10/9/2024

Chapter Outline

• Importance of water
Water Supply Engineering
• Development of public water supply system
(Chapter 1)
• Need for protected water supply
INTRODUCTION
• Objectives of public water supply system
Dr. Ali Mohammad Rahmani
Kandahar University • Planning of public water supply scheme for a town or city
Engineering Faculty
• Components of public water supply scheme
Water & Environmental Engineering Department
Semester : Sep ,2024 2

Importance of Water Supply Importance of Water Supply (Contd.)

Water Supply Engineering: Water is used for following purposes:

1. Drinking and cooking
The branch of civil engineering concerned with development
2. Bathing and washing
of source of supply, transmission , treatment and distribution
3. Street washing
of water. The term is most frequently used to municipal water 4. Watering of lawns and gardens
works, but applies also for water system of industry, irrigation 5. Swimming pools and display of fountains
6. Air-conditioning and heating system
and other purposes.
7. Industries and irrigation
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8. Disposal of household sewage
9. Recreational purposes
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Importance of Water Supply (Contd.) Importance of Water Supply (Contd.)

 Required for human, animals, plants and all living beings.

 Water is possibly the most important compound in living organisms.
 Protoplasm contains 80% of water, biochemical reaction in metabolism must be
 Water makes up 70 to 95 percent of most organisms. done in presence of water.

 Water keeps us alive, moderates climate, sculpts the land, removes  Almost 2/3 of human body is water.

and dilutes wastes and pollutants, and moves continually through the  Water is also needed for washing, bathing , cooking and etc.

hydrologic cycle.  We currently use more than half of the world’s reliable runoff of surface water and
could be using 70-90% by 2025.
 Only about 0.02% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as
 About 70% of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is not
liquid freshwater.
returned to these sources.

 Irrigation is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by industries (20%) and
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cities and residences (10%).

Development of Water Supply System Development of WS System (Contd.)

 Drinking water has been described as a physical, cultural, social,  Ramalingam et al. (2002) refer to the early pipes made by drilling
political and economic resource. stones, wood and clay.
 The history of transporting water through pipes for human  Cast iron pipes replaced early pipes in the 18th century.
consumption being around 3500 years ago.
 Significant developments in making pipes joints were witnessed in
 The first time pipes were used on the island of Crete.
the 19th century.
 Bathrooms and drains were common in the Indus Valley four
 Use of different materials for pipe manufacturing increased in the
millennia back (James, 2006).
20th centuries.
 A brief history of public water systems tracking back to 700 BC
when sloped hillside tunnels were built to transport water to Persia.  Walski et al. (2001) have published a brief history of water
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distribution technology beginning in 1500 BC. 8

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History of WS in Afghanistan History of WS in Afghanistan (Contd.)

 Water Supply in Kabul:  Water Supply in Kabul:

• The first water supply network in Kabul was established during • During 1954-1966, another water distribution reservoir
time of Amir Ab.Rahman Khan 1880-1901 ( Alim,1996).
with 7500 cum capacity was build on Barikot mountain.
• A closed canal called Dama Gah was used to supply water from
• WHO in 1971 has planned a project of water supply and
source (Spring) to the network. The canal was used till 1920.
its master plan for Kabul city in five phases. The source
• During time of Amir Habibullah Khan (1910-1920), water was
supplied from Paghman to Deh-Afghanan (center of Kabul).
of water was planned to get water from Afshar and the

• Later on in 1971-1973, a water distribution reservoir was

area along Logar River. Due to conflict the plan was not
constructed on the hill of Bagh Bala. applied.
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History of WS in Afghanistan (Contd.) Needs to Protect Water Supply

Water Supply in other Afghan cities:  After air the water is the most essential commodity for the
continuation of life.
• Water supply networks for other Afghan cities namely Kandahar,
Mazar-e-Sharif, Jalal Abad and Herat were started during 1970-1972  It is also a cleaning agent.
( Alim,1996).  An adequate and clean water is the basic requirement for domestic
use.
• The projects of Mazar-e-Sharif and Jalal Abad was completed in  Water is also required for various types of industries.
1973 and for Kandahar and Herat the projects were completed in  Water in good quantity is required for public use, like flushing of
sewer, street sprinkling, park and grounds, fire fighting etc.
1974.

• Later on for other cities such as Ghazni, Mehtterlam Baba, and Ghor
the projects were designed and completed during1977-1978 ( Alim,
1996). 11 12

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Needs to Protect Water Supply (Contd.) Objectives of Water Supply Engineering

Population growth
The main objectives of water supply systems are as follow:
Urbanization
1. To supply safe and wholesome water to the consumers.
Industrialization
2. To Supply water in adequate quantity.
Socioeconomic development
3. To make water available within easy reach of the
Supply of fresh water will be critical
consumer so as to encourage the general cleanliness.
Information, assessment and monitoring of
global water resources will be essential 13 14

Planning of public water supply scheme for a

town or city
Components of Water Supply Scheme

 Source of water The various components of a public water supply scheme are
as indicated below:
 Quality of water • Source of water (Surface and subsurface sources).
 Population • Intakes for collecting surface water.

 Rate of consumption • Water treatment plant.

• Service reservoirs.
 Topography of the area
• Control valves.
 Financial aspects • Distribution system comprising mains, sub mains, branch pipelines.
• Hydrants for fire fighting , flushing streets , etc.
 Trends of future development 15 16

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Typical WS Scheme Components Trends in Urbanization by Region

 Currently, world regions differ greatly in their levels of

urbanization. In more developed regions and in Latin
America and the Caribbean, over 70 percent of the population
is urban, whereas in Africa and Asia, under 40 percent of the
population is urban. By 2030, however, the urban proportion
of these two regions will exceed 50 percent.

 By 2030, roughly 60 percent of the world’s population will be 16

living in urban areas.

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Trends in Urbanization by Region Water Crisis

Urban Population
+9% +8%
 Every 8 seconds, a child dies from a water –related
Percent
85
82
+14
% +17 +18 76 74
disease
% %

61  50 percent of people in developing countries suffer

54 55 53
47 from one or more water related disease
42
37 37
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 Contamination of water is the cause for 80 percent of

15 17 diseases in the world

 50 percent of people on the earth lack adequate
World Africa Asia Latin America More
and the Developed
sanitation
Caribbean Regions

1950 2000 2030

 20 percent of freshwater fish species have been pushed
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Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (medium scenario), 2004.
to the edge of extinction from contaminated water.
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Water Crisis (Contd.) Water Crisis in Afghanistan

 There is more waste water generated and dispersed today than at any
• 52% do not have access to improved drinking
other time in the history of our planet.
water sources.
 More than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water,  32% live in urban area
namely 1.1 billion people, and more than two out of six lack  61% live in rural area
adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion people (Source: WHO and • 61% do not have access to improved sanitation
UNICEF, 2010).  23.5% live in urban area

 3900 children die every day from water borne diseases (WHO  71% live in rural area

2004). One must know that these figures represent only people with Source: WHO and UNICEF, 2010 & Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey – NRVA,
2014.
very poor conditions. In reality, these figures should be much higher.
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World Water Status of World Water

• Consider water quantities of the Earth: • Almost 97% of the water is salin water, and is found in the oceans
• Oceans: of the world.
• 97.2%
• Polar Ice:
• 2.15%
• Groundwater:
• 0.62%
• Others:
• 0.03% • 3% of the water is fresh water on which we depend.

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Thank you

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