pole line hardware, guys, transformers, energized cables to access equipment
lightning arresters, streetlight equipment, electrical • Terminates underground cabling
cable, cross-arms, energized conductors, insulators, • Performs energized gloved hand work
conduit, capacitor bank controls and any and all forms • Cuts and peels lead sheathing and insulation from
of electrical material and accessories utilized in the defective or newly installed cables and conduits prior to
construction, maintenance and operation of electric splicing
circuits • Identifies defective sectionalizing devices, circuit
• Installs, uses and removes protective equipment and breakers, fuses, voltage regulators, transformers,
devices on energized electric circuits of all voltages switches, relays or wiring using wiring diagrams and
• Works with hot line tools on circuits electrical-testing instruments
• Performs steel tower structural work including the • Lays underground cable directly in trenches or strings
erection and removal and repair of steel towers and it through conduit through the trenches
electrical equipment • Opens switches or attaches grounding devices in order
• Installs and removes single-phase socket type meters to remove electrical hazards from disturbed or fallen
through Class 200/240V on single family and duplex lines or to facilitate repairs
dwellings in conjunction with the installation and • Installs and maintains street light circuits
removal of services • Sets and removes street light poles
• Operates switches and cutouts in transmission and • Performs minor tree trimming, cutting brush and
distribution circuits removing line detriments to the extent necessary in
• Inspects poles and towers, making climbing performance of work assignment
inspections of conductors and equipment • Understands mechanical relationships in practical
• Drives trucks and is responsible for truck, tools and situations such as understanding leverage, how pulleys
equipment work, the directions fear arrangements turn, heat flow,
• Locates underground gas and electric facilities in centrifugal force, etc.
conjunction with work assignment • Is able to visualize length, width, thickness, height or
depth and the differences among shapes, widths or
lengths

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 25

SUBSTATION TECHNICIAN • Complies with safety procedures with respect to
• Analyzes test data in order to diagnose malfunctions, to substation and field equipment inspection and
determine performance characteristics of systems and knowledge of APM (Accident Prevention Manual)
to evaluate effects of system modifications • Understands and uses the documentation and
• Constructs new substations and installs grounding reporting procedures for
grid, equipment and connections abnormal conditions
• Constructs, tests, maintains and repairs substation • Is knowledgeable of the requirements for alerting
relay and control systems environmental authorities
• Consults manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams and • Understands blueprint symbols
engineering personnel in order to troubleshoot and • Is knowledgeable of blueprint index and updating
solve equipment problems and to determine optimum procedures
equipment functioning • Stays current with inspection procedures and operating
• Inspects and tests equipment and circuits to identify bulletins
malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and • Demonstrates a functional knowledge of a substation
testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters or one line diagram
ammeters • Demonstrates how to properly complete a substation
• Opens and closes switches to isolate defective relays, switching order
then performs adjustments or repairs • Identifies all equipment in a typical substation
• Repairs, replaces and cleans equipment and • Reads and identifies the name plate data on substation
components such as circuit breakers, brushes and equipment
commutators • Describes the function of and components of a recloser
• Runs signal quality and connectivity tests for individual relay unit
cables and records results • Reads and diagnoses targets and lockout mode of a
• Disconnects voltage regulators, bolts and crews and substation recloser
connects replacement regulators to high-voltage lines • Changes out a recloser relay unit
• Maintains inventories of spare parts for all equipment, • Places a substation recloser in non-automatic
requisitioning parts as necessary operation
• Is knowledgeable of circuit boards, processors, chips, • Safely operates a gang operated air break transmission
electronic equipment and computer hardware and class switch
software, including applications and programming • Describes the component parts of a oil/vacuum break
• Installs, tests and maintains transmission and recloser
distribution metering, control and relaying systems • Safely executes a buss tie and transfer breaker loads
• Installs, tests and maintains transmission and • Checks and services a substation battery bank
distribution supervisory control equipment (SCADA) • Demonstrates testing and replacing a distribution class
telemetering systems, load control equipment, line sand fuse
carrier, tone equipment and microwave equipment • Racks out a substation recloser
• Performs switching of electrical substation and switch • Racks out a substation regulator
gear equipment • Executes the procedure to reset a tripped off recloser
• Is able to use inspection sheets and forms • Restores power to an off-line substation
• Understands the tools used in substation and • Reads and evaluates a remote status recloser
equipment inspection controller and switchboard operator
• Is able to accurately measure quantities and obtains • Monitors and checks station conditions, recognize and
accurate readings investigate abnormal conditions and reports them
• Is knowledgeable of equipment loading and
temperature limits

