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classification of elements and periodicity in properties summary class 11

Bohr's atomic model describes the behavior of electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus, where their angular momentum is quantized. It introduces concepts such as energy levels, the Rydberg equation for spectral lines, and the dual nature of matter through de-Broglie's wavelength. Additionally, it outlines quantum numbers that define the state of electrons, including principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers.

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9 views

classification of elements and periodicity in properties summary class 11

Bohr's atomic model describes the behavior of electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus, where their angular momentum is quantized. It introduces concepts such as energy levels, the Rydberg equation for spectral lines, and the dual nature of matter through de-Broglie's wavelength. Additionally, it outlines quantum numbers that define the state of electrons, including principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers.

Uploaded by

jothishrajms2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL

The model is based on the quantum theory of radiation and the classical concept of physics. Postulate

(a) The path of electron is circular. The force of attraction between nudeus and electron is equal to
centrifugal force of the moving electron.

(b) Electron can revolve only in those orbits whose angular momentum is an integral multiple mvr = n.
( m = 1 mass of 2π electron, v velocity of electron, r h/(2pi)

(c) Electron remains in stationary orbit where it does not lose energy.

(d) Each stationary orbit is with definite amount of (E_{2} - E_{1}) > (E_{3} - E_{2}) > (E_{4} - E_{3}) and
E_{1} < E_{2} < E_{3} Similarly Medical IIT-JEE Fouried

Energy of Electron The Total energy (E) =K.E.+P.E.

E n =- 2pi ^ 2 * Z ^ 2 * m * c ^ 4 n^ 2 hbar^ 2 * k^ 2

where, n = 1, 2, 3

E = Energy of electron in nth orbit

Z = Nuclear charge

e = Charge of electron

E_{n} = E_{1} * (Z ^ 2)/(n ^ 2) for H-like atom H like atoms means atom which consists of one electron.
E= - (21.79 * 10 ^ - 19 * Z ^ 2)/(n ^ 2) Jiatom 13.62 n² Z2 eV per atom = - (313.6Z ^ 2)/(n ^ 2) kcaVmol
1312xZ2 n² k.J/mol Potential energy = 2E Kinetic energy = - E Total energy E

Note: If an atom consists more than one electron, then we take shielding effect into account.

Radii of Orbits r = 0.529 * (n ^ 2)/Z * A For H-like atoms. Thus r_{n} = r_{1} * n ^ 2 Velocity of Electron v =
2.188 * 10 ^ 6 * Z/n * cm / s

Number of revolution per second

N = V/(2pi*r) = 6.6 * 10 ^ 15 * (Z ^ 2)/(n ^ 3)

Rydberg Equation

The wavelength (.), wave number (v) for the electromagnetic radiation can be calculated by Rydberg
equation. overline v = 1/lambda = R_{11} * Z ^ 2 * [1/(n_{1} ^ 2) - 1/(n_{2} ^ 2)]

Z =Atomic number

RH Rydberg constant = 109677 cm-1

n₂=Higher orbit

n,= Lower orbit

Total number of spectral lines


(0) (n(n - 1))/2 \rightarrow when electron jumps from nth level to ground level.

(ⅱ) ((n_{2} - n_{1})(n_{2} - n_{1} + 1))/2 \rightarrow when electron returns from n_{2} to n 1'

(iii) Sigma*n_{2} - n_{1} \rightarrow when electron returns from n_{2} n_{v}

(v) n_{2} - n_{1} \rightarrow number of spectral line in a particular shell.

Note: Remember in this case n_{p} n_{2} are energy level or orbit number. If we have given n excited
state then formula will be different.

(n(n - 1))/2 formula is applicable, if hydrogen sample contains several number of H atoms.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER: de-Broglie Equation

(a) Louis de Broglie proposed that the material particles are also associated with wave nature, just as
radiations.

(b) The wavelength of the wave associated with a particle mass 'm' moving with as lambda = h/(mv)

where lambda = de-Broglie wavelength

Foundathelocity 'v'

h = Planck's constant = 6.62 * 10 ^ - 34 * J - s .


Note: The waves associated with material particles or or de-Broglie waves. in motion are called matter
waves

(c) Number of revolutions per second d by an electron may be given as = Velocity 2pi*r = v/(2pi*r)

(d) de-Broglie's equation and K.Ε.

Let K.E. of the particle of mass 'm' is E

E = 1/2 * m * v ^ 2

2Em = m ^ 2 * v ^ 2

sqrt(2Em) = mv = P

lambda= hP = h/(sqrt(2Em))

Suppose an electron makes n wave in one complete circle, then 2pi*r = n*lambda

QUANTUM NUMBERS

The set of four integers required to define the state of electron in an atom are called quantum numbers.
The quantum numbers are
(1) Principal quantum number (n)

(2) Azimuthal quantum number (1)

(3) Magnetic quantum number (m)

(4) Spin quantum number (s)

(1) Principal quantum number, (n), relates to the amplitude (i.e., size) of an electron wave and also the
total energy of the electron. It has integral values of 1, 2, 3, 4... etc., also denoted as K, L, M, N .... etc.

(2) Azimuthal quantum number, (1), tells us about the subenergy shell of electron. For each main energy

shell there can be 'n' number of subenergy shells. These subenergy shells are designated by different
values of /. For each value of n, I can have values from 0, 1, 2, 3... n-1.

(3) Magnetic quantum number, (m), explains the behaviour of an electron in the external magnetic field
or in other words it tells us about orbitals of the electrons. The values of m gives the number of orbitals
associated with a particular sub shell in shell. For each value of I, m can have values from to -l to +l
including zero.

e.g., when /1, m1, 0, +1; / 2. m -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

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