7/8 Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

8 Mechanical Drafting
TLE - Information and Communication Technology

First Quarter-Module4
Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing

Writer: Mary Grace V. Olivar

Illustrator:
Cover Illustrator: Christopher E. Mercado

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 This module intends to explore our capacity to prepare the simplest to the
complex type of mechanical drawing. Initially, it only takes personal knowledge of
preparing drawing to be able to interpret technical drawing specifications but with
sufficient practice and continued enhancement of the skill, you will surely, later on,
enjoy the reciprocal of these two actions-preparing and interpreting with ease and
confidence. The entire concept of this module contains the basic knowledge and the
power of interpreting job specifications complexities which will become very useful
in the field mechanical drafting technology. It is therefore expected that you
concentrate on the basic knowledge of preparing simple and moderate drafting plans
and enhance the skill of interpreting little by little in time.

Traditionally, the use of manual drafting contextually focuses on the practice of

creating drawings by hand to plan and communicate designs for construction. It is
regarded as a high form of art during the previous times but the evolution of crafting
and the development of technology requires much more efficient and more reliable
sources of measurements thus came the rise of technical drafting. With the
diminishing use of manual drafting, which although is a skilled art here comes
technical drafting. As a student you have to seriously take the lessons included in this
module for this will surely open the opportunity to your learning capacity and
business capability.

The module is a combination of the two collaborative lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Analyze signs, symbols, and data
Lesson 2 – Interpret technical drawings and plans.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.identify signs, symbols, and data;
2.analyze data indicated in the technical drawing;
3.identify necessary materials according to the technical drawing;
4.recognize components, assemblies, or objects based on job
requirements; and
5. identify dimensions and specifications according to job
requirements.

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1. Which drawing shows more than one side of an object and slightly tilted in view to
the front of the observer?
A. Artistic B. Multi-view C. Pictorial D. Orthographic

2. Which place or point in drawing should the observer is supposed to stand while
viewing the object?
A. Center point B. Piercing point C. Station point D.Vanishing
point

3. Which point in the drawing should horizontal line in the perspective view seem to
converge or meet?
A. Center point B. Piercing point C. Station point D. vanishing point

4. What type of view needs to place the horizon at the eye-level of the observer?
A. Bird’s eye view C. Orthographic view
B. Man’s eye view D. Worm’s eye view

5. What type of oblique drawing has the depth axis lines in full size?
A. Cabinet oblique C. General oblique
B. Cavalier oblique D. Oblique perspective

6. What is ISO means of technical drafting job specifications?

A. International Standards Organization
B. International Standards Operation
C. International Standards Over-all
D. International Strict Organization

7. What type of Three-Dimensional Projection circle becomes ellipse?

A. Isometric drawing C. Oblique drawing
B. Orthographic drawing D. Perspective drawing

8. Which type of line is not parallel to the three baselines in isometric?

A. circle B. diagonal C. horizontal D. vertical

9. What type of projection uses a 30 degrees angle inclination?

A. Isometric Drawing C. Oblique Drawing
B. Orthographic Drawing D. Perspective Drawing

10. What type of projection uses 90 degrees object inclination?

A. Isometric Drawing C. Orthographic Drawing
B. Oblique Drawing D. Perspective Drawing

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 Lesson
Analyze signs, symbols,
1 and data

Analyzing symbols and data is oftentimes used to communicate detail and

characteristics in technical drawing. These common signs were permanently administered in
all drafting plans for accurate and specific details. Since the development of all these aspects
in mechanical drafting calls for strict and more concrete standards to follow the use of
common signs, symbols and data should be given the highest priority in this course and area
of the curriculum.
As a learner, it is therefore emphasized that technical standards should be fully
understood first for you to be able to learn the skill of preparing and interpreting technical
drawings that you can later use in your pursuit of higher education or your business ventures
and publishing.

It is an imperative intention that standard representation of an object is used to create

and that all drawings must be identified so that assistance for an object is reproducible by all
typical professions such as engineers, designers, architects, and draftsmen at a higher level.
With the simplified discussion of the basic signs and symbols for data, it is an assurance that
the initial skill of the course is expected at the end of the module. Knowledge of the proper
measurement and calculations using drafting tools will be utilized in the upcoming activities
in this module.