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 26

 • Is knowledgeable of reinforced concrete and structural
steel systems (e.g. vertical and horizontal loads on
beams and columns, bending, shear, compressive and
tensile stresses and deflection analysis)
• Connects wires to circuit breakers, transformers or
other components
• Repairs or replaces wiring, equipment and fixtures,
using hand tools and power tools
• Assembles, installs, tests and maintains electrical or
electronic wiring, equipment, appliances, apparatus
and fixtures, using hand tools and power tools
• Tests electrical systems and continuity of circuits
in electrical wiring, equipment and fixtures, using
testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters and
oscilloscopes, to ensure compatibility and safety of
SUBSTATION CONSTRUCTION system
• Applies knowledge of materials, methods, and • Uses a variety of tools and equipment such as power
techniques to construct major utility systems such as construction equipment, measuring devices, power
power plants, water, sewer, communication, electrical, tools and testing equipment including oscilloscopes,
nuclear power, refineries and natural gas facilities ammeters and test lamps
• Interprets documentation, detailed instructions, • Plans layout and installation of electrical wiring,
drawings or specifications about how devices, equipment and fixtures, based on job specifications and
parts, equipment or structures are to be fabricated, local codes
constructed, assembled, modified, maintained or used
• Converts scaled blueprint drawing measurements to RELAY TECHNICIAN
full dimensions for a given project • Conducts system troubleshooting
• Demolishes and/or disassemble and remove structures • Assesses parts/supplies for repair(s)
and buildings prior to repair or new construction • Gathers problem-specific data and clearances (take out
• Understands the uses of different types of construction of service)
cranes • Performs problem-specific troubleshooting technique
• Performs crane inspections repair(s) and system/equipment test
• Safely performs crane operations • Performs repairs on:
• Safely operates forklifts - Power circuit breaker controls
• Demonstrates good lifting practices and proper rigging - Power transformer controls
• Identifies and uses proper hand signals, slings, rigging - Valve positioners
hardware and hitch configurations - Pressure/level & temperature controllers
• Understands basic load-handling safety practices - Programmable logic control
• Demonstrates how to work out signal use with spotters - Regulator controls
• Installs structural steel in the construction of bridges, - Capacitor controls
roads and utilities - Transmitters
• Erects, bolts, rivets, and/or welds fabricated structural - Receivers
metal members that support the structure during and • Performs system functional tests, including control/
after construction instrument tests, protective relay system tests and
• Sets steel bars (rebar) or steel mesh in forms to control systems functional tests
strengthen concrete structures

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 27

• Performs protective relay calibration tests, including: • Determines the order of work and the method or
- Current relaying presentation
- Differential relaying • Explains drawings to construction crew
- Distance relaying • Prepares and interprets specification, calculating
- Breaker failure relaying weights, volumes and stress factors
- Communication-aided tripping • Uses CADD software for generating 2-D and 3-D
- Voltage relaying working drawings and solid model drawings for use in
- Frequency relaying other programs and to update company records with
- Pilot relaying new and replacement equipment
• Performs instrumentation calibration tests on • Inspects poles and towers, making reports to
temperature, voltage and current supervisor on conditions
• Performs metering system calibration tests, including • Locates underground gas and electric facilities in
full load, lead/lag, element balance and light load conjunction with work assignment
• Obtains system-specific clearances (take out of service) • Performs location look-ups and prepares work orders
• Releases system-specific clearances (return to service) for storm restoration
• Maintains equipment records • Performs standardized current load readings,
• Maintains process system drawings calculates maximum generator load and recommends
• Participates in tailboard safety process upgrades if the system is near full capacity
• Procures job-specific inventory • Works closely with circuit design engineers to test and
• Maintains inventory control repair circuits designed by the electrical engineering
design team down to the component level
ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN • Is familiar with mechanical engineering and
• Develops specifications and instructions for installation architectural design and construction principles
of voltage transformers, overhead or underground • Interprets and creates engineering drawings following
cables and related electrical equipment used to the standard conventions of engineering graphical
conduct electrical energy from transmission lines or communication
high-voltage distribution lines to consumers • Uses sketches and CADD software as an integral tool in
• Assembles documentation packages and produces the design process and is able to persuasively present a
drawing sets design using generated drawings and computer models
• Drafts working drawings, wiring diagrams, wiring in a comprehensive design presentation
connection specifications or cross-sections of • Assembles, reviews, distributes and files
underground cables as required for instructions to documentation for engineering projects
installation crew • Prepares period reports and special analytical reports
• Draws master sketches to scale showing relation of as requested
proposed installation to existing facilities and exact • Prepares charts and graphs
specifications and dimensions • Works with mainframe and PC computer systems
• Measures factors that affect installation and to manage, generate and report on information as
arrangement of equipment such as distances to be requested
spanned by wire and cable • Prepares project authorizations, work orders,
• Studies work order requests to determine type of requisitions, retirement forms, letters and memos
service such as lighting or power demanded by
installation
• Visits proposed installation sites and draws rough
sketches of location

