Learning Objectives

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for decision
making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. Outline how modern databases evolved from file systems

5. Identify flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

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 National Economics University
Faculty of Data Science & Artificial Intelligence

Database System Design, Implementation And

Management Course – Advanced SQL

 Instructor: Duc Minh Vu (FDA – SLSCM Lab)

 Email: minhvd [at] neu.edu.vn

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 Learning Objectives

8-1 Use SQL to create a table manually

8-2 Use SQL to create a copy of a table using a subquery

8-3 Manipulate the structure of existing tables to add, modify, and remove columns and constraints

8-4 Use SQL to do data manipulation (insert, update, and deleterows of data)

8-5 Use SQL to create database views, including updatable views

8-6 Use procedural SQL to create triggers, stored procedures, and procedural SQL functions

8-7 Create embedded SQL

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 8-1 Data Definition Commands

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 8-1b Creating the Database

If you are using an enterprise RDBMS, you must be authenticated by the RDBMS before
you can start creating tables.

Authentication The process through which a DBMS verifies that only registered users can access the

database.

To be authenticated, you must log on to the RDBMS using a user ID and a password created by the database
administrator.

In an enterprise RDBMS, every user ID is associated with a database schema.

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 8-1c The Database Schema

a schema is a logical group of database objects—such as tables and indexes—that are related to each other

the schema belongs to a single user or application

A single database can hold multiple schemas that belong to different users or applications.

Schemas are useful in that they group tables by owner (or function) and enforce a first level of security by

allowing each user to see only the tables that belong to that user

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 8-1d Data Types

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 8-2 Creating Table Structures

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 8-2a CREATE TABLE command

CREATE TABLE A SQL command that creates a table’s structures using the characteristics and attributes given.

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 8-2c Creating a Table with a SELECT Statement

SQL provides a way to rapidly create a new table based on selected columns and rows of an existing table

using a subquery.

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 8-2d SQL Indexes

CREATE INDEX A SQL command that creates indexes on the basis of a selected attribute or attributes

indexes can be used to improve the efficiency of searches and to avoid duplicate column values

when you declare a primary key, the DBMS automatically creates a unique index

Using the CREATE INDEX command, SQL indexes can be created on the basis of any selected attribute.

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 8-2d SQL Indexes

DROP INDEX A SQL command used to delete database objects such as tables, views, indexes, and users.

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 8-3 Altering Table Structures

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 8-3 Altering Table Structures

ALTER TABLE The SQL command used to make changes to table structure. When the command is followed by
a keyword (ADD, ALTER, or MODIFY), it adds a column or changes column characteristics.

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 8-4 Data Manipulation Commands

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 8-4a Adding Table Rows

INSERT INTO tablename VALUES (value1, value2, …, valuen)

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 8-4b Inserting Table Rows with a SELECT Subquery

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 8-4c Saving Table Changes

COMMIT The SQL command that terminates a transaction by permanently saving data changes to a

database.

The COMMIT command permanently saves all changes—such as rows added, attributes modified, and rows
deleted—made to any table in the database

COMMIT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

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 8-4d Updating Table Rows

UPDATE A SQL command that allows attribute values to be changed in one or more rows of a table.

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 8-4e Deleting Table Rows

DELETE A SQL command that allows data rows to be deleted from a table.

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 8-4f Restoring Table Contents

ROLLBACK A SQL command that restores the database table contents to the condition that existed after the

last COMMIT statement.

ROLLBACK;

If you have not yet used the COMMIT command to store the changes permanently in the database, you can

restore the database to its previous condition with the ROLLBACK command.

COMMIT and ROLLBACK work only with data manipulation commands that add, modify, or delete table rows

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 8-5 Virtual Tables: Creating a View

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 8-5 Virtual Tables: Creating a View

View A virtual table based on a SELECT query that is saved as an object in the database.

base table The table on which a view is based.

CREATE VIEW A SQL command that creates a logical, “virtual” table. The view can be treated as a real table.

 CREATE VIEW viewname [(column list)] AS SELECT query

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 8-6 Auto Increment, Identity, and
Sequences

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 8-7 Procedural SQL

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 8-7 Procedural SQL

persistent storage module (PSM) A block of code with standard SQL statements and procedural extensions
that is stored and executed at the DBMS server.

The PSM represents business logic that can be encapsulated, stored, and shared among multiple database
users.

A PSM lets an administrator assign specific access rights to a stored module to ensure that only authorized
users can use it.

Procedural SQL An extension of the SQL programming language, such as PL/SQL or TSQL, that add
procedural programming capabilities, such as variable and logical flow control, to SQL and is designed to run

inside the database.


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 8-7a Stored Procedures

stored procedure (1) A named collection of procedural and SQL statements

They can be used to encapsulate and represent business transactions

Stored procedures substantially reduce network traffic and increase performance.

Stored procedures help reduce code duplication by means of code isolation and code sharing (creating

unique modules that are called by application programs)

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 8-7b Working with Variables

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 8-7g Triggers

Trigger A procedural SQL code that is automatically invoked by the relational database management system
when a data manipulation event occurs.

A trigger is invoked before or after a data row is inserted, updated, or deleted.

A trigger is associated with a database table.

Each database table may have one or more triggers.

A trigger is executed as part of the transaction that triggered it

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 8-7g Triggers (cont.)

For example, if a product’s quantity on hand is updated when the product is sold, the system should
automatically check whether the quantity on hand falls below its minimum allowable quantity.

To demonstrate that process, use the PRODUCT table in Figure 8.22. Note the use of the minimum quantity
(P_MIN) and product reorder flag (P_REORDER) columns.

The P_MIN indicates the minimum quantity on hand allowable before restocking an item.

The P_REORDER column is a numeric field that indicates whether the product needs to be reordered (1 - Yes,
- 5 No).

The initial P_REORDER values are set to 0 (No) to serve as the basis for the initial trigger development.

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