Lecture-1

Internal Combustion Engines

Dr. Jnana Ranjan Senapati,

Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
1
 Engine

• Energy Conversion Device

(One Form to the Other)

Heat Engine
• Convert Thermal Energy in fuel into
Mechanical Energy for motion

2
 Classifying Engines

• Classification is based on:

– The location of the combustion
•Internal / External
– The type of combustion
•Intermittent / Continuous
– The type of internal motion
•Reciprocating
•Rotational

3
Classification of Heat Engines

4
 Internal Combustion Engines
• Combustion occurs inside the engine.
• Internal combustion directly touches
the parts that must be moved in order
to produce mechanical energy.
• Examples: Lawnmower engines,
Motorcycle engines, automotive
engines

5
 External Combustion Engines
• Combustion occurs outside the
engine.
• Thermal energy heats another fluid
(water), turns it into steam, and the
steam pushes on a piston or part.
Example: Steam locomotives, Boilers

6
External Combustion

7
 Advantages of IC Engines
 The reciprocating internal combustion engine enjoys some advantages over the
steam turbine due to the absence of heat exchangers in the passage of the
working fluid (boilers and condensers in steam turbine plant). This results in a
considerable mechanical simplicity and improved power plant efficiency of the
internal combustion engine.

 All its components work at an average temperature which is much below the
maximum temperature of the working fluid in the cycle. This is because the high
temperature of the working fluid in the cycle persists only for a very small fraction
of the cycle time. Therefore, very high working fluid temperatures can be
employed resulting in higher thermal efficiency.

 In internal combustion engines, higher thermal efficiency can be obtained with

moderate maximum working pressure of the fluid in the cycle, and therefore, the
weight to power ratio is quite less compared to steam turbine power plant.

 It has been possible to develop reciprocating internal combustion engines of very

small power output (power output of even a fraction of a kilowatt) with
reasonable thermal efficiency and cost.
8
 Disadvantages of IC Engines

 The main disadvantage of this type of engine is the problem

of vibration caused by the reciprocating components.

 It is not possible to use a variety of fuels in these engines.

 Only liquid or gaseous fuels of the given specification can be

effectively used. These fuels are relatively more expensive.

9
 Intermittent Combustion Engines

• Combustion within the engine STARTS

and STOPS many times during operation.
• The intermittent-combustion engine
is characterized by periodic ignition of air
and fuel and is commonly referred to as a
reciprocating engine.

10
 Continuous Combustion Engine

• Combustion process that continues

constantly without stopping
• It remains burning continuously.
• Examples:
– Turbine engines
– Rocket engines
– Jet engines

11
 I C Engines

• An internal combustion engine is

defined as a device in which the
chemical energy of the fuel is
released inside the engine and
used directly for mechanical work,
as opposed to an external
combustion engine in which a
separate combustor is used to burn
the fuel.

12
 History
• The internal combustion Nikolaus Otto patented
the 4-stroke engine
engine was first conceived when he was only 34!
and developed in the late
1800’s
• The man who is considered
the inventor of the modern
IC engine is pictured to the
right ...Nikolaus Otto (1832-
1891).
• Otto developed a four-
stroke engine in 1876, most
often referred to as a Spark
Ignition, since a spark is
needed to ignite the fuel air
mixture.
13
• Another important
cycle is the Diesel
cycle developed by
Rudolph Diesel in
1897. This cycle is
also known as a
compression ignition
engine.

• Almost all travel and

transportation
is powered by the IC
engine: trains,
automobiles,
airplanes are just a
few.
14
 Reciprocating Engines

• Motion produced from within the

fuel (combustion) moves parts
up an down
• Piston or internal parts are
moved back and forth
• Examples: lawn mowers, cars,
trucks, etc...

15
 Rotary Engines

• Has continuous rotation of the parts

that are moving.

• The combustion is pushing an internal

part around in a circular path

Examples:
Wankel engines
Turbine engines

16
 Cylinder head

Parts of an Air cleaner

Breather cap
I C Engine Rocker arm
Choke Valve spring
Valve guide
Throttle
Pushrod

Intake manifold Sparkplug

Exhaust manifold Combustion chamber
Tappet
Piston rings Dipstick
Piston
Cam
Wrist pin
Cylinder block Camshaft
Connecting rod Water jacket
Oil gallery to piston Wet liner
Oil gallery to head
Crankcase Connecting rod bearing

Crankpin
Crankshaft Main bearing

Oil pan or sump

CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD
VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE
17
Structural Components

• Cylinder Block
– Part of engine
frame that
contains
cylinders in
which piston
moves
– Supports
liners & head

18
 Structural Components
• Cylinder Head /Assembly
– Serves to admit, confine, and release
fuel/ air
– Cover to cylinder block
– Supports valve train
• Crankcase
– Engine frame section that houses the
crankshaft
• Oil sump
– Reservoir for collecting and holding
lube oil 19
 Moving Components

