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Basic Computation and Principles of Computer
Programming An Introduction to Computing WBUT
2015 4th Edition E. Balagurusamy Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): E. Balagurusamy
ISBN(s): 9789339219161, 9339219163
Edition: 4
File Details: PDF, 5.65 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Basic Computation and
Principles of Computer
Programming
An Introduction to Computing
Fourth Edition
WBUT–2015
 About the Author
E Balagurusamy, former Vice Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai, and Member,
Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi, is currently the Chairman of EBG
Foundation, Coimbatore. He is a teacher, trainer, and consultant in the fields of
Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME (Honors) in Electrical
Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software Engineering,
E-Governance, Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering, and Total
Quality Management.
A prolific writer, Dr Balagurusamy has authored a large number of research papers and several
books. His best-selling books, among others, include
∑ Fundamentals of Computers
∑ Computing Fundamentals and C Programming
∑ Programming in ANSI C, 6e
∑ Programming in Java, 4e
∑ Programming in BASIC, 3e
∑ Programming in C#, 3e
∑ Numerical Methods
∑ Reliability Engineering
A recipient of numerous honors and awards, Dr Balagurusamy has been listed in the Directory of
Who’s Who of Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Basic Computation and Principles
of Computer Programming
An Introduction to Computing
Fourth Edition
WBUT–2015

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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 Contents
Preface xi
Roadmap to the Syllabus xiii

1. Fundamentals of Computers 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History of Computers 2
1.3 Generations of Computers 5
1.4 Classification of Computers 8
1.5 Basic Anatomy of a Computer System 10
1.6 Input Devices 10
1.7 Processor 13
1.8 Output Devices 14
1.9 Memory Management 16
1.10 Overview of Operating System 17
Review Questions 23

2. Computing Concepts 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Binary Number System 25
2.3 Decimal Number System 28
2.4 Octal Number System 29
2.5 Hexadecimal Number System 30
2.6 Conversion from Any Base Number System to Any Other Base Number 31
2.7 Binary Codes 32
2.8 Binary Arithmetic Operations 33
2.9 Logic Gates 37
2.10 Programming Languages 41
2.11 Translator Programs 43
2.12 Algorithm and Flow Chart 44
2.13 Using the Computer 47
Review Questions 47
Review Exercises 48
vi Contents

3. Constants, Variables and Data Types 49

3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Character Set 49
3.3 C Tokens 51
3.4 Keywords and Identifiers 51
3.5 Constants 52
3.6 Variables 56
3.7 Data Types 57
3.8 Declaration of Variables 60
3.9 Declaration of Storage Class 63
3.10 Assigning Values to Variables 64
3.11 Defining Symbolic Constants 70
3.12 Declaring a Variable as Constant 71
3.13 Declaring a Variable as Volatile 71
3.14 Overflow and Underflow of Data 72
Case Studies 73
Review Questions 75
Programming Exercises 77

4. Operators and Expressions 78

4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Arithmetic Operators 78
4.3 Relational Operators 81
4.4 Logical Operators 82
4.5 Assignment Operators 83
4.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 85
4.7 Conditional Operator 86
4.8 Bitwise Operators 87
4.9 Special Operators 87
4.10 Arithmetic Expressions 89
4.11 Evaluation of Expressions 90
4.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 91
4.13 Some Computational Problems 93
4.14 Type Conversions in Expressions 94
4.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 98
4.16 Mathematical Functions 100
Case Study 102
Review Questions 104
Programming Exercises 107
 Contents vii

5. Managing Input and Output Operations 110

5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Reading a Character 111
5.3 Writing a Character 114
5.4 Formatted Input 115
5.5 Formatted Output 124
Case Studies 132
Review Questions 136
Programming Exercises 138