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 28

METER TECHNICIAN • Measures, cuts, threads and bends pipe to required
• Installs, adjusts, calibrates, maintains and repairs angle, using hand and power tools or machines such
various types of single phase electric meter equipment as pipe cutters, pipe-threading machines and pipe
• Discusses the technology behind three phase bending machines
distribution class metering • Aligns and positions pipes to prepare them for welding
• Assists in the installation of three-phase meters used or sealing
with instrument transformers; tests all single-phase • Is knowledgeable of the nature of inaccuracy,
meters in service misalignment and pipe strain and addresses the
• Ensures that metering is accurate and reliable methods of correcting them
throughout the system • Is able to describe the various devices that appear in
• Field tests for complaint orders and consults with pipelines, including bleed rings, ball and expansion
customers joints, steam traps, drip legs, desuperheaters and
• Participates in the investigation of energy diversion measuring devices for temperature, level, flow rate and
• Identifies various types of service and meter loops pressure
• Is knowledgeable of the differences in application
GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION of copper and plastic pipe and tubing and is able to
describe the methods of assembling plastic pipe and
PIPEFITTERS/PIPELAYERS (Installs and maintains gas tubing, compression and flared fittings and joining
main and service piping) methods for grooved and compression formed fittings
• Complies with the procedures necessary to ensure a • Understands brazing, soldering and the differences
safe and healthy work environment between the two methods
• Lays out, assembles, installs and maintains pipe • Is knowledgeable of chemical, compressed air, fuel oil,
systems and pipe supports for use in the transmission steam and water systems
and distribution of natural gas • Is able to identify piping systems according to color
• Reads, understands and creates basic prints used in codes
the design, operation and maintenance of gas networks • Digs trenches to desired or required depths by hand or
including engineering drawings, diagrams and using trenching tools
schematics • Grades and levels trench bases using tamping
• Selects pipe sizes and types and related materials, machines or hand tools
such as supports, hangers and hydraulic cylinders • Locates existing pipes needing repair or replacement
according to specification using magnetic or radio indicators
• Assembles and secures pipes, tubes, fittings and • Is able to identify and provide installation methods for
related equipment according to specification by different types of valves
welding, brazing, cementing, soldering or threading • Is knowledgeable in the procedures for valve storage
joints and handling
• Cuts, threads and hammers pipe to specifications using • Replaces, repairs or adjusts defective valve or regulator
tools such as saws, cutting torches and pipe threaders parts and tightens attachments, using hand tools,
and benders power tools and welder
• Inspects, examines and tests installed systems and • Understands the safest ways to maintain valves
pipe lines using pressure gauges, hydrostatic testing, • Is able to replace packing and o-rings, as well as how
observation and other methods to open and close a valve’s bonnet
• Locates and makes the position of pipe installations, • Demonstrates general trouble shooting and
connections, passage holes and fixtures in structures, maintenance of several types of valves
using measuring instruments such as rulers and levels

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 29

• Is able to identify the types of valves that: • Understands and applies the principles of pipe fitting
- Start and stop flow - Tightening collars
- Regulate flow - Unions
- Relieve pressure - Right side up vs upside down
- Regulate the direction of flow - Make up measurement
• Tests valves and regulators for leaks, temperature and -  Insulated
pressure settings using precision testing equipment - Ells
• Examines valves or mechanical control device parts for - Make up measurement
defects, dents or loose attachments -  Couplings
• Cleans corrosives and other deposits from serviceable - Street ells
parts, using solvents, wire brushes or sandblaster - Meters, spuds and nuts
• Lubricates wearing surfaces of mechanical parts using - Nipples
oils or other lubricants - Diameter and length
• Operates digging equipment such as back hoes and - Male and female threads
Kubota’s - Pipe threader
• Is able to use pavement breaking equipment, digging - Maintenance and cutting oil
bars and hand shovels in regard to gas maintenance - Bushings
and emergency response activities -  Reducers
• Understands soil behavior as it relates to trench - End to center measurement
failures, including common indications of an unstable - End to end measurement
trench - Pipe dope
• Is knowledgeable of typical shoring, shielding and - Use and purpose
sloping methods • Explains pneumatic safety
• Is able to identify characteristics that may make • Explains the physical characteristics of gas
a trench a confined space and describe the safety
measures needed to work in the trench
• Understands common methods for preparing the
trench for pipe installation, including stabilization,
bedding and initial backfill. Describes effective methods
for dewatering a trench and is able to troubleshoot
dewatering equipment
• Is knowledgeable of trench and excavation practices
such as:
- the use of shoring materials per OSHA
standards and covers shoring systems
- installing a hydraulic vertical shore
- determining the overall fall of a gas main or
service
- setting the grade and elevation of a trench
- backfilling