Sketching is an important skill in any area of drafting. As necessary as possible, draftsmen

and those interested like you in the curriculum must train and continue practicing line
sketching which will become the foundation of preparing and interpreting technical plans.
Traditional and the conventional way of drafting technically, later on, develops into a more
standard use of equipment but it is an unreplaceable skill and that talent must be guided to
full potential to fully understand freehand drawing as a basic lesson first leading to
mechanical drafting. Line sketching exercises below with illustration will introduce this
simple and basic knowledge to framework your total learnings on the curriculum. Preparing
and interpreting require high tolerance to stress and maximum potential for patience and
perseverance, may this be your guide of not giving up in interpreting plans. A blank box is
provided for your practice skill on different types of lines. Calculate and measure the spacing
of lines.

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 Draw the different technical lines specified on the table. Draft the lines on the
space provided in the box.

1. Visible line

2. Hidden line

3. Centerline

4. Section line

5. Extension line
6. Dimension line

7. Long-break line

8. Short-break line
9. Border Line
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 According to some old studies, the history of technical drawing and the importance of
its interpreting started its principle in the 15 th Century after Christ. It all began with the
representations and inventions of Leonardo Da Vinci and the basic knowledge of geometry,
which is essential in this course which was highlighted even before the birth of Christ by
mathematicians such as Pythagoras of Samos or Euclid of Alexandria discovered and
explored. These facts were given to fully emphasize discussion for a deeper understanding of
technical drafting. This signifies and guarantees that the course is equally important with all
branches of mathematics and sciences of education.

This is to give additional encouragement for you to carefully understand the different
types of signs and symbols starting on the different line representations, which is the main unit
of all drafting specifications. Understand also that each kind of line is drawn with different line
weights with simple explanations below:

1. Visible line –also known as the object line which typically represents the visible or
the outline of any object.
2. Hidden line – a line that represents the surface or edges that cannot be seen which is
medium thick and composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with space
between dashes about 1-2 millimeters wide.
3. Centerline – a line that represents the axis or center of symmetrical shapes like a ball,
washer, rectangular block, cube with a thin line consisting of two long dashes and
short dash drawn alternately with a gap of at least 2 millimeters in between.
4. Section line – a thin line that shows the surface that has been cut; spaced evenly at 45
degrees with the horizontal to make a trimmed shaded effect.
5. Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object to show dimension limits of
any drafting specifics.
6. Dimension line – is used to indicate a thin line with an arrowhead in one end
7. Long-break line – is a line that limits the length of an elongated object without
changing the size of its view, a medium-thick line consisting of broken and straight
lines drawn alternately known as the limiting line.
8. Short-break line – a thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been
cut off or broken out.
9. Border Line – a dark visible line that marks the border of the drawing.

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 Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=alphabet+of+lines+image&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS
575US754&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=RL0Wy-wuJESbHM%252CexViv-
808HYH6M%252C_&vet=

Analyze the above-given illustration, this shows that there are two types of projection:
perpendicular and parallel in particular. Each one has sub-topics and types under each
category. Know that these differ on how a drafting plan will be presented although
3D projection or graphical projection maps point in three-dimensions much better onto a
two-dimensional traditional plane. As most of the time in graphics production drafting jobs
and specifications are displayed and produced in a two-dimensional media such as paper and
tarpaulin. It limits the capacity of the interpreter of the plan, that’s why these projections are
widely used in the series of times, especially in engineering drawing, drafting, and computer
graphics because it offers the most efficient and more productive output.

Common Types of 3-Dimensional Projection in Technical Drawing

Orthographic drawing is also known as orthographic projection is a representation of a three-

dimensional object using several two-dimensional views of the object, for example, you can
see in this image the front, top and side views of an aircraft.

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Isometric drawing is a type of 3D drawing that is set out using 30-degree angles. It's a type of
axonometric drawing in which the same scale is used for every axis, resulting in a non-
distorted image.

Oblique drawing is a projective drawing of which the frontal lines are given in true
proportions and relations and all others at suitable angles other than 90 degrees without
regard to the rules of linear perspective.

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Perspective Linear or Point projection perspective is one of two types of Graphical projection
perspective in the graphic arts. Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally
on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye.

