LESSON 2: Number Patterns and

Fibonacci sequence W

Common Patterns

LOGIC PATTERNS
Logic patterns are related to geometric patterns and number patterns.
It helps us classify objects or figures. One kind of logic patterns deal with
characteristics of various objects. Another kind deals with orders: there is a
sequence of objects and a pattern in the attributes the objects possess.
Examples 1 : In a polygon, a diagonal connects two vertices that are
not already connected by an edge.

How many diagonals can be drawn in a heptagon? Illustrate your

answer inside the rectangle below.

Examples 2: Look at the following pattern.

How many circles are in figure 10?

A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14
 NUMBER PATTERNS
A number pattern is a list or set of numbers that
follow a certain sequence or arrangement in either
ascending or descending order. It includes basic
operations of mathematics or a certain series of
arithmetical operation like addition and multiplication
repeatedly done.

1. Arithmetic Number Pattern

An arithmetic sequence is made by adding the same value

each time. The value added is called the common difference.

Examples: a. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …

(each number is 3 larger than the number before it)

b. 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, …

(The common difference is -2. The pattern is continued by subtracting 2 each time)

2. Geometric Number Pattern

Some other types are created in which every successive terms

is multiplied or (dividing) the same value each time. This number
pattern is called geometric sequence.
Examples: a. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …
(This sequence has a factor of 2 between each number. Each term (except the
first term) is found by multiplying the previous term by 2.)

b. 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, …
(This sequence has a factor of 0.5(a half) between each number.)

3. Triangular Numbers

This Triangular Number Sequence is generated from a pattern of

dots that form a triangle.

Example: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, …

By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the
next number of the sequence.
 4. Square Numbers

0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, ...

They are the squares of whole numbers:

0 (=0×0)
1 (=1×1)
4 (=2×2)
9 (=3×3)
16 (=4×4)
etc...

5. Cube Numbers

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, ...

They are the cubes of the counting numbers (they start at 1):

1 (1×1×1)
8 (=2×2×2)
27 (=3×3×3)
64 (=4×4×4)
etc...

6. Other Number Patterns

Other number patterns are patterns in which the numbers are in the
increasing form.
4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19….
In this pattern, the amount that is added in the terms, changes every
time in predictable manner.
The pattern starts with 4, add 1 and the amount which we can add
increase by 1 every time.

MATH TRIVIA

1. The symbol for infinity (∞) was used by the Romans to

represent 1000.

2. The number 365 is equal to the sum of three consecutive

squares and two consecutive squares in which the five
squares are also consecutive.
365 = 102 + 112 + 122 = 132 + 142

3. 169 is equal to 132 and its reverse 961 is equal to 312

 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Fibonacci Numbers is another one in this world that involves pattern
(Grist, 2011). They are nature’s numbering system and appear everywhere
in nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of florets of
flower, the bracts of a pine-cone, or the scales of a pineapple. It is therefore
applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single cell, a grain
of wheat, a hive of bees and even all mankind.
In mathematics,(Wikipedia), the Fibonacci numbers, commonly
denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that
each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
That is,
�0 = 0 ��� �1 = 1 and �� = ��−1 + ��−2 ��� �>1

The beginning of the sequence is thus: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,

34, 55, 89, 144,…

According to George Dviorsky (2013), the famous Fibonacci

sequence has captivated mathematicians, artists, designers, and scientists
for centuries. Also known as the Golden Ratio, its ubiquity and astounding
functionality in nature suggests its importance as a fundamental
characteristic of the Universe. Leonardo Fibonacci came up with the
sequence when calculating the ideal expansion pairs of rabbits over the
course of one year. Today, its emergent patterns and ratios (phi =
1.61803...) can be seen from the micro scale to the macro scale, and right
through to biological systems and inanimate objects. While the Golden
Ratio doesn't account for every structure or pattern in the universe, it's
certainly a major player.

EXA MPL E OF FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATUR E

Seed heads
The head of a flower is also
subject to Fibonaccian processes.
Typically, seeds are produced at the
center, and then migrate towards the
outside to fill all the space.
Sunflowers provide a great example
of these spiraling
Pine cones

Similarly, the seed pods on a

pine cone are arranged in a spiral
pattern. Each cone consists of a pair
of spirals, each one spiraling
upwards in opposing directions. The
number of steps will almost always
match a pair of consecutive
Fibonacci numbers. For example, a
3-5 cone is a cone which meets at
the back after three steps along the
left spiral, and five steps along the
right.
Tree branches

The Fibonacci sequence can

also be seen in the way tree
branches form or split. A main trunk
will grow until it produces a branch,
which creates two growth points.
Then, one of the new stems
branches into two, while the other
one lies dormant. This pattern of
branching is repeated for each of the
new stems. A good example is the
sneeze wort. Root systems and even
algae exhibit this pattern.

