CSE 1325: Digital Logic Design

Sidratul Tanzila Tasmi

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
United International University

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A Brief History of Number and Civilization
Counting Sheep

• Scenario: You are a person from the pre-historic era, without any number
system!

2
A Brief History of Number and Civilization (Cont.)

What about now?

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A Brief History of Number and Civilization
Counting Sheep

• Scenario: You are a person from the pre-historic era, without any number
system!

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A Brief History of Number and Civilization (Cont.)

What about now?

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A Brief History of Number and Civilization (Cont.)
Decimal Number System
1. Base-10 System: The decimal system is based on ten digits (0-9).
2. Historical Origin: It is believed that the decimal system was developed in ancient India
and later spread to other regions through trade and scholarship.

Babylonian (Base-60):
● The Babylonians used a base-60, or sexagesimal, system.
● They used two symbols to represent values from 1 to 59.

Roman Numerals:
● The Romans used letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) to represent numbers, which isn’t a
positional system.

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A Brief History of Number and Civilization (Cont.)
Different Civilizations Different Number Systems

The Mayans The Arabs The Babylonians

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The Decimal Number System

● The decimal number system contain ten unique symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.
● In decimal system 10 symbols are involved, so the base or radix is 10.
● It is a positional weighted system.
● The value attached to the symbol depends on its location with respect to the
decimal point.

For example:
9256.26 = 9 x 1000 (10 x 10 x 10) + 2 x 100 (10 x 10) + 5 x 10 + 6 x 1 + 2 x (1/10) + 6 x ( 1/100)
= 9 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100 + 2 x 10-1 + 6 x 10-2

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How can we understand the numbers of other civilizations ?

• If a civilization uses 16 digits:

• 16-base system
• 16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F), Example : (1F0.1D)16

• If a civilization uses 8 digits:

• 8-base system
• 8 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7), Example : (127.21)8

• If a civilization uses 2 digits:

• 2-base system
• 2 symbols (0,1), Example : (1011.01)2
•
• If a civilization uses n digits:
• n-base system, n symbols (0,1,2,…,n-1)

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Number System Conversions

Let us try out with this one (base 2):

• (101.011)2

• Now try this one:

(10101)₂ = (1 x 2⁴ ) + (0 x 2³) + ( 1x 2²) + ( 0 x 2¹ ) + (1 x 2⁰) = 16 + 0+ 4+ 0+ 1 = (21)₁₀

(111.101)₂ = (1 x 2² ) + (1 x 2¹ ) + ( 1x 2⁰) + ( 1 x 2⁻¹ ) + (0 x 2⁻² ) + (1 x 2⁻³ )
= 4+ 2+ 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= (7.625)₁₀

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The Binary Number System
● The binary number system is a positional weighted system.

1010 != 1100

● The base or radix of this number system is 2.

● It has two independent symbols.
● The symbols used are 0 and 1.
● A binary digit is called a bit.
● The binary point separates the integer and fraction parts.

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Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

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The Binary Number System (Cont.)

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Other Number Systems
Octal Number System: Hexadecimal Number System:

It is also a positional weighted system. The hexadecimal number system is a positional

Its base or radix is 8. weighted system.
It has 8 independent symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 The base or radix of this number system is 16.
and 7. The symbols used are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E
and F
Its base 8 = 2³ ,
every 3- bit group of binary can be The base 16 = 2⁴ , every 4 – bit group of binary
represented by an octal digit. can be represented by an hexadecimal digit.

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Types of Real Life Signals
Analogue Signal Digital Signal

Analogue signals are continuous, Discrete Representation: Digital signals represent

meaning they can take on any data using discrete values, typically in binary (0s
value within a given range. and 1s), meaning they have distinct levels or steps
The physical world is characterized rather than a continuous range.
by parameters such as weight, Binary Data: Digital signals switch between two
temperature, pressure, velocity, states—high (1) and low (0). This makes them easier
flow, and sound intensity and to process, store, and transmit accurately over long
frequency. Most physical distances.
parameters are continuous

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Why is Binary Number Used?
Consider a system with 10 values representing the decimal digits. In such a system, the
voltages available—say, 0 to 1.0 volts—could be divided into 10 ranges, each of length
0.1 volt.

Binary Number can ensure the simplicity of the design of the circuits by
considering only two states.

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Binary Numbers and Binary Encoding

• Given n binary digits (called bits), a binary code is a mapping from a set of represented
elements to a subset of the 2n binary numbers.

• Example: A binary code for the seven colors of the rainbow

• Code 100 is not used

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Binary Number and Binary Encoding (Cont.)

Given M elements to be represented by a binary code, the minimum number of bits, n,

needed, satisfies the following relationships:

n = log2 M

Here M= 7
n = log2 M = log2 7 = 2.80

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Binary Number and Binary Encoding (Cont.)

Suppose you are using n number of digits, in radix r, there are maximum of rn distinct
elements that can be represented.

Examples:
You can represent 4 elements in radix r = 2 with n = 2 digits: (00, 01, 10, 11).
You can also represent 4 elements in radix r = 2 with n = 4 digits: (0001, 0010, 0100,
1000).

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Binary Number and Binary Encoding

You want to represent all the countries in the world, using binary
numbers. How many bits are required to do so?

Hint:

Total Countries if n,
Bit required is log 2 n

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Binary Addition

Add the Add the

● 0+0=0 carry=0
following: following:
● 1+0 =1 carry=0
10001 10111
● 0+1=1 carry =0
(+) 1 1 1 0 1 (+) 1 1 0 0 0 1
● 1+1=0 carry=1
——————— ———————–
–

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Binary Subtraction
Subtract : Subtract :
11011 1110
(-) 1 0 1 1 0 (-) 111
———————– ———————–

Hint: Borrow 2 from the nearest 1 to the left

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Binary Multiplication

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Binary Division

Division Rules:
● 1÷1 = 1
● 1÷0 = Meaningless
● 0÷1 = 0
● 0÷0 = Meaningless

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Binary Division (Cont.)

Division Rules:
● 1÷1 = 1
● 1÷0 = Meaningless
● 0÷1 = 0
● 0÷0 = Meaningless

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 THANK YOU!
Reference:
Digital Logic and Computer Design. M. Morris Mano (1979).

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