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 30

• Explains compressing gases • Assembles new or reconditioned appliances
• Explains the pneumatic transmission of energy • Dismantles meters and regulators and replaces
• Explains the principles of compressor operation defective pipes, thermocouples, thermostats, valves
• Identifies and explains types of gas pipeline equipment and indicator spindles using hand tools
• Identifies and explains pneumatic system components • Maintains stock of parts used in on-site installation,
and symbols maintenance and repair of appliances
• Demonstrates an understanding of the design limits of • Observes and examines appliance during operation
pipelines to detect specific malfunction, such as loose parts or
• Locates underground structures leaking fluid
• Maintains the pipeline route • Replaces worn and defective parts
• Excavates utilities and pipeline components • Installs meters, service regulators and associated
• Applies coatings piping
• Performs flange tightening
• Runs pigs and performs maintenance pigging METER AND CONTROL TECHNICIAN
• Inspects the pipeline following excavation activities and • Installs, operates and maintains odorizers, regulators
performs a leakage survey after blasting and metering equipment in town border stations
• Conducts a leakage survey of natural gas pipelines (TBS), district regulator stations (DRS )and industrial
regulator and meter stations
GAS SERVICE TECHNICIAN • Repairs and calibrates and replaces corrected reading
1. Emergency Response instruments such as emcorrectors and base pressure
• Inspects service lines and house lines, investigates leak indexes
fume complaints, restores and terminates gas service • Repairs, tests, calibrates and replaces all types of
and performs pressure checks at customer’s premises positive meters including rotary displacement meters
• Is able to use equipment to detect leaks both in a • Replaces parts and equipment such as valves and
customer’s premises or outdoors such as CGI gas diaphragms
scope leak machine and Gas Ranger • Disassembles, repairs and reassembles all types of
• Locates and marks out underground gas and electric control regulators and relief regulators including self
facilities in conjunction with work assignment operating, pilot operating and control valves
• Troubleshoots situation to determine corrective action • Repairs and replaces parts and equipment such as
required to make location safe seats, springs and diaphragms
• Repairs gas leaks as necessary or makes location safe • Makes required tests, inspections and surveys including
for future repair leak tests, pressure tests, insulation tests, field tests
• Cooperates with local, state and federal agencies to and repair of large capacity meters
ensure appropriate procedures are followed • Makes pressure surveys using prescribed methods
• Shuts off gas service as necessary • Makes periodic checks on delivery pressure and
• Re-lights gas equipment operation of all regulators, control valves and odorizing
2. Operations and Maintenance equipment
• Repairs and installs gas appliances and equipment • Regularly inspects, greases and checks for proper
such as ovens, dryers and hot water heaters operation of transmission and distribution system and
• Measures, cut and threads pipe and connects it to large consumer gas valves
feeder lines and equipment or appliance using ruler • Sets, tests, repairs and calibrates orifice gauges,
and hand tools telemetering and Remote Operating Controllers (ROC)
• Tests and examines pipelines and equipment to locate • Checks, repairs and calibrates recording thermometers
leaks and faulty connections and to determine pressure
and flow of gas