Another important concept of preparing and interpreting technical drawings is

knowledge about assembly drawing. While the Three-Angle Projection has been variably
used in this profession concerning the angle of projection that suits the objective of the job
specification. These were all used to represent an assembly drawing which extends the need
for more than one component. Instead, this includes instructions, a list of component parts,
reference numbers, references to detail drawings or shop drawings, and specification
information. See the sample figure below and study the details and specifications of technical
drawings for future preparation and interpretation.

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Preparing and Interpreting Technical Drawing

Tools and materials:

1. Drawing paper or a long bond paper
2. Pencil
3. Eraser
4. T-square
5. Triangles
6. Compass

Equipment:
Drawing Table (Drafting Table or Drawing Board)
Procedure:
1. Prepare all the tools and materials needed.
2. The illustration below is a drafting plan you have to work on. Sketch the three
regular views - Orthographic, Oblique, and Isometric using the Third-angle projection
(Front View, Side View, and Top View). Make sure to practice the task following the
given procedure.
3. Study the given object carefully. Observe its dimensions: width, height, and
depth.
4. Draw two parallel horizontal lines projection representing the height of the
object.
5. To locate the top view, measure the depth of the top then draw two horizontal
parallel lines representing the top view, or if you prefer to locate the right-side view,
measure the depth of the right-side then draw two parallel vertical lines representing
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 the right-side view. To transfer the depth of the top view to the right-side view or
vice versa, please refer to the accepted methods shown bel
7. Choose one and draw the angle of projection in a separate drafting paper.

Your output will be rated using the scoring rubrics below.

Criteria Proficient Emerging Not Acceptable Incomplete

25pts 15pts 5 pts 0 pts

Procedures Followed most procedures Followed many Followed a few None of the procedures
and directions. procedures and procedures and are followed.
25% directions. directions.

Layout Objects are mostly Objects are drawn with Objects have wasted No drawing to gauge.
organized difficulty space and poorly
30%
organized.

Line Work Line weights follow At least 70% of line Few of the line types No line criteria are
assigned criteria weights follow criteria. follow the assigned followed.
25% criteria.

Accuracy Measurements and Some of the Measurements and No measurement and

specifications are fully in measurements and specifications are quite specifications can be
20%
detail. specifications are given given in detail. identified.
in detail.

SCORECARD

Name of Student: Grade and Section:

Criteria Score:
Procedures:
Layout:
Line Work:
Accuracy:
Total Score:

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Activity 1.1 Selecting appropriate tools for drafting specifications.

Read and understand each phrase below. Choose an answer in the box and write it
on the space provided before the number.

_______________1. Drawing straight 28 inches horizontal straight line.

_______________2. Measuring a 78 degrees arc.
_______________3. Drafting a 10 inches diagonal line.
_______________4. Measuring a 4 x 4 inches box.
_______________5. Laying out a bold 7.5 inches vertical line in drawing board.
_______________6. Scale 1 cm to 1 m.
_______________7. Drafting a 5 cm radius circle.
_______________8. Measure 135 degrees angle.
_______________9. Create a series of arcs.
_______________10. Measure a 54 inches horizontal line.

Activity 1.2

Write the measurement and dimensions of the given orthographic projection.

(Total dimension 4cm x 4 cm with equal division of 2cm)

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Your output will be rated based on the scoring rubric below.

Criteria Proficient Emerging Not Acceptable Incomplete

25pts 15pts 5 pts 1pt.

Procedures Followed most Followed many Followed a few None of the procedures
procedures and procedures and procedures and are followed.
25% directions. directions. directions.

Layout Objects are mostly Objects are drawn with Objects have wasted No drawing to gauge.
organized difficulty space and poorly
30% organized.

Line Work Line weights follow At least 70% of line Few of the line types No line criteria are
assigned criteria weights follow criteria. follow the assigned followed.
25% criteria.

Accuracy Measurements and Some of the Measurements and No measurement and

specifications are fully in measurements and specifications are quite specifications can be
20% detail. specifications are given given in detail. identified.
in detail.

Based on the given diagram, explain briefly the relationship of each type of projection
and its differences in general. Discuss using knowledge learned from the lesson and
activities given using the guide questions below;

1. How do you think 3-Dimensional Projection might help you in your everyday life?

2. What words can you give that mainly describes the general differences of the
different technical projection?

3. In what way can you encourage your friends to use the principles of drawing in
their school projects and business projection?
Reflection:

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 Origami making to practice principles of technical projections. Choose one of
the two designs which one are you going to do using a piece of colored paper to
represent the three views. Preserve documentation for submission.