• Three Groups – according to

motion
– Reciprocating only (pistons and
valves)
– Reciprocation & rotary
(connecting rods)
– Rotary only (crankshafts and
camshafts)

20
 Moving Components
• Piston
– Acted on by combustion
gases
– Lightweight but
strong / durable
• Piston Rings
– Transfer heat from piston to
cylinder
– Seal cylinder & distribute
lube oil
• Piston Pin
– Pivot point connecting piston
to connecting rod
• Connecting Rod
– Connects piston & crankshaft
– reciprocating rotating
motion
21
 Moving Components
• Crankshaft
– Combines work done by each piston
– Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.
• Flywheel
– Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of
piston strokes, and smoothens rotation of
crankshaft

22
 Moving Components
• Valves
– Intake: open to admit air
to cylinder (with fuel in
Otto cycle)
– Exhaust: open to allow
gases to be rejected
• Camshaft & Cams
– Used to time the addition
of intake and exhaust
valves
– Operates valves via
pushrods & rocker arms
23
 Definitions

• Stroke - the number of times the piston

travels the length of the cylinder
• Cycle - composed of 4 processes
– Intake - working substance is introduced
– Compression - working substance is
compressed by upward movement of the
piston
– Power - ignition => forcing the piston down
– Exhaust - removal of exhaust gases

24
 Definitions – contd.
• Top Dead Center -
when the piston is at its
highest point in the
cylinder. The volume of
the working fluid is a
minimum.

• Bottom Dead Center -

when the piston is at its
lowest point in the
cylinder. The volume of
the working fluid is a
maximum.
25
 Some Engine Terms
• Bore- Nominal inner-diameter of the cylinder
• Engine Displacement- the volume of air that is
displaced by all the pistons during one upward
stroke.
• Compression Ratio- the comparison of the
cylinder volume when the piston is at BDC and
the volume when the piston is at TDC.
• Engine stroke
– A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by
the piston (from TDC to BDC)
– 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of
piston
26
 Some Engine Terms
• Bore- Nominal inner-diameter of the cylinder
• Engine Displacement- the volume of air that is
displaced by all the pistons during one upward
stroke.
• Compression Ratio- the comparison of the
cylinder volume when the piston is at BDC and
the volume when the piston is at TDC.
• Engine stroke
– A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by
the piston (from TDC to BDC)
– 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of
piston
27
 Engine Power
• IC engines can deliver power in the range
from 0.01 kW to 20 x 103 kW, depending on
their displacement

• Number of Cylinders may vary from 1 to 20

with different geometric configurations.

4 and 2 Stroke Engines

 A 4 stroke engine requires 2 full revolutions of
the crankshaft to complete the cycle.

 While the 2 stroke only requires 1 revolution of

the shaft complete the same cycle.
28
 Operation

• Increased pressure of
combustion gases acts on piston,
and is converted to rotary motion
• Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
– 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1
crankshaft rev
– 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2
crankshaft rev

29
 Four Stroke SI Engine

• Induction Stroke: fill cylinder with

fuel and air
• Compression Stroke: squeeze
mixture
• Power Stroke: burn and extract
work
• Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of
exhaust

30
31
Induction Stroke
• Engine pulls piston out of cylinder
• Low pressure inside cylinder
• Atmospheric pressure pushes fuel
and air mixture into cylinder
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke

Compression Stroke
• Engine pushes piston into cylinder
• Mixture is compressed to high
pressure and temperature
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
32
Power Stroke
• Mixture burns to form hot gases
• Gases push piston out of
cylinder
• Gases expand to lower pressure
and temperature
• Gases do work on engine during
this stroke
Exhaust Stroke
• Engine pushes piston into cylinder
• High pressure inside cylinder
• Pressure pushes burned gases out
of cylinder
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
33
 Ignition System

• Car stores energy in an

electromagnet
• Energy is released as a high
voltage pulse
• Electric spark ignites fuel and air
mixture
• Two basic types of ignition
– Battery
– Magneto

34
 Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Intake stroke
– Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
– Piston travels from TDC to BDC
– Air drawn in
• Compression stroke
– Intake and exhaust valves shut
– Piston travels from BDC to TDC
– Temperature and pressure of air increase
• Power stroke
– Intake and exhaust valves shut
– Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
– Piston forced from TDC to BDC
• Exhaust stroke
– Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
– Piston moves from BDC to TDC
– Combustion gases expelled 35
36
 FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products

S
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
u Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
m Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
m A
I Fuel Injector

a R

r Air Combustion
Products
y

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke

Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine

37
38
39
40
 References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for
Engg. Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, (1992), EngineeringThermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-CombustionEnginein TheoryandPractice,Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
41
 Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
4. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
5. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com
7. http://www.me.psu.edu
8. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
9. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
10. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
11. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
12. http://webpages.csus.edu
13. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
14. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
15. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/ 180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
16. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
17. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
18. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
19. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
20. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
21. http://www.me.udel.edu
22. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -

42