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 31

• Estimates, calculates and applies volume of gas to • Explains how to avoid electric shock when welding
line used by customers while operating bypass and is • Identifies and explains the use of oxyfuel cutting
responsible for maintaining service to customer during equipment
such bypass • Is able to perform oxyfuel cutting
• Makes calculations to obtain various factors that are - Straight line and square shapes
used in testing meters with critical flow prover, low - Piercing and slot cutting
pressure flow prover and computer operated transfer - Bevels
flow prover - Washing
• Installs, maintains and repairs regulators, regulator - Gouging
pits, structures and piping, large commercial and • Is responsible for the care, maintenance and correct
industrial meters, city gate stations, pressure relief use of the following types of general hand tools:
devices, recording devices and other related equipment - Pipe vise
• Maintains charts at commercial and industrial meters - Pipe wrenches (leverage/backwards)
and regulator locations - Channel locks (leverage/backwards)
- Hook knives
WELDER - Pressure gauges/air gauges
• Understands and applies the principles of pipe fitting • Is responsible for the care, maintenance and correct
- Tightening collars use of the following special welding tools:
- Unions - Rubber service stoppers
- Right side up vs upside down - Expander plug stopper
- Make up measurement -  Cutters
-  Insulated - Squares
- Ells - Center finders
- Make up measurement - Flange levels
-  Couplings - Wrap arounds
- Street ells
- Meters spuds and nuts
- Nipples
- Diameter and length
- Male and female threads
- Pipe threader
- Maintenance and cutting oil
- Bushings
-  Reducers
- End to center measurement
- End to end measurement
- Pipe dope
- Use and purpose
• Is able to explain and identify proper personal
protection used in welding
• Demonstrates safety techniques for storing and
handling cylinders.

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 32

 • Is able to discriminate between visual details at
Tier 7 Industry-Specific Job Specific distances beyond arm’s length (e.g., scanning a control
Education and Certification | Energy panel, looking for surface flaws, spotting circuit
Generation, Transmission and breakers, etc.)
Distribution • Is able to see details at close range
• Is able to keep hand and arm steady while moving arm
or holding arm and hand in one position
NON-NUCLEAR GENERATION
• Is able to quickly move hand, hand together with arm or
• High school diploma or GED
two hands to grasp, manipulate or assemble objects
• Basic knowledge of first aid and CPR
• Is able to identify attributes of objects such as size,
• Possession of a valid driver’s license
shape, temperature or texture, principally by means of
• SEAL license (state requirement)
the fingertips
• Physical Requirements
• Is able to recognize colors, for instance in
- Is able to perform manual work, i.e., standing,
distinguishing wires, resistors, containers or light
stooping and walking
signals
- Is able to lift up to 45 lbs
• Is able to lift, push, pull or carry objects greater than 50
- Is able to climb ladders 200+ feet above the
lbs
ground without assistance on a frequent basis
• Is able to work in confined spaces
- Is able to work outdoors in extreme cold and
• Is able to climb poles 35+ tall or work in a truck-
heat for extended periods of time
mounted bucket
- Is able to work in noisy conditions
• Is able to work in situations involving physical danger or
- Is able to work in enclosed spaces
discomfort
- Is able to discriminate between fine visual
• Is willing to work in all types of weather conditions
details at eighteen inches or less (inspecting a
part, machining a piece, reading a print, etc.)
- Is able to recognize colors, for example in GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
• Must possess a high school diploma or equivalent
distinguishing wires, resistors, containers or
• Must possess a valid driver’s license
light signals
• Refrigeration license desirable
- Is able to detect heat or vibration in equipment
• Is able to see details at close range
or machinery parts by feeling
• Is able to keep hand and arm steady while moving arm
- Is able to use one’s hands and fingers to adjust
or holding arm and hand in one position
or manipulate hand controls, tools or objects
• Is able to quickly move hand, hand together with arm or
based on what is seen or to coordinate actions
two hands to grasp, manipulate or assemble objects
- Is able to climb stairs and ladders, operate stiff
• Is able to lift, push, pull or carry objects greater than 50
valves manually, lift weights, control pneumatic
lbs
or hydraulic wrenches
• Is able to use a jack hammer or other similar
equipment
ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
• Is able to drive construction equipment such as a back
• Must possess a high school diploma or equivalent
hoe or Kubota
• Must possess a valid driver’s license
• Is able to work in confined spaces
• Must possess or be able to obtain a Commercial
Driver’s License
• Must be able to ascend and descend poles, structures,
manholes, etc.

CEWD: Energy Industry Competency Model: Generation, Transmission and Distribution | 33

 Formed in March 2006, the Center for Energy Workforce Development (CEWD) is a
non-profit consortium of electric, natural gas, and nuclear utilities, contractors and
their associations—Edison Electric Institute, American Gas Association, American
Public Power Association, Nuclear Energy Institute, National Rural Electric
Cooperative Association, and Distribution Contractors Association.

701 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004-2696 • 202-638-5802

www.cewd.org | www.getintoenergy.com | www.troopstoenergyjobs.com

Center for Energy Workforce Development (CEWD)

@GetIntoEnergy

Center for Energy Workforce Development

For information, please contact us at [email protected].

Updated March 2021 | Copyright © 2021 by CEWD
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