The activity suggests the use of technical drafting data for simple projects

Assessment activity: (25 pts.)

Answer the following questions as you refer to the figure below for assessment:
1. Give a sample of the overall dimensions of the part.
2. How many data feature of views is found on the figure?
3. Freehand draw the top view, front view, and side view of the
orthographic projection on the given boxes below.

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 front

Criteria Proficient Emerging Not Acceptable Incomplete

25pts 15pts 5 pts 0 pts

Procedures Followed most procedures Followed many Followed a few None of the procedures
and directions. procedures and procedures and are followed.
25% directions. directions.

Layout Objects are mostly Objects are drawn with Objects have wasted No drawing to gauge.
organized difficulty space and poorly
30%
organized.

Line Work Line weights follow At least 70% of line Few of the line types No line criteria are
assigned criteria weights follow criteria. follow the assigned followed.
25% criteria.

Accuracy Measurements and Some of the Measurements and No measurement and

specifications are fully in measurements and specifications are quite specifications can be
20%
detail. specifications are given given in detail. identified.
in detail.

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ONLINE ACTIVITY:
Visit youtube link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHZqajPkgb4 and share it
in social media of your choice (Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram). Summarize
comments and viewers' reactions to gauge majority interest in technical drafting.
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OFFLINE ACTIVITY:

Final plate for Freehand and Mechanical Drawing:

Prepare a drafting plate with a freehand and mechanical drawing of the following
lines (Vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal, and Arcs).
Exercise learned skills and standards needed for a specific and disciplined
measurement and line layout of the alphabet of letters as additional learning in
technical drawing.

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Materials needed:
Graphing Paper
Tools and Equipment:

Drafting tools and Drafting Board

Rubrics for assessment:

Criteria Proficient Emerging Not Acceptable Incomplete

25pts 15pts 5 pts 0 pts

Procedures Followed most procedures Followed many Followed a few None of the procedures
and directions. procedures and procedures and are followed.
25%
directions. directions.

Layout Objects are mostly Objects are drawn with Objects have wasted No drawing to gauge.
organized difficulty space and poorly
30% organized.

Line Work Line weights follow At least 70% of line Few of the line types No line criteria are
assigned criteria weights follow criteria. follow the assigned followed.
25% criteria.

Accuracy Measurements and Some of the Measurements and No measurement and

specifications are fully in measurements and specifications are quite specifications can be
20%
detail. specifications are given given in detail. identified.
in detail.

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Book resources:

Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics 14/e

Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman

Online resources:
http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/10/tg_in_mechanical_drafting.pdf
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Manual_drafting_techniques

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_drawing_abbreviations_and_symbols

https://www.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Engineering/Mechanical-
Engineering/20971

http://www.en.technisches-zeichnen.net/

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/dorms-1363310-alphabet-of-lines/
https://www.google.com/search?q=assembly+drawing+meaning&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS575
US754&oq=assembly+drawing+mean&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.7883j0j9&sourceid=chrome
&ie=UTF-8

https://www.google.com/search?q=alphabet+of+lines+image&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS575US
754&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=RL0Wy-wuJESbHM%252CexViv-
808HYH6M%252C_&vet=

https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRUzuRCEJLhMUyaILHNN8sGBTpYcyGbp5lU
Cw&usqp=CAU

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/A2_7UyAeqeo/maxresdefault.jpg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHZqajPkgb4

https://www.legalzoom.com/sites/legalzoom.com/files/uploaded/articles/technical-
drawing.jpg

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
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What's More Assessment
What's I Know
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. A
10.B
*with rubrics for
assessment
*with rubrics for
assessment
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Grace V. Olivar (SRNHS)

Editors:
Belinda Ll. Ulep (SRNHS)
Uriel B. Teodoro (School Head, SNNHS)

Internal Reviewer: Joseph T. Santos (EPS- EPP/TLE)

External Reviewers: PNU Validators

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Joseph T. Santos
Education Program Supervisor-EPP/TLE

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – Learning Resources Management and Development System

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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