Fuzzy Logic Note

The term fuzzy refers to things that are not clear or are vague. In the real world many times we
encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether the state is true or false, their fuzzy logic
provides very valuable flexibility for reasoning. In this way, we can consider the inaccuracies
and uncertainties of any situation. Fuzzy Logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth
values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1, instead of just the traditional values
of true or false. It is used to deal with imprecise or uncertain information and is a mathematical
method for representing vagueness and uncertainty in decision-making. Fuzzy Logic is based on
the idea that in many cases, the concept of true or false is too restrictive, and that there are many
shades of gray in between. It allows for partial truths, where a statement can be partially true or
false, rather than fully true or false. Fuzzy Logic is used in a wide range of applications, such as
control systems, image processing, natural language processing, medical diagnosis, and artificial
intelligence. The fundamental concept of Fuzzy Logic is the membership function, which defines
the degree of membership of an input value to a certain set or category. The membership function
is a mapping from an input value to a membership degree between 0 and 1, where 0 represents
non-membership and 1 represents full membership. Fuzzy Logic is implemented using Fuzzy
Rules, which are if-then statements that express the relationship between input variables and
output variables in a fuzzy way. The output of a Fuzzy Logic system is a fuzzy set, which is a set
of membership degrees for each possible output value.
In summary, Fuzzy Logic is a mathematical method for representing vagueness and uncertainty
in decision-making. It allows for partial truths and is used in a wide range of applications. It is
based on the concept of membership function and the implementation is done using Fuzzy rules.
In the Boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents the absolute truth value and 0.0 represents the
absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for the absolute truth and absolute
false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is an intermediate value too present which is partially true
and partially false.

Fig 1: Boolean/Fuzzy System

FUZZY ARCHITECTURE
Its Architecture contains four parts :
RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by the experts to
govern the decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic information. Recent developments
in fuzzy theory offer several effective methods for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers.
Most of these developments reduce the number of fuzzy rules.
FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs
are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control system for
processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc. In other words, it transforms the system
inputs, which are crisp numbers, into fuzzy sets. It splits the input signal into five steps such as;

INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy input with
respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to the input field. Next, the
fired rules are combined to form the control actions.
DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the inference engine into
a crisp value. There are several defuzzification methods available and the best-suited one is used
with a specific expert system to reduce the error.

Fig 2: Fuzzy Logic Architecture

Membership Function
Definition: A graph that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to membership
value between 0 and 1. Input space is often referred to as the universe of discourse or universal
set (u), which contains all the possible elements of concern in each particular application.
Membership functions allow you to quantify linguistic term and represent a fuzzy set
graphically. A membership function for a fuzzy set A on the universe of discourse X is defined
as μA:X → [0,1].
Here, each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. It is called membership
value or degree of membership. It quantifies the degree of membership of the element in X to
the fuzzy set A.

 x axis represents the universe of discourse.

 y axis represents the degrees of membership in the [0, 1] interval.
There can be multiple membership functions applicable to fuzzify a numerical value. Simple
membership functions are used as use of complex functions does not add more precision in the
output.
All membership functions for LP, MP, S, MN, and LN are shown as below −

Fig 3: Mapping point

of Input to Membership Value
The triangular membership function shapes are most common among various other membership
function shapes such as trapezoidal, singleton, and Gaussian. Here, the input to 5-level fuzzifier
varies from -10 volts to +10 volts. Hence the corresponding output also changes.
Types of Fuzzifiers
There are largely three types of fuzzifiers: Singleton fuzzifier, Gaussian fuzzifier, Trapezoidal or
triangular fuzzifier
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System
  This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise, distorted or noisy
input information.
 The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
 Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the reasoning of that is
quite simple.
 It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life as it
resembles human reasoning and decision-making.
 The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is required.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems
 Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic
which leads to ambiguity.
 There is no systematic approach to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic.
 Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because every time we
do not get a mathematical description of our approach.
 As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the time accuracy is
compromised.
Application
 It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and satellites.
 It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
 It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in the large
company business.
 It has application in the chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying, chemical
distillation process.
 Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and various intensive applications in
Artificial Intelligence.
 Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as expert systems.
 Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person would make
decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data and changing it into more
meaningful data by forming partial truths as Fuzzy sets.
Example of a Fuzzy Logic System
Let us consider an air conditioning system with 5-level fuzzy logic system. This system adjusts
the temperature of air conditioner by comparing the room temperature and the target temperature
value.
Fig 4: Fuzzy Controlled Air conditioner
Algorithm
 Define linguistic Variables and terms (start)
 Construct membership functions for them. (start)
 Construct knowledge base of rules (start)
 Convert crisp data into fuzzy data sets using membership functions. (fuzzification)
 Evaluate rules in the rule base. (Inference Engine)
 Combine results from each rule. (Inference Engine)
 Convert output data into non-fuzzy values. (defuzzification)
Development
Step 1 − Define linguistic variables and terms
Linguistic variables are input and output variables in the form of simple words or sentences. For
room temperature, cold, warm, hot, etc., are linguistic terms.
Temperature (t) = {very-cold, cold, warm, very-warm, hot}
Every member of this set is a linguistic term and it can cover some portion of overall temperature
values.
Step 2 − Construct membership functions for them
The membership functions of temperature variable are as shown −
Fig 5: Mapping points
Step3 − Construct knowledge base rules
Create a matrix of room temperature values versus target temperature values that an air
conditioning system is expected to provide.
Table 1: Knowledge Base Matrix

Step 4 − Obtain fuzzy value

Fuzzy set operations perform evaluation of rules. The operations used for OR and AND are Max
and Min respectively. Combine all results of evaluation to form a final result. This result is a
fuzzy value.
Step 5 − Perform defuzzification
Defuzzification is then performed according to membership function for output variable.

Fig 6: Mapping Point Showing Exact Value