5/11/2024 : Lecture 31

exless
bandwidth

↓ Excess BW =

CBR
↓ notice for G =
the fail decays
maintaining /low) Sty +]
Rb
=
faster where =

Isl but
Sacrificing
data rate

Condition for NO ISI :

XIf) Gift (f) elf) x(n) = x (nT)

S2n There
= =

"F #
Assumption : = 1
If1 W

*
elf) = G (f) : matched filter
*
=> G(f) .
G (f) = IG(fil =
X (f) =
Xro(f) Modified Condition :

= IG/fl =
rolf)

S
or G(f) :
Murofl x(n) =
1
,
n = 0 1 1
un
O otherwise
Root-raised cosine pulse
,

Pulse
Duobinary
·
:

4 (() = simc/25Wf + sinc[IW(t-11

x(f) _ (s)
=
* Matched Filter :

=Y
noise
esignal
V() = S(t) + n(t)

h(t) =
s(T-t) >
-
Matched filter
Noise
power

H(f) = = (hH1)

=Y
=(f) est e(t)
matched filter satisfies the
following
properties :

117(1) =
15*7) :
1S/f) So ,

LHf) = -

(S(f)-lift SNRop = +

u(t) h(t)
&
he
y(H) = *

A
= SCH * h(t) +
un
YSH)
↓ ↓
opp component op component

Y
of signal of noise

Y (f) =
J (ys(1) =
Sif)H(f)

Is
= Y Inrf-Q
- 4

un
If
jufT
Cauchy-Schwartz
inequality
at t T
sampling

musi
=

(SNRolp) a
VCH = n() + h(t)

Sur(f1 =
Sunif) /M/FT12 ↑ Sunfl
No2
Sunif) =

No #f ·
*
-

Noh(f) a
Surf
f) (SNRopIman Is makpossible
: =

This NOTwhitens
>
-

↓ Y
.
matched filter
PSDa H
Equality for D holds Iff :
↑ (f)
FT
H(f) *
M
=
65
const
some complex
↓

befrequency
this is matched -
maximizes SNR at opp
3
filter (for G 1) w w F
-

So
,
we design receive filter to selective facing
matched
filter .

due to non-ideal nature

of filter
raised cosine pulse won't
selecting -

remove ISI
7/11/2024
.

:
Lecture 32

↓
EQUALIZATION
always done at receiver

↑ 1(f)

G(f) of elf

*
&
-
w W

(f) = 1 # H > w
s
thi
~

radivalentine filter
i
at
Fading to
 (IAm-Anl <2) #
&
min
:

2 :Eg Em :
(cosm) , sincom
=
4 for M= 2 Om
M
· min = 0
,
Ebay
:
Sm =

( , 0 [- %] ,

as M4dmin t :M2 grows faster than

logm)

14/11/2024 : Lecture 34
X

ofbitsa
-

Ez F
* M-PSK (Phase Shift keying)
T ↓
this constellation
M = 2k is same as that

of 2-PAM
Sm() =
g(t)cos(2TH+ + Om) So BPSK = 2 -
PAM
Om
2xm) , ...
= m = 1 2
, ,
,

Sm(t) =
g()((os(2ift) cos(0m) sin(2f+) sin(0ml] -

#
The , +s , Billy
= + Om = 0
cos(om) (t) sin(Om ,

= (19 [E , , (0, ,

9 , ()
= g() cos( (0 -]
3 therea
,

ar
92H)
E gsin(ft functions o
Fel
= -
-

Sm()
= (0m)d () sinom
-
,

Om =

25 m = 1 2 M
- - -

, ,

M= 2 :
Binary
BPSK :
Om = 0 or Ti
-
Quaternary (C-PSK)
M= 4 PSK Om
.
: = = 0

symbol rector
↑

Em :
(cosm) , sincom
 Om =
25 m 1
M
-

m=1
,
2, - -
#
- M =2 into)
= =

Fell-cos(am
- On))

=
,,, ,,
-.
. .

⑭
-this
is
Circle
a

-los/mani)using
④ *
① -

⑭ m
dmn
=T
gq10s(tm-n)
Fen ↓
Q ↓
*
dist blu
-

this holds
with $ with symbol pt -

for any M .

as M4 all constellations points min-dist :

lie on the circle .

&min =s (m -n) =
all symbols in PSK have same energy .

11Sm/l
·
dmin =
FFs)]
Em
E(050m) Elsincn
=
= +

energya Em =

E Em Using : 1 -
Cos (20) = Isin(2)
*

Eb,ary =MEM
dain =
Fezsinm)
↓
ang. energy
also
,
Eg =
Ebarg Llogh
:

per bit -

dmn-su Im
"dming2logMsin(M) · 2

[Egosom Resin
4 =
-

2 baug(logM)(TM)
,

+
*
· Sin
min =

1-2 mi
 i-e TIM +O ·
another way to open st)

sin T (M)
Re((AmitsAma) fitg(+)]
Now , M is
if very large ,

Sm(H =

d min2 FFbary
(104) (
Umeom
* AmitjAmg =
&
min m=An +

Admin
to
is inversely proportional
M)
Om = Famil
(Amal
ive as order (M) increases So,

min - dist .

blu Symbols des .

Sm() =
ReCrmeSomjf
Sm(t) =
rmcos(2Tf + + Pm) ,
·
GC
#

1 ↓ m= 1 2 , -- - M
,

~
notice here
both
amplitude &
(like PAM)
* M-DAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation] phase are
varying
G Combination & PSK Clike PSK)
of PAM
Note : Both are equivalent
Sm() =
Re)(Ami + jAma)e2fot (+ )] expressions for Sm(t)

(
m =
,
, ..., M
1 2

M = 2)
Rectangular GAM (special casel
·

it in phase

2 quadrature Sm( =

Ami D ,
(H) +
Ama
=
Amig(cos(2f+ - AmagHsin(2ft) M- RAM + Ami =
2m-1-M ,
m = 1 2
, , · . -

.
it

SmH =

Amie,() +
Amat) Ang = 2m-l-o
,
M= 1 2
, , ·
- -

,
M

this construint
M = 2" =
M = 22 -
is only

=
for rect CAM

FyCHsin(ft)3Ms
P()
. .

gHcs(2ft
lowest value
of PAM (fork 1)= M= Y

-DAM
92() = -

of M

~ dimtoesn't
② change
M .
with
 · -
·

Fi E
-F
· Constellation of 4-CAM

-GAM is rotated QPSK"