Shells

The unique properties of the

Golden Rectangle provides another
example. This shape, a rectangle in
which the ratio of the sides a/b is
equal to the golden mean (phi), can
result in a nesting process that can
be repeated into infinity — and which
takes on the form of a spiral. It's call
the logarithmic spiral, and it abounds
in nature.
Spiral Galaxies

Not surprisingly, spiral galaxies

also follow the familiar Fibonacci
pattern. The Milky Way has several
spiral arms, each of them a logarithmic
spiral of about 12 degrees. As an
interesting aside, spiral galaxies
appear to defy Newtonian physics. As
early as 1925, astronomers realized
that, since the angular speed of
rotation of the galactic disk varies with
distance from the center, the radial
arms should become curved as
galaxies rotate. Subsequently, after a
few rotations, spiral arms should start
to wind around a galaxy. But they don't
— hence the so-called winding
problem. The stars on the outside, it
would seem, move at a velocity higher
than expected — a unique trait of the
cosmos that helps preserve its shape
Mathematical Problems Involving Number Patterns

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

For the arithmetic sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, each number is

called a term of a sequence. The first number is called the first
term, followed by the second term, the third term, and so on.
Sometimes the words ‘series’ or ‘progression’ are used in
place of the sequence. It is the indicated sum of the terms of a sequence.
The arithmetic series of the sequence 1,3,5, 7 is 1+3+5+7. Subscripts are
used to designate the ordinal of a term. It is customary to use �1, �2, �3,…, �� to
designate the sequence of a number. The subscript n is understood to start
from 1, then 2, then 3, and so on, unless otherwise stated.
The nth term (�� )of an arithmetic sequence is designated by an
algebraic formula
�� = �1 + � − 1 �
where �1 = �ℎ� ����� ����
�� = �ℎ� ��ℎ ����
� = �ℎ� ������ ����������
� �
The sum of n terms is: �� =
2
�1 + �� �� �� = 2 [2�1 + � − 1 �]

EXAMPLES

1.Rhea decided to save money for one 2. Find the 14th term of the
week from her allowance. Each day sequence 5, 7, 9, 11,….
she saves 15 pesos more than the
previous day. If she started saving 10 Solution:
pesos in the first day, how much will �1 = 5; � = 4; � = 2
she set aside in the 6th day? After a
week, how much would she saved?
Solution:
�� = �1 + � − 1 �
The sequence starts with 10 then add
15 until the sixth day.
a1= 10 d = 15 a6= 10+15(6-1) =
85
For the total savings after a week, use
Therefore, 31 is the 14th term
� in the given sequence.
�� = [2�1 + � − 1 �]
2
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
In a Geometric Sequence each term is found
by multiplying the previous term by a constant.
Example:1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ….

This sequence has a factor of 2 between

each number. Each term (except the first term) is
found by multiplying the previous term by 2.
In General we write a Geometric Sequence like this:
{a1, a1r, a1r2, a1r3,... }
where:
 �1 is the first term, and
 r is the factor between the terms (called
the "common ratio")
Example: {1,2,4,8,...}
The sequence starts at 1 and doubles each time, so
 a1=1 (the first term)
 r=2 (the "common ratio" between terms is a doubling)
And we get:
{a, ar, ar2, ar3, ... }
= {1, 1×2, 1×22, 1×23, ... }
= {1, 2, 4, 8, ... }

G E N E R A L I Z A T I O N
We can also calculate nth term of a geometric
sequence using the Rule:

an = a1r(n-1)
(We use "n-1" because ar0 is for the 1st term)

Example: Find the 10th term in the sequence.

5, 20, 80, 320, 1280 …

This sequence has a factor of 5 between each number.

The values of a and r are:
 a1 = 5 (the first term)
 r = 4 (the "common ratio")
The Rule for any term is:
an = 5 × 4(n-1)
So, the 4th term is:
a4 = 5×4(4-1) = 5×43 = 5×64 = 320
And the 10th term is:
a10 =5×4(10-1) = 5×49 = 5×262144 = 1310720
 Geometric Patterns
A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern
formed or sequences of lines and curves to
form geometric shapes and figures. A motif,
pattern, or design depicting abstract,
nonrepresentational shapes such as lines,
circles, ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and polygons. It is
typically repeated like a wallpaper design and tilling. Geometric
pattern could also be related to number patterns and anticipate
the next geometric shape that would follow the sequence.

EXAMPLES of GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

Example 1: Determine what shape, figure, or series of figures would follow the
sequence.
a.

b.

c.

Example 2. Draw the missing figure in the sequence

 Isomerty
Geometric figure is transformed in a way that the relative distance
between any two points has not change.

4 TYPES OF ISOMETRY

1. Translation

It is an isometry that moves very points in the plane in a fixed

distance and in a fixed direction.

2. Reflection
It moves the object into a new position that is a mirror image of
the original position

3. Rotation
Is an isometry that moves each point in a fixed angle relative to
a central point.

4. Glide Reflection
Is an isometry that consists of a translation followed by a
reflection
 E X A M P L E S o f I S O M E T R Y

a. Identify a possible pattern. Use it to draw the next three figures.

The pattern is to rotate the figure in a counterclockwise direction,

so the next three figures would be