6. Decision Making and Branching 140

6.1 Introduction 140
6.2 Decision Making with if Statement 140
6.3 Simple if Statement 141
6.4 The if.....else Statement 145
6.5 Nesting of if....else Statements 148
6.6 The else if Ladder 152
6.7 The switch Statement 155
6.8 The ? : Operator 159
6.9 The Goto Statement 161
Case Studies 165
Review Questions 169
Programming Exercises 174

7. Decision Making and Looping 177

7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 The while Statement 179
7.3 The do Statement 182
7.4 The for Statement 184
7.5 Jumps in Loops 191
Case Studies 200
Review Questions 207
Programming Exercises 211

8. User-Defined Functions 214

8.1 Introduction 214
8.2 Need for User-defined Functions 214
8.3 A Multi-function Program 215
8.4 Elements of User-defined Functions 218
viii Contents

8.5 Definition of Functions 219

8.6 Return Values and their Types 221
8.7 Function Calls 222
8.8 Function Declaration 224
8.9 Category of Functions 226
8.10 No Arguments and No Return Values 226
8.11 Arguments but No Return Values 229
8.12 Arguments with Return Values 232
8.13 No Arguments but Returns a Value 236
8.14 Functions that Return Multiple Values 237
8.15 Nesting of Functions 238
8.16 Recursion 240
8.17 Passing Arrays to Functions 241
8.18 Passing Strings to Functions 246
8.19 The Scope, Visibility and Lifetime of Variables 247
8.20 Multifile Programs 257
Case Study 260
Review Questions 263
Programming Exercises 267

9. The Preprocessor 269

9.1 Introduction 269
9.2 Macro Substitution 270
9.3 File Inclusion 274
9.4 Compiler Control Directives 275
Review Questions 278
Programming Exercises 279

10. Arrays 280

10.1 Introduction 280
10.2 One-dimensional Arrays 282
10.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 283
10.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 285
10.5 Two-dimensional Arrays 289
10.6 Initializing Two-dimensional Arrays 293
10.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays 298
10.8 Dynamic Arrays 298
10.9 More about Arrays 299
Case Studies 300
Review Questions 312
Programming Exercises 315
 Contents ix

11. Character Arrays and Strings 318

11.1 Introduction 318
11.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables 319
11.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 320
11.4 Writing Strings to Screen 325
11.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 330
11.6 Putting Strings Together 331
11.7 Comparison of Two Strings 333
11.8 String-handling Functions 333
11.9 Table of Strings 338
11.10 Other Features of Strings 340
Case Studies 341
Review Questions 345
Programming Exercises 348

12. Pointers 350

12.1 Introduction 350
12.2 Understanding Pointers 350
12.3 Accessing the Address of a Variable 353
12.4 Declaring Pointer Variables 354
12.5 Initialization of Pointer Variables 355
12.6 Accessing a Variable Through Its Pointer 357
12.7 Chain of Pointers 359
12.8 Pointer Expressions 360
12.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor 361
12.10 Pointers and Arrays 363
12.11 Pointers and Character Strings 366
12.12 Array of Pointers 368
12.13 Pointers as Function Arguments 369
12.14 Functions Returning Pointers 372
12.15 Pointers to Functions 372
12.16 Pointers and Structures 375
Case Studies 378
Review Questions 383
Programming Exercises 386

13. Structures and Unions 387

13.1 History of Computers 387
13.2 Defining a Structure 387
13.3 Declaring Structure Variables 389
13.4 Accessing Structure Members 391
13.5 Structure Initialization 392
x Contents

13.6 Copying and Comparing Structure Variables 394

13.7 Operations on Individual Members 396
13.8 Arrays of Structures 397
13.9 Arrays within Structures 399
13.10 Structures within Structures 401
13.11 Structures and Functions 403
13.12 Unions 405
13.13 Size of Structures 407
13.14 Bit Fields 407
Case Studies 411
Review Questions 414
Programming Exercises 418

14. File Management in C 420

14.1 Introduction 420
14.2 Defining and Opening a File 421
14.3 Closing a File 422
14.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 423
14.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 429
14.6 Random Access to Files 431
14.7 Command Line Arguments 436
Review Questions 439
Programming Exercises 440

15. Developing a C Program: Some Guidelines 442

15.1 Introduction 442
15.2 Program Design 442
15.3 Program Coding 444
15.4 Common Programming Errors 446
15.5 Program Testing and Debugging 453
15.6 Program Efficiency 455
Review Questions 456

Solved Question Paper 2012 458–475

Solved Question Paper 2013 476–489
Solved Question Paper 2014 490–506

Bibliography 507
 Preface

C is a powerful, flexible, portable and elegantly structured programming language. Since C com-
bines the features of a high-level language with the elements of the assembler, it is suitable for
both systems and applications programming. It is undoubtedly the most widely used general-purpose
language today.
This book is designed for BTech first-year, second-semester students of West Bengal University
of Technology taking the paper on Basic Computation and Principles of Computer Programming
(CS201). This book will also be useful for students taking diploma courses in computer science.
All those who wish to be C programmers, regardless of their past knowledge and experience in pro-
gramming, will find this book very useful for it explains the ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of programming
with C in the most easy-to-understand manner.
The writing style uses and emphasizes on the concept of ‘learning by example’. Each major fea-
ture of the language is explained in a comprehensive manner and supported with complete program
examples to illustrate its use. The sample programs are designed to be both simple and educational.
Wherever necessary, pictorial descriptions of concepts are included to improve clarity and facilitate
better understanding.

Salient Features
� 100% coverage and organization as per the WBUT syllabus
� Latest WBUT Solved Examination Question Papers (2012, 2013 and 2012)
� Provides good understanding of both computing fundamentals and programming nuances
� In-depth discussion of operators, expressions, arrays, and pointers
� Dedicated chapter providing guidelines for developing C programs
� Case studies in every chapter comprise problem, problem analysis and program demonstrating
real-life applications
� Special features include supplementary notes and information in special boxes, ‘Just Remember’
section at chapter-end summarizes the main points
� Rich Pedagogy includes:
� 500+ Review Questions comprising True and False, Fill in the Blanks, Find the Errors, and
Objective-Type Questions
� 175 Programming Exercises to practice programming applications
� 105 Solved Examples
� 22 Case Studies
� 145 Illustrations
xii Preface

Chapter Organization
The contents of the book have been divided into 15 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the subject
describing the history of computers, the different generations of computers and their classification and
input and output devices. It also gives an overview of operating systems. Chapter 2 introduces the
binary number system and explains the procedure for writing algorithms and flowcharts. Chapter 3
discusses how to declare constants, variables and data types. Chapter 4 is on built-in operators and
explains how to build expressions using them. Chapter 5 details input and output operations. Decision
making and branching is discussed in Chapter 6. It describes the if-else, switch and goto statements.
Further, decision making and looping is discussed in Chapter 7 which covers the while, do and
for loops. Functions are discussed in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 deals with preprocessors. Arrays and
ordered arrangement of data elements, important to any programming language, have been covered
in Chapters 10 and 11. Chapter 11 also explains strings. Pointers, commonly perceived as a difficult
topic in C, are covered in Chapter 12 in the most lucid manner. Chapter 13 is on structures and unions.
Chapter 14 discusses file management. Finally, Chapter 15 is on developing a C program. It provides
a comprehensive understanding of the procedures for the development of a program.
Solved WBUT examination papers (2012 to 2014) are provided for students’ practice and self-
assessment toward the book’s end.

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the following reviewers for taking out time and sharing their valuable comments after
going through various chapters of the book.
Susanta Mitra Adamas Institute of Technology, Kolkata
Sinthia Roy Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata
Debasis Giri Haldia Institute of Technology, Medinipur
Anup Mallick Regent Education and Research Foundation, Kolkata
Rinku Supakar Dr Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College, Kolkata
Jayanta Pal Narula Institute of Technology, Kolkata
I am also thankful to the staff of McGraw Hill Education (India) for their cooperation and support
in bringing out this book on time.
Suggestions for improvement are always welcome.

E BALAGURUSAMY

Publisher’s Note
Remember to write to us. We look forward to receiving your feedback, comments and ideas to en-
hance the quality of this book. You can reach us at [email protected]. Please mention the
title and author’s name as the subject. In case you spot piracy of this book, please do let us know.
 Roadmap to the Syllabus
This textbook is useful for Subject Code:
Basic Computation and Principles of Computer Programming (CS201)

Unit 1 - Fundamentals of Computers

History of computers, generation of computers, classification of computers. Basic anatomy of computer
system, primary and secondary memory, processing unit, input and output devices. Binary and allied
number systems, representation of signed and unsigned numbers, BCD, ASII. Binary arithmetic and logic
gates, assembly language, high-level language, compiler and assembler (basic concepts). Basic concepts
of operating systems like MS DOS, MS WINDOW, UNIX, algorithm, and flow chart.

GO TO Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Computers

Chapter 2 Computing Concepts

Unit 2 - C Fundamentals
The C character set identifiers and keywords, data types and sizes, variable names, declaration,
statements.

GO TO Chapter 3 Constants, Variables and Data Types

Unit 3 - Operators and Expressions

Arithmetic operators, relational and logical operators, type, conversion, increment and decrement
operators, bit-wise operators, assignment operators and expressions, precedence and order of evaluation.
Input and Output: Standard input and output, formatted output—printf(), formatted input, scanf().

GO TO Chapter 4 Operators and Expressions

Chapter 5 Managing Input and Output Operations
xiv Roadmap to the Syllabus

Unit 4 - Flow of Control

Statements and blocks, if–else, switch, loops–while, for, do while, break and continue, go to and labels.

GO TO Chapter 6 Decision Making and Branching

Chapter 7 Decision Making and Looping

Unit 5 - Fundamentals and Program Structures

Basics of functions, function types, functions returning values, functions not returning values, auto,
external, static and register variables, scope rules, recursion, function prototypes, C preprocessor,
command line arguments.

GO TO Chapter 8 User-Defined Functions

Chapter 9 The Preprocessor

Unit 6 - Arrays and Pointers

One-dimensional arrays, pointers and functions, multidimensional arrays.

Chapter 10 Arrays
GO TO Chapter 11 Character Arrays and Strings
Chapter 12 Pointers

Unit 7 - Structures, Union and Files

Basics of structures, structures and functions, arrays of structures, bit fields, formatted and unformatted
files.

Chapter 13 Structures and Unions

GO TO Chapter 14 File Management in C
 CHAPTER

1
Fundamentals of Computers

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The term computer is derived from the word compute. A computer is an electronic device that takes
data and instructions as an input from the user, processes data, and provides useful information known
as output. This cycle of operation of a computer is known as the input–process–output cycle and is
shown in Fig.1.1 The electronic device is known as hardware and the set of instructions is known as
software.

INPUT OUTPUT
Data PROCESS Information

Instructions

Fig. 1.1 Input–process–output concept

The spurt of innovations and inventions in computer technology during the last few decades has led
to the development of a variety of computers. They are so versatile that they have become
indispensable to engineers, scientists, business executives, managers, administrators, accountants,
teachers and students. They have strengthened man’s powers in numerical computations and
information processing.
Modern computers possess certain characteristics and abilities peculiar to them. They can:
(i) perform complex and repetitive calculations rapidly and accurately,
(ii) store large amounts of data and information for subsequent manipulations,
(iii) hold a program of a model which can be explored in many different ways,
(iv) compare items and make decisions,
(v) provide information to the user in many different forms,
(vi) automatically correct or modify the parameters of a system under control,
(vii) draw and print graphs,
(viii) converse with users interactively, and
(ix) receive and display audio and video signals.
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content Scribd suggests